1. 1 Grain Moisture Testers Kett Electric Laboratory Norihiro YOSHIDA Norihiro YOSHIDA 2013, Nov. 25-29 at NWMC, Chiang Mai in Thailand

2. 2 Contents 1) General concept of grain moisture testers 2) Outline of moisture measurement methods 3) Kett grain moisture testers 4) Traceability system of grain moisture testers 5) Situation of grain moisture tester in Thailand 6) Other instruments for rice quality control

3. 3 1) Why do you need Grain Moisture Testers(GMT) ? Quality control : High or Low moisture damages grain. Quality control : High or Low moisture damages grain. Trading price control : Moisture is an effective factor to the price. Trading price control : Moisture is an effective factor to the price. 2) Applications for GMT Long & Short Rice(Paddy, Brown rice, Milled rice), Corn(Maize), Sorghum, Sunflower, Soybeans, Wheat, Barley, Coffees, Teas, many varieties of seeds and so on. Long & Short Rice(Paddy, Brown rice, Milled rice), Corn(Maize), Sorghum, Sunflower, Soybeans, Wheat, Barley, Coffees, Teas, many varieties of seeds and so on. 3) Calibration curve should be made with correctly. If the instant GMT is used, calibration curves should follow If the instant GMT is used, calibration curves should follow international or national standard correctly. international or national standard correctly. 4) Regulations for GMT R59 by OIML, ISO-7700, ISO-712, JPN-105, etc. R59 by OIML, ISO-7700, ISO-712, JPN-105, etc. 1. General concept of Grain Moisture Testers

4. 4 2. Outline of moisture measurement methods 2-1. Moisture measuring methods 1) Standard air oven drying methods ISO-712, JPN-105, ISO-6540(maize/corn), ISO-6673(green ISO-712, JPN-105, ISO-6540(maize/corn), ISO-6673(green coffee), ISO-1573(tea) and so on. coffee), ISO-1573(tea) and so on. 2) Conductance measuring principal (Electric residence type) (Kett models : Rf-500 series, PQ-520, PT-2700 PB-3000 series) (Kett models : Rf-500 series, PQ-520, PT-2700 PB-3000 series) 3) Capacitance measuring principal (Dielectric constant type) (Kett models : PM-450 series, PM-650 series) (Kett models : PM-450 series, PM-650 series) 4) Other measuring principals Infrared Moisture Determination Balances, NIR etc. Infrared Moisture Determination Balances, NIR etc.

5. 5 2. Outline of moisture measurement methods 2-2. Standard air oven drying method 1) This method is the most widely employed for determining moisture in agricultural products as an official standard. moisture in agricultural products as an official standard. 2) Measuring principal is detection of weight loss by heating & dry. 3) Wet base calculation is used in agricultural field generally. 4) Generally ISO-712(130˚C, 2hrs, 5g) method is used in Asian countries except Japan, Korea, Taiwan and China. countries except Japan, Korea, Taiwan and China. 5) JPN-105(105˚C, 5hrs, 5g) method is used as an official standard air oven drying method in Japan. air oven drying method in Japan. 6) We have to take care of “Drying temperature, time and sampling mass etc. when we proceed standard air oven drying method. mass etc. when we proceed standard air oven drying method.

6. 6 2. Outline of moisture measurement methods 2-3-1. Capacitance measuring principal (Dielectric constant) 1) The moisture tester must be calibrated against appropriate standard air oven drying method with real grain samples. standard air oven drying method with real grain samples. 2) Dielectric constant properties of grains, for example “Paddy”, “Rice”, “Corn” vary regularly with moisture content. “Rice”, “Corn” vary regularly with moisture content. 3) This moisture tester provides quick indications of moisture content of grains. Therefore instant GMTs are widely used in content of grains. Therefore instant GMTs are widely used in the inspection and quantity control situations of paddy, rice the inspection and quantity control situations of paddy, rice and other grain samples all over the world. and other grain samples all over the world.

7. 7 2. Outline of moisture measurement methods 2-3-2. Capacitance measuring principal (Dielectric constant) POWER SUPPLY MPU Key AMPLIFIER Temperature Measuring section Electrical Capacitance Measuring section Analog to Digital converter Display AMPLIFIER (1) Hopper, (2) Samples, (3) (4) (6) (7) (9)Loading mechanism, (5) Electrode mechanism, (8)Temperature sensor, (10)A/D converter AMPLIFIER Weight Measuring section

8. 8 2. Outline of moisture measurement methods 2-3-3. Capacitance measuring principal (Dielectric constant) Model PM-599 Model PM-599 Model PM-450 series Model PM-650 series Model PM-450 series Model PM-650 series

9. 9 2. Outline of moisture measurement methods 2-3-4. Conductance measuring principal (Electric residence) 1) GMT should be calibrated against appropriate standard air oven drying method with real grain samples. drying method with real grain samples. 2) Electrical residence properties of grains, e.g. “Rice”, vary regularly with moisture content. with moisture content. 3) This moisture tester provides quick indications of moisture content of grains. Therefore instant GMTs are widely used in content of grains. Therefore instant GMTs are widely used in the inspection and quantity control situations of rice and other the inspection and quantity control situations of rice and other grain samples Asian countries. grain samples Asian countries.

10. 10 2. Outline of moisture measurement methods 2-3-5. Conductance measuring principal (Electric residence) (1) Crushing handle, (2) upper electrode, (3) lower electrode, (4) testing chamber, (5) A/D converter and (6) temperature sensor. POWER SUPPLY MPU Key AMPLIFIER Temperature Measuring section Electrical Resistance Measuring section Analog to Digital converter Display AMPLIFIER

11. 11 2. Outline of moisture measurement methods 2-3-6. Conductance measuring principal (Electric residence) Model Riceter f-500 series Model PQ-520 Model PT-2700 series Model Riceter f-500 series Model PQ-520 Model PT-2700 series Model PB-3000 series Model PB-3000 series

12. 12 3. Kett grain moisture testers 3-1. Models with versions 1) Paddy Moisture Testers : PM-599(ver.4603), PM-450(ver.4502) PM-599(ver.4603), PM-450(ver.4502) 2) Corn Moisture Tester : PM-450(ver.4513) PM-450(ver.4513) 3) Grains ・ Seeds ・ Coffees ・ Teas Moisture Testers : PM-450(ver.4501, 4504, 4507, 4508, 4509, 4511 etc.) PM-450(ver.4501, 4504, 4507, 4508, 4509, 4511 etc.) PM-650(ver.6501, 6507, 6508, 6509 etc.) PM-650(ver.6501, 6507, 6508, 6509 etc.) Riceter f-999s, f-521, f-512, f-504, 505, 506, 511, 515, etc. Riceter f-999s, f-521, f-512, f-504, 505, 506, 511, 515, etc. PQ-520(ver.5200, 5201, 5202, 5203, 5205) PQ-520(ver.5200, 5201, 5202, 5203, 5205)

13. 13 3. Kett grain moisture testers 3-2-1. We delivered GMTs to the countries below. (2001-2012) Nations Main applications Total (units) Main models Thailand Paddy, Milled rice, Corn, 12,000 PM-499/599/450 Tapioca or flour, etc. 200 PB-3003, PQ-510/520 Tapioca or flour, etc. 200 PB-3003, PQ-510/520 Japan Paddy, Brown & Milled rice 80,000 Rf, PB-1D2, PQ-520, Wheat, Barley, Soybeans 6,000 PM-830-2. PM-600 Wheat, Barley, Soybeans 6,000 PM-830-2. PM-600 Indonesia Paddy, Milled rice, Corn etc. 2,200 Rf-512, PM-410 China Paddy, Milled rice, Corn etc. 50,000 PM-8188(410) etc.

