1. Industry & Economics Chapter 9 – Development Chapter 11 – Industry & Manufacturing

2. Scarcity  Something is scarce when we do not have enough of it. The world’s resources are not evenly distributed.  Why?  Why do we trade with other countries?  Basic Needs (Subsistence)  Food, Water, Shelter, Clothing

3. Traditional Economy  Found in rural, developing areas  Customs govern the economic decisions  Technology is not readily available  Subsistence farming, hunting, and gathering are the main activities  Life is similar to what has happened for generations  Economic activities centered on survival

4.  Examples of Traditional Economies are found in Burkina Faso, Bolivia, & Botswana, but no nation has a traditional economy.  Primarily where are these countries?  Government intervention is scarce  Economic decisions are made based on tradition

5. Free-Enterprise Economies  Sometimes referred to as capitalism, market economy or free market economy.  Resources are privately owned  Economic decisions are made by individuals that are competing to make profits  Individual freedom is very important  Economic decisions are made by the principals of supply and demand  Profit is the motive for increasing work

6. Communist Economies  Central authority makes decisions and decides how resources shall be used.  There is little individual freedom  THE GOAL IS A CLASSLESS SOCIETY - MARXISM  There is no competition, its more cooperation  Also known as command economy (gov. commands what you do) or Marxism  Businesses are not run to create a profit  Consumers have few choices in the market place  Factories must meet quotas  Government sets the prices.  Idea is that collectively you are stronger  Public ownership of property

7. Socialist Economy  Government and individuals share the decision making process  Government guides and regulates production of goods and services offered  Individuals own means of production  Government protects workers from unfair policies  Government is involved in the economy by providing goods and services (health care, education, retirement) – paid by taxes  Most Western European countries.  Major industries – oil, air, rail, electricity are owned by government.  Also known as mixed economy

8. USA FranceN. Korea No country is 100% Communist nor 100% Capitalist.

9. Free Enterprise Consumer demand controls production Private ownership of factors of production Government provides for basic needs Socialism Communism Distribution of goods is determined by both market demand and government control Major factors of production owned by government Government provides some basic needs Government determines the distribution of goods Government provides all basic needs Government controls all factors of production Economic Systems Traditional Economies are based on tradition and customs. Life is very similar to the life of their ancestors.

10. Economic Activities  Primary – located at the source of natural resource. Usually poor. Mining, farming, logging ( LDCs )  Secondary – turns natural resource into something else. Manufacturing. NICs do secondary. Making items for profit. Factory worker or refiner  Tertiary – service. MDCs. Provide some kind of service. Teacher, lawyer, doctor, NFL player, accountant, etc.  Quaternary – new information technology. Finding something new. Innovator or inventor. No country has this as main from of economics. More quaternary - more industrialized.

11. Levels of Development The world is not evenly developed.  First World – industrialized and service based economies. Free markets, high levels of productivity, high quality of life. US/Can, EU, Scandinavia, Israel, Australia & NZ ( Core countries / MDCs )  Second World – describes the Communist world – only Cuba, & North Korea still exist. Could describe former communist states in restructuring – former USSR & Eastern Europe as well as China & Vietnam ( NICs / BRIC )  Third World – agricultural and resource based economies. LDCs. Under developed areas. Examples – Haiti, Nepal, Tanzania  Fourth World – 3 rd world states that have had some kind of economic crisis, war, or other disaster. Examples – Ethiopia’s drought, Burkina Faso, Chad  Fifth World – 3 rd world states that have no formal national government or functioning economy – Somalia, DRC, Sudan ( closer to Traditional economies )

12. Economic Success Factors (human)  Environmentally Friendly – you can’t just start polluting the area. Fines are levied for hurting the land, air, soil, or water  Political Support – The support of local politicians is important (zoning, constructions plans)  Societal Support – must sell a product the locals approve of. (can’t produce pork in a Muslim area)  Economic Support Base – trained workers, capital investment (you need credit to get a loan)

13. United Nations (UN) developed a metric to measure the level of development of every country called the Human Development Index (HDI).  It is based on three factors: 1.Decent standard of living – GDP, GNP 2.Long and healthy life – LE, BR, DR / MR 3.Access to knowledge - LR  Countries group into 4 classes  Level of development ranging from developed (Very High) to developing (Low).

14. Geographic Factors  Site Factors – physical features (Earth made)- ports, rivers, flat land are good  Situation Factors – Man made factors. Also important situation factor – where it is in relation to other things. (cities are built near natural resources)  Basic Industries – focal point of the economy for a city / region (Team Names!!)  Pittsburgh – steel, Green Bay – meat packing, Detroit – automobiles  Non-Basic industries – secondary businesses that sprout up to facilitate the basic industry  Construction to build homes, Supermarkets, Movie theaters  Multiplier effect – expansion of the economic base of a city as a result of the basic & non-basic industries located there (barge industry grew in Pittsburgh because of the steel industry

15. Industrial Costs  Variable Costs – fluctuate based on the volume of the order.  Fixed Costs – do not change based on the size of the order  Usually the more ordered – the less it costs per individual item (Supply & Demand?)

16. Industrial Revolution  Started in the mid-1700s in Europe (Britain)  Steam engine, faster & farther travel  Access to farther (larger) markets  Mass production (think: mechanization & assembly line)  Prior to mass production (1 person made entire product)  Cottage industry – products are made in a person’s home  Ex. Gun creators, from handmade to numbered parts

17. US Industrial Zones  New England – cheap labor from early immigrants. Textile factories. Hydroelectric power. Moved to the non-union South. Child labor laws started here.  Mid-Atlantic – The megalopolis – NY, Phil, Baltimore, DC. Ports. Available cheap immigrant labor. Moved south or overseas  Eastern Great Lakes (including Canada) – hydro power. Pittsburgh – Steel. Barges moved it to Erie, Pa. Then by train or on the Ohio to the coast. (3 Rivers). Toronto Here (largest city). Built St. Lawrence Seaway  Western Great Lakes – Middle of the country (Midwest) – Chicago- O’Hare Airport one of the busiest in world and home to American and Untied Airlines. RR converge here. Reversed flow of Chicago River to make river traffic between Great Lakes and Mississippi River. Detroit – automobiles, but new plants in the south – non union  South – tax breaks or no taxes for several years to move to South. Many moving from the “Rust Belt” to the “Sun Belt” Cheaper labor costs. Most jobs are non-union.

18. Deindustrialization - During the past 25 years, employment in manufacturing as a share of total employment has fallen dramatically in the world’s most advanced economies, a phenomenon widely referred to as "deindustrialization." The trend, particularly evident in the United States and Europe, is also apparent in Japan and has been observed most recently in the Four Tiger economