1. Life Functions Excretion

2. Excretion is the removal of cellular wastes from All Living Cells. Wastes generated in cells creating and utilizing energy (cellular respiration, metabolism – life functions). ENERGY!! Excretion

3. Five (5) types of metabolic wastes formed in the cell: Carbon dioxide (CO2) Water (H2O) Nitrogen Compounds (ammonia, urea, uric acid) Mineral salts Heat

4. How do humans rid the body of cellular wastes created through cellular respiration? Excretory system Four (4) organs part of this system I. LIVER II. KIDNEYS III. LUNGS IV. SKIN

5. Human Excretory Organs I.LIVER Has a digestive and excretory function Digestive function: liver produces bile which aids in the mechanical breakdown of fats/lipids (emulsification) Liver Liver movie clip

6. Excretory function: liver removes waste from the blood by changing the substance into a less toxic form. This is then released back into the blood and completely removed by the kidneys Makes urea from breaking up excess amino acids, which is then completely removed by the kidneys LIVER Continued

7. ***If the liver is overworked due to alcohol consumption, drug use or hepatitis, it will harden and be unable to filter the blood of toxic substances. This is called cirrhosis. Liver → ← Gall Bladder ← Kidney ← Spleen

8. BE KIND TO YOUR LIVER!! IT WILL THANK YOU!! Liver

9. Stop & Jot! What do you remember about the liver?

10. Let’s Practice!

12. II.KIDNEYS (Renal) II. KIDNEYS (Renal)  Come in pairs located towards your back Made up of 3 parts I.Cortex – outer part where most blood is filtered II.Medulla – middle section III.Renal Pelvis – inner section where collecting ducts gather and drain urine to ureters and then to the bladder Takes UNFILTERED blood TO the kidney Takes FILTERED blood AWAY FROM the kidney Intro to Kidney Movie Clip –Click Here!!Kidney

13. NEPHRON NEPHRON NEPHRON is the functional unit of the kidney <1,000,000 per kidney! Renal artery brings unfiltered blood (dirty) from the body to the kidneys Renal vein takes filtered (clean) blood away from the kidney to all body tissues All about the Nephron Movie Clip Click Here!! Nephron

14. HOW DOES YOUR BLOOD GET FILTERED?  Renal artery branches into capillaries which lead to a nephron  Arterioles branch into a ball of capillaries called a glomerulus which is under extremely high pressure Glomerulus is surrounded by a hollow cup called a Bowman’s Capsule

15. High pressure Filtration) Since the glomerulus is under such High pressure, it forces water, salts, glucose amino acids and urea from the blood plasma into the Bowman’s capsule (Filtration) The mixture of these substances travel from the capsule down a twisty tube called the Loop of Henle The Loop of Henle is surrounded by capillaries The capillaries reabsorb water, glucose, amino acids and salts HOW DOES YOUR BLOOD GET FILTERED? Very High Pressure!! Loop of Henle Capillaries

16. Very High Pressure!! The rest is called filtrate or urine which moves into the collecting duct  It then empties into the renal pelvis, ureters then urinary bladder which empties when full via the urethra HOW DOES YOUR BLOOD GET FILTERED?

17. Let’s Practice!

19. Stop & Jot! What do you remember about the kidney? How does the nephron filter blood?

20. Flow of urine: Glomerulus to the Bowman’s Capsule to the Loop of Henle to the collecting duct to the renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder and out the urethra! Urination Urination Movie Clip Click Here!!

21. Let’s Practice!

23. WHAT ARE SOME PROBLEMS/MALFUNCTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE KIDNEYS? 1.Kidney Disease One or more of your kidneys does not filter blood properly Causes: a)Physical stress b)Increased blood pressure c)Poor nutrition May lead to renal failure! Renal Failure Renal Failure Movie Clip Click Here!!

24. Options: a)If just one kidney, may be removed b)If both, transplant (if a donor is available) c)Dialysis: machine cleans the blood WHAT ARE SOME PROBLEMS/MALFUNCTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE KIDNEYS?

25. 2.Kidney Stones Salts + urea form a solid in any part of the kidney If very small, may move through tubes If too big, may form a blockage Symptoms: may get sharp pain in back or side, increased urge to urinate, blood in urine, fever, nausea WHAT ARE SOME PROBLEMS/MALFUNCTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE KIDNEYS?

26. Options: a)surgery to remove b)Let them pass on their own if small enough c)ultrasound (sound waves) to break apart then let them pass WHAT ARE SOME PROBLEMS/MALFUNCTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE KIDNEYS? Surgery to Remove Kidney Stones Ultrasound to the Kidney Stones

27. Kidney Stones Avoid: a)Spicy, acidic food b)Dairy c)caffeine

28. III. LUNGS Excrete carbon dioxide and water from cellular respiration Glucose + water + oxygen Energy + carbon dioxide + water C 6 H 12 O 6 + H 2 0 + O 2 36ATP + CO 2 + H 2 0

29. IV. SKIN 2 layers: epidermis (outer) dead dermis (inner) alive Functions: a)Protect the body from harmful material b)Reduces water loss c)Excretes water, salt and urea (sweat) d)Excretes excess heat (2 ways) Sweat is exposed to the air, evaporates and “takes” heat along with it Blood vessels in skin dilate (open) which allow more blood to flow through them releasing heat Blood vessels are closer to the surface so heat can escape Epidermis Dermis Skin Skin Movie Clip Click Here!!

30. Let’s Practice!

31. Burns First Degree – least severe: injures the epidermis Second Degree – more severe: injures the epidermis and into the dermis Third Degree – Most severe: injures all layers of skin into muscle, bones, etc… http://www.hmc.psu.edu/healthinfo/b/index.htm To learn about burns click the above web address