1. Chapter 18: American Imperialism Ms. Garvin US History I

2. Opening Japan to Trade 250 years Japan had blocked foreigners, for any purpose, from entering or leaving the country. 1853: Commodore Matthew C. Perry: Sails to Tokyo to present the Japanese with a letter form the US President calling for Japan to change its policy on foreign trade. Japanese were in awe of American naval presence. 1854: Japan signed a treaty opening up its borders for trade. Japanese also recognize how behind they are with technology. Set them on a path to becoming a modern industrial nation. 250 years Japan had blocked foreigners, for any purpose, from entering or leaving the country. 1853: Commodore Matthew C. Perry: Sails to Tokyo to present the Japanese with a letter form the US President calling for Japan to change its policy on foreign trade. Japanese were in awe of American naval presence. 1854: Japan signed a treaty opening up its borders for trade. Japanese also recognize how behind they are with technology. Set them on a path to becoming a modern industrial nation.

3. Purchasing Alaska 1867: Alaska-Russian colony. 1867: Alaska-Russian colony. Russia told US Secretary of State William Seward it wants to sell Alaska. Russia told US Secretary of State William Seward it wants to sell Alaska. Twice the size of Texas. Paid $7.2 million for Alaska. Many Americans oppose the Purchase: “Seward’s Folly” or “Seward’s Icebox” Many Americans oppose the Purchase: “Seward’s Folly” or “Seward’s Icebox” Perception changed after gold was found in parts leading to the Klondike and Alaska gold rushes of 1897-1888. Had gold among a plethora of other resources.

4. The Expansionist Mood Up to this point US followed GW: “steer clear of permanent alliances.” Up to this point US followed GW: “steer clear of permanent alliances.” Nation held a policy of isolationism: avoiding involvement in other counties’ affairs. Nation held a policy of isolationism: avoiding involvement in other counties’ affairs. America stood by and watched imperialism (building empires by imposing political and economic control over peoples around the world) across the globe. America stood by and watched imperialism (building empires by imposing political and economic control over peoples around the world) across the globe. Late 1800s: Expansionism swept the country. Late 1800s: Expansionism swept the country. Took Manifest Destiny to a new level and across oceans. Took Manifest Destiny to a new level and across oceans. Arguments for Expansion: Arguments for Expansion: Promoting economic growth. Promoting economic growth. Spreading American values. Spreading American values. The Turner Thesis The Turner Thesis 1893: Frederick Jackson Turner: 1893: Frederick Jackson Turner: The western frontier had defined American history. The western frontier had defined American history. Westward movement built individualism and democratic values. Westward movement built individualism and democratic values. Expansion overseas would help the nation renew its vitality and strength. Expansion overseas would help the nation renew its vitality and strength.

5. Promoting Economic Growth US had a strong industrial economy. Often produced more than Americans could buy. If they did not get in on imperialism they were nervous they might be shut out of global trade and markets. Alfred T Mahan: Future of US prosperity depended on building up trade. Key to strong trade= a powerful navy that would control the world’s sea lanes and protect US access to foreign markets. US had a strong industrial economy. Often produced more than Americans could buy. If they did not get in on imperialism they were nervous they might be shut out of global trade and markets. Alfred T Mahan: Future of US prosperity depended on building up trade. Key to strong trade= a powerful navy that would control the world’s sea lanes and protect US access to foreign markets.

6. Spreading American Values Superiority complex Superiority complex Americans had a divine duty to spread Christian values and western civilization around the world. Americans had a divine duty to spread Christian values and western civilization around the world.

7. Gaining Footholds in the Pacific Expansionists were interested in Pacific islands. Expansionists were interested in Pacific islands. Essential for expanding US influence and trade. Essential for expanding US influence and trade.

8. Interest in Hawaii Next target: Hawaii Next target: Hawaii Could serve as a “military and commercial outpost in the Pacific.” Could serve as a “military and commercial outpost in the Pacific.” Polynesian people lived undisturbed until 1778. Polynesian people lived undisturbed until 1778. 1820: First missionaries came. 1820: First missionaries came. Other Americans come over and set up sugar plantations. Other Americans come over and set up sugar plantations. Sugar industry grew. Sugar industry grew. Power of American planters grew. Power of American planters grew. 1887: Planters forced Hawaiian king, Kalakaua, to accept a new constitution giving them more power. 1887: Planters forced Hawaiian king, Kalakaua, to accept a new constitution giving them more power. Liliuokalani: (new queen) refused to accept the 1887 constitution. Liliuokalani: (new queen) refused to accept the 1887 constitution. Wanted to restore the power of the monarchy and rid Hawaii of foreign influence. Wanted to restore the power of the monarchy and rid Hawaii of foreign influence.

9. Annexing Hawaii 1893: American planters organized an uprising. 1893: American planters organized an uprising. Did not speak to President Cleveland. Did not speak to President Cleveland. Convinced a US official to send 50 Marines to over thrown the queen and set up a pro- American government. Convinced a US official to send 50 Marines to over thrown the queen and set up a pro- American government. President Cleveland is angry. President Cleveland is angry. Does not accept proposal to annex Hawaii. Does not accept proposal to annex Hawaii. Revolt was illegal and not supported by Hawaiians. Revolt was illegal and not supported by Hawaiians. McKinley, (takes over for Cleveland) supports annexation. McKinley, (takes over for Cleveland) supports annexation. July 7, 1898: Congress voted to make Hawaii a territory of the United States. July 7, 1898: Congress voted to make Hawaii a territory of the United States.

10. The Spanish American War War Clouds Loom War Clouds Loom 1868: Cuban uprising 1868: Cuban uprising 1878: Cuban uprising is put down by Spanish. 1878: Cuban uprising is put down by Spanish. 1895: Cuban uprising- Round Two 1895: Cuban uprising- Round Two Spanish began Reconcentration: forced movement of large numbers of people into detention camps for military or political reasons. Spanish began Reconcentration: forced movement of large numbers of people into detention camps for military or political reasons. 200,000 Cubans die. 200,000 Cubans die. Cuban exiles in US urge for American support Cuban exiles in US urge for American support Jose Marti: tried to get Americans to help Cubans Jose Marti: tried to get Americans to help Cubans

11. Reconcentration

12. Americans React Many were sympathetic to Cubans. Many were sympathetic to Cubans. Asked for US to intervene. Asked for US to intervene. Others asked to intervenes for economic reasons Others asked to intervenes for economic reasons Safeguard American investments. Safeguard American investments. Americans had 50 million invested in Cuban sugar and rise plantations, railroads, and iron mines. Americans had 50 million invested in Cuban sugar and rise plantations, railroads, and iron mines. President Cleveland ignores pleas to intervene. President Cleveland ignores pleas to intervene. President McKinley also remains neutral. President McKinley also remains neutral. Loudest Supporter of Intervention: Joseph Pulitzer and the New York World Loudest Supporter of Intervention: Joseph Pulitzer and the New York World Pulitzer’s greatest rival: William Randolph Hearst and the New York Journal Pulitzer’s greatest rival: William Randolph Hearst and the New York Journal Always tried to outdo one another. Always tried to outdo one another. Attention focused on Cuba: Attention focused on Cuba: Horror stories increased American outrage against Spain. Horror stories increased American outrage against Spain.

13. “Remember the Maine” 1898: Fighting broke out in Havana. 1898: Fighting broke out in Havana. President McKinley ordered the battleship Maine to Havana harbor to protect American lives and property. President McKinley ordered the battleship Maine to Havana harbor to protect American lives and property. February 15, 1868: Explosion sank the Maine killing 260 men. February 15, 1868: Explosion sank the Maine killing 260 men. No who knows what caused the explosion. No who knows what caused the explosion. Press and ultimately public blamed Spain. Press and ultimately public blamed Spain.

14. The United States Goes to War President McKinley favored peace between Spain and the rebels. President McKinley favored peace between Spain and the rebels. Feared war would interrupt the American economy. Feared war would interrupt the American economy. April 11, 1898: McKinley asked Congress to declare war on Spain. April 11, 1898: McKinley asked Congress to declare war on Spain. April 20, 1898: US declares war on Spain. April 20, 1898: US declares war on Spain.

15. Fall of Manila Filipinos were also in rebellion against the Spanish. Filipinos were also in rebellion against the Spanish. Dewey and Emilio Aguinaldo, a rebel leader, teamed up to seize Manila from the Spanish. Dewey and Emilio Aguinaldo, a rebel leader, teamed up to seize Manila from the Spanish. US was soon in control of the Philippine islands. US was soon in control of the Philippine islands. Americans overlooked all the help that Aguinaldo provided. Americans overlooked all the help that Aguinaldo provided.

16. War in the Caribbean Focus shifts to Cuba Focus shifts to Cuba American ground forces land in Santiago. American ground forces land in Santiago. Poorly trained and equipped but ready to fight. Poorly trained and equipped but ready to fight. Best known unit- Rough Riders, led by Theodore Roosevelt. Best known unit- Rough Riders, led by Theodore Roosevelt. Gave up his naval post to join the war. Gave up his naval post to join the war. July 1, led Rough Riders in a successful charge up San Juan Hill. July 1, led Rough Riders in a successful charge up San Juan Hill. Most celebrated event of the war. Most celebrated event of the war. US ships trapped the Spanish fleet in Santiago harbor. US ships trapped the Spanish fleet in Santiago harbor. Spanish fleet tried to escape; American troops destroyed it. Spanish fleet tried to escape; American troops destroyed it. 24,000 Spanish soldiers at Santiago surrendered 2 weeks later. 24,000 Spanish soldiers at Santiago surrendered 2 weeks later. Soon after American troops invaded Puerto Rico and took that island as well. Soon after American troops invaded Puerto Rico and took that island as well.

17. An American Empire December 1898: Spain and US signed a peace treaty. December 1898: Spain and US signed a peace treaty. Spain accepted Cuban independence. Spain accepted Cuban independence. Granted Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Pacific islands of Guam and Wake to the United States Granted Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Pacific islands of Guam and Wake to the United States United States paid Spain $20 million. United States paid Spain $20 million.

18. Surprise in the Philippines First great battle came in Manila Bay, in the Philippines. First great battle came in Manila Bay, in the Philippines. Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt eager to expand US naval power. Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt eager to expand US naval power. Ordered Commodore George Dewey to move his ships to strike the Philippines when war broke out. Ordered Commodore George Dewey to move his ships to strike the Philippines when war broke out. May 1, 1898: Dewey and a small fleet sand the entire Spanish squadron at Manila Bay. May 1, 1898: Dewey and a small fleet sand the entire Spanish squadron at Manila Bay.

19. Debating the Treaty Many Americans felt taking the islands went against the Declaration of Independence Many Americans felt taking the islands went against the Declaration of Independence Brought risk of future wars. Brought risk of future wars. Expansionist loved it. Expansionist loved it. US had a duty to spread the ideas of democracy. US had a duty to spread the ideas of democracy. Gave them bases Gave them bases New business opportunities. New business opportunities.

20. Governing Cuba and Puerto Rico US now leading Caribbean power. US now leading Caribbean power. 1902: Cuba was forced to accept the Platt Amendment in its new constitution. 1902: Cuba was forced to accept the Platt Amendment in its new constitution. Limited Cuba’s power to make treaties or borrow money. Limited Cuba’s power to make treaties or borrow money. Gave the US a right to intervene in Cuban affairs. Gave the US a right to intervene in Cuban affairs. Allowed the United States to keep a naval base at Guantanamo Bay. Allowed the United States to keep a naval base at Guantanamo Bay. Made Cuba a protectorate of the United States. Made Cuba a protectorate of the United States. Protectorate: an independent country whose policies are controlled by an outside power. Protectorate: an independent country whose policies are controlled by an outside power. The Foraker Act of 1900: Set up a government in Puerto Rico with a US appointed governor. The Foraker Act of 1900: Set up a government in Puerto Rico with a US appointed governor. Limited self-rule. Limited self-rule. Americans developed Puerto Rico’s economy and educational system Americans developed Puerto Rico’s economy and educational system 1917: Puerto Ricans were made citizens of the United States 1917: Puerto Ricans were made citizens of the United States

21. Revolt in the Philippines Filipinos felt betrayed when war was over and the US was now in control of them. Filipinos felt betrayed when war was over and the US was now in control of them. Emilio Aguinaldo renewed their fight for independence. Emilio Aguinaldo renewed their fight for independence. 3 year war: 4,000 Americans and 20,000 Filipinos were killed. 3 year war: 4,000 Americans and 20,000 Filipinos were killed. 1901: Aguinaldo was captured; fighting ceased 1901: Aguinaldo was captured; fighting ceased 1946: Philippines gain independence. 1946: Philippines gain independence.

22. Carving up China Late 1800s: China is weak. Late 1800s: China is weak. Europe creates spheres of influence, areas where another nation has economic and political control, within China. Europe creates spheres of influence, areas where another nation has economic and political control, within China.

24. Open Door Policy US is not in on this at first. US is not in on this at first. After a while they want in so they are not cut out of trade. After a while they want in so they are not cut out of trade. 1899: US Secretary of State John Hay 1899: US Secretary of State John Hay Issued the Open Door Policy Issued the Open Door Policy Message to other powers to keep an “open door” in China. Message to other powers to keep an “open door” in China. Wanted them to guarantee the rights of all nations to trade with China on an equal basis. Wanted them to guarantee the rights of all nations to trade with China on an equal basis.

25. Boxer Rebellion Chinese hate the influx of foreigners. Chinese hate the influx of foreigners. Righteous and Harmonious Fists: secret society formed to combat foreigners. Righteous and Harmonious Fists: secret society formed to combat foreigners. Called “Boxers” Called “Boxers” Spring of 1900: Boxers began a rebellion to expel the foreigners. Backed by China’s government. First target: Chinese Christians. Hundreds of foreigners and 2,000 Chinese sought refuge behind a walled section of Beijing. Force of foreign nations, including US, 18,000 troops show up to free the trapped foreigners, crush the rebellion, loot the capital, and kill thousands of Chinese.

27. The Open Door Again Secretary Hay feared other powers would use Boxer Rebellion as an excuse to take more land from China. Secretary Hay feared other powers would use Boxer Rebellion as an excuse to take more land from China. Issued a 2 nd Open Door Policy: Issued a 2 nd Open Door Policy: Repeated the principle of open trade and made a strong statement about American intentions to preserve trade. Repeated the principle of open trade and made a strong statement about American intentions to preserve trade. China should remain one country and not be broken up into separate pieces. China should remain one country and not be broken up into separate pieces.

34. Linking the Oceans Isthmus of Panama: 50 miles wide.Isthmus of Panama: 50 miles wide. 1902: Panama, belonged to Colombia, Teddy Roosevelt pays $250,000 yearly to build a canal through Panama.1902: Panama, belonged to Colombia, Teddy Roosevelt pays $250,000 yearly to build a canal through Panama. Colombians are less than thrilled: Gave US permanent control over a 6-mile wide stretch of Colombian territory.Colombians are less than thrilled: Gave US permanent control over a 6-mile wide stretch of Colombian territory. Colombia held out for more money.Colombia held out for more money. Spending great deal of time on negotiations. Spending great deal of time on negotiations. Teddy tells Panamanians, who disliked being controlled by Panama, that if they rebelled against Colombia US would help and they would be independent.Teddy tells Panamanians, who disliked being controlled by Panama, that if they rebelled against Colombia US would help and they would be independent.

35. Revolt in Panama November 3, 1902: US gunboats waited offshore Panama to provide help to rebels.November 3, 1902: US gunboats waited offshore Panama to provide help to rebels. Marines also present.Marines also present. Many Americans taken aback by Teddy’s “gunboat diplomacy.”Many Americans taken aback by Teddy’s “gunboat diplomacy.” US immediately recognizes independent Republic of Panama.US immediately recognizes independent Republic of Panama. US paid 10 million plus 250,000 year rent for Panama Canal.US paid 10 million plus 250,000 year rent for Panama Canal.