14. 14 3. Kett grain moisture testers 3-2-2. We delivered GMTs to the countries below. (2001-2012) Nations Main applications Total (units) Main models Vietnam Paddy, Milled rice, Peppers 6,000 Rf-511 Corn, Coffee, Soybeans etc. 5,500 PM-600, PM-410 Corn, Coffee, Soybeans etc. 5,500 PM-600, PM-410 Philippines Paddy, Milled rice, Corn etc. 1,000 PM-410, Rf-511 Korea Paddy, Brown & Milled rice, 2,000 Rf-505, PQ-510, Wheat, Barley PQ-520,PT-2700 Wheat, Barley PQ-520,PT-2700 Taiwan Paddy, Milled rice, 400 PQ-510, PQ-520, Corn, Coffee, Tea 100 PM-410 Corn, Coffee, Tea 100 PM-410

15. 15 3. Kett grain moisture testers 3-2-3. We delivered GMTs to the countries below. (2001-2012) Nations Main applications Total (units) Main models Australia Paddy, Milled rice, Wheat 2,000 Rf-508 Paddy, Canola etc. 1,000 PM-410, PM-600 Paddy, Canola etc. 1,000 PM-410, PM-600 Bangladesh Paddy, Milled rice, Corn, Seeds 1,500 PM-410, Rf-513 Turkey Hazelnuts, Wheat, Wheat flour 1,500 PM-410, PM-600 Pakistan Paddy, Milled rice, etc, 1,200 PM-410, Rf-506 India Paddy, Milled rice, Seeds, etc. 1,500 PM-410/600 Rf-506

16. 16 3. Kett grain moisture testers 3-3-1. Specialized “Paddy” or “Corn” Moisture Testers in Thailand Back ground A. Rice is the most important product for trading. B. Rice quality control is also important for trading. C. Rice trading should be fair between seller and buyer. D. Moisture testers should be corrected. E. Verification system of GMT is based on OIML R-59. F. Kett’s GMT has been used in many places.

17. 17 3. Kett grain moisture testers 3-3-2. Specialized “Paddy” or “Corn” Moisture Testers in Thailand 1) Models A. Paddy moisture tester model PM-599(ver.4603) : Auto-hopper A. Paddy moisture tester model PM-599(ver.4603) : Auto-hopper B. Paddy moisture tester model PM-450(ver.4502) : Manual-hopper B. Paddy moisture tester model PM-450(ver.4502) : Manual-hopper C. Corn moisture tester model PM-450(ver.4513) : Manual-hopper C. Corn moisture tester model PM-450(ver.4513) : Manual-hopper 2) Special program and hardware A. Calibration curve is stored only one each model A. Calibration curve is stored only one each model B. Error is displayed when an inappropriate procedure is happened B. Error is displayed when an inappropriate procedure is happened C. BIAS(offset) procedure is operated by original software with PC C. BIAS(offset) procedure is operated by original software with PC D. Outer-case is designed for sealing (wiring or sticker) easily D. Outer-case is designed for sealing (wiring or sticker) easily

18. 18 3. Kett grain moisture testers 3-3-3. Specialized “Paddy” or “Corn” Moisture Testers in Thailand 1) Calibration curve is stored only one each model PM-4603 & 4502 can measure the moisture content of paddy only. PM-4603 & 4502 can measure the moisture content of paddy only. PM-4513 can measure the moisture content of corn only. PM-4513 can measure the moisture content of corn only. 2) Error is displayed (Some of them) Error 004 : Calibration weight is not correct(all versions) Error 004 : Calibration weight is not correct(all versions) Error 022 : Sample loading speed is too fast (PM-4502 & 4513) Error 022 : Sample loading speed is too fast (PM-4502 & 4513) Error 023 : Sample loading speed is too slow (PM-4602) Error 023 : Sample loading speed is too slow (PM-4602) Error 026 : Temperature difference(10 ℃ or above) (Three types) Error 026 : Temperature difference(10 ℃ or above) (Three types) Error 027 : Temperature difference(10 ℃ or below) (Three types) Error 027 : Temperature difference(10 ℃ or below) (Three types) Error 028 : Sample weight is too lighter (Three types) Error 028 : Sample weight is too lighter (Three types)

19. 19 3. Kett grain moisture testers 3-3-4. Specialized “Paddy” or “Corn” Moisture Testers in Thailand 3) BIAS(offset) procedure should be operated by software with PC

