1. Eric Krauss Stephen Benkert Chase Beyersdorf

2.  Introduction  Objectives/ Goals  Show PowerPoint  Show Models  Hand Out Quiz

3.  Consists of the two kidneys, ureters, the bladder, and the urethra.  Each kidney consists of millions of functional units called nephrons  It eliminates wastes from the body, regulates blood volume and pressure, controls levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulates blood pH.

4.  The kidneys have blood supply through the renal arteries which leave the kidneys through the renal vein.  Following filtration of blood, wastes exit the kidney through the ureters, tubes made of smooth muscle fibers that push urine towards the urinary bladder, where it is stored and expelled from the body by urination.  Urine is formed in the kidneys through a filtration of blood.  The urine is then passed through the ureters to the bladder.  During urination the urine is passed from the bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body.

5.  Removal of waste product from the body  Regulation of electrolyte balance examples include sodium, potassium and calcium  Regulation acid-base homeostasis  Controlling blood volume and maintaining blood pressure

6.  Average urine production in adult humans is about 1 – 2 L per day, depending on state of hydration, activity level, environmental factors, weight, and the individual's health.  The first step in urine formation is the filtration of blood in the kidneys.

7.  The basic structural and functional unit of the kidney is the nephron.  The main function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine.  In the first part of the nephron, the renal corpuscle blood is being filtrated from the circulatory system into the nephron.  A pressure difference between forces the filtrate from the blood across the filtration membrane.

8.  The filtrate includes water, small molecules and ions that easily pass through the filtration membrane.  Larger molecules such as proteins and blood cells are prevented from passing through the filtration membrane.  The amount of filtrate produced every minute is called the glomerular filtration rate and amounts to 180 liters per day.  About 99% of this filtrate is then reabsorbed when it passes through the nephron and the remaining 1% becomes urine.

9.  Urine moves from the nephrons collecting duct system to the minor calyx and then the major calyx before entering the renal pelvis, a funnel-like dilated proximal part of the ureter within the kidney.  The major function of the renal pelvis is to act as a funnel for urine flowing to the ureter.  The urine flows through the ureters to the bladder, where it is stored until urination takes place.

10.  The urinary system is regulated by the endocrine system by hormones  The urinary system is under influence of the blood pressure, nervous system and endocrine system.

11.  Urination is the ejection of urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body.  the process of urination is under voluntary control.

12.  Producing too much or too little urine needs medical attention.  Polyuria is a condition of excessive production of urine  Urologic disease can involve congenital or acquired dysfunction of the urinary system.  Diabetes also can have a direct effect in urination due to peripheral neuropathies which occur in some individuals with poorly controlled diabetes.

13.  "National Kidney and Urologic DiseasesInformation Clearinghouse (NKUDIC)." The Urinary Tract and How It Works Page. U.S. Department of Health And Human Services, n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2014.  Taylor, Tim. "Urinary System." InnerBody. Howtomedia.inc, n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2014  "Anatomy of the Urinary System." Anatomy of the Urinary System. Stanford Children Health, n.d. Web. 12 Mar. 2014.