36. The Panama Canal Teddy “Make the dirt Fly”Teddy “Make the dirt Fly” 1904: Start building.1904: Start building. Malaria is the biggest issue.Malaria is the biggest issue. Finally figure out that mosquitoes carry malaria.Finally figure out that mosquitoes carry malaria. Drained ditches and brush where mosquitoes lived and gained control of the Malaria outbreak.Drained ditches and brush where mosquitoes lived and gained control of the Malaria outbreak. Digging “The Big Ditch” was not easy!Digging “The Big Ditch” was not easy! Over 6,000 workers lost their lives during construction.Over 6,000 workers lost their lives during construction. August 15, 1914: Panama Canal linked Atlantic and Pacific Oceans: Finished 6 months ahead of schedule.August 15, 1914: Panama Canal linked Atlantic and Pacific Oceans: Finished 6 months ahead of schedule.

37. Roosevelt Diplomacy Roosevelt was the peace mediator in negotiations to end the Russo-Japanese War.Roosevelt was the peace mediator in negotiations to end the Russo-Japanese War. “Speak softly but carry a big stick.”“Speak softly but carry a big stick.” Applied to Latin America.Applied to Latin America. US was the controller of Western Hemisphere.US was the controller of Western Hemisphere. 1904: European nations considered taking military action against Dominican Republic.1904: European nations considered taking military action against Dominican Republic. Roosevelt Corollary: when the neighbors of the United States got into disputes with foreign nations, the United States had the power to “exercise…..an international policy power” to restore order. Roosevelt Corollary: when the neighbors of the United States got into disputes with foreign nations, the United States had the power to “exercise…..an international policy power” to restore order. Addition to the Monroe DoctrineAddition to the Monroe Doctrine

38. Dollar Diplomacy William Taft: favored dollar diplomacy: a policy based on the idea that economic ties were the best way to expand American influence.William Taft: favored dollar diplomacy: a policy based on the idea that economic ties were the best way to expand American influence. Urged US bankers and businesses to invest heavily in Asia and Latin America.Urged US bankers and businesses to invest heavily in Asia and Latin America. Led to a great deal of intervention in Latin America which was resented.Led to a great deal of intervention in Latin America which was resented.

39. Wilson’s Diplomacy Woodrow Wilson: “Missionary Diplomacy”: The United States had a moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin American government it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to U.S. interests.Woodrow Wilson: “Missionary Diplomacy”: The United States had a moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin American government it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to U.S. interests. Push to for other nations to establish democratic governments.Push to for other nations to establish democratic governments.

40. Relations with Mexico 1911: Mexico is in the middle of a violent revolution1911: Mexico is in the middle of a violent revolution Entered “watchful waiting” hoping Mexico would develop a democratic government.Entered “watchful waiting” hoping Mexico would develop a democratic government. 1914: US soldiers were briefly arrested in Tampico.1914: US soldiers were briefly arrested in Tampico. Released quickly and with an apology.Released quickly and with an apology. Sent navy to occupy Veracruz.Sent navy to occupy Veracruz. More than 200 Mexicans died.More than 200 Mexicans died. Close to war until South America stepped in to calm things down.Close to war until South America stepped in to calm things down. 1916: Francisco “Pancho” Villa and band of rebels crossed into New Mexico and burned and raided the town of Columbus killing 18 Americans.1916: Francisco “Pancho” Villa and band of rebels crossed into New Mexico and burned and raided the town of Columbus killing 18 Americans. General John J Pershing is sent with thousands of soldiers across the border into Mexico to pursue him.General John J Pershing is sent with thousands of soldiers across the border into Mexico to pursue him. 11 months later, Wilson ordered them to come home without capturing Villa.11 months later, Wilson ordered them to come home without capturing Villa.