20. 20 3. Kett grain moisture testers 3-3-5. Specialized “Paddy” or “Corn” Moisture Testers in Thailand 4) Outer-case is designed for sealing (wiring or sticker) easily

21. 21 4. Traceability system of GMT 4-1.Traceabilitysystem

22. 22 4. Traceability system of GMT 4-2. Reasons why Kett has adopted traceability system 1) Time reduction for inspecting and easy evaluation with accuracy. For example, we have to inspect 400 units or more per day. For example, we have to inspect 400 units or more per day. 2) To reduce error factors. A. Human errors due to the operator difference of air oven method. A. Human errors due to the operator difference of air oven method. B. Environmental errors due to the temp. & humidity fluctuation. B. Environmental errors due to the temp. & humidity fluctuation. C. Change of sample characteristics with the passage of time. C. Change of sample characteristics with the passage of time. D. Errors due to specifications of standard air oven etc. D. Errors due to specifications of standard air oven etc. 3) Cost effectiveness for inspection and verification procedure of GMT. The standard air oven drying method involves substantial initial cost.

23. 23 4. Traceability system of GMT 4-3. Kett’s GMT inspection procedures 1) PM-599, 450, 650, 499, 410 & 600 series A. Main PCB(printed circuit board) is inspected by pF checker. A. Main PCB(printed circuit board) is inspected by pF checker. PM-599, 450, 650 series : 4 points pF (4.0, 9.6, 16.8, 28.0) PM-599, 450, 650 series : 4 points pF (4.0, 9.6, 16.8, 28.0) PM-499, 410, 600 series : 2 points pF (9.6 & 28.0) PM-499, 410, 600 series : 2 points pF (9.6 & 28.0) B. Load cell is inspected by weights. B. Load cell is inspected by weights. C. The unit is checked by reference samples. C. The unit is checked by reference samples. 2) Riceter f-999s & 500 series A. PCB is inspected by 2 points(13.0 & 18.0) A. PCB is inspected by 2 points(13.0 & 18.0) B. Testing chamber(pressure parts) of condition is inspected by B. Testing chamber(pressure parts) of condition is inspected by reference samples. reference samples.

24. 24 5. Situation of GMT in Thailand 5-1. Laboratory photos at CBWM

25. 25 5. Situation of GMT in Thailand 5-2. Laboratory photos at CBWM

26. 26 5. Situation of GMT in Thailand 5-3. Laboratory photos at CBWM

27. 27 5. Situation of GMT in Thailand 5-4. Laboratory photos at CBWM

28. 28 6. Instruments on rice quality 6-1. Outer rice quality : Rice inspector model RN-300 1) Inspect rice quality each kernel 2) Some of inspection on rice A. length & Width rate A. length & Width rate B. Cracked rate B. Cracked rate C. Broken rate C. Broken rate D. Milling rate D. Milling rate etc. etc. ● Normal ● Discolored Chalky ● Damaged ● Broken

29. 29 6. Instruments on rice quality 6-2. Outer rice quality : Rice whiteness tester model C-600 1) The whiteness of rice (Brown rice and Milled rice) (Brown rice and Milled rice) 2) The rice whiteness estimate milling rate of rice. milling rate of rice. For example, For example, Equation of estimated milling rate Equation of estimated milling rate : 90.5-(whiteness-20.0)x0.5 : 90.5-(whiteness-20.0)x0.5

30. 30 6. Instruments on rice quality 6-3. Inner rice quality : Kirogram/Hectolitre Volume Weight Scale model TM-100 1) Measure the volume weight of grain. of grain. 2) Measured unit is kg/hl

31. 31 6. Instruments on rice quality 6-4. Inner rice quality : Rice composition analyzer Model AN-820 1) Measure the moisture and total protein of rice with quickly protein of rice with quickly 2) Measurement with whole grain 3) NIR Transmittance method

32. 32 Thank you Kett Electric Laboratory Norihiro YOSHIDA URL http://www.kett.co.jp n-yoshida@kett.co.jphttp://www.kett.co.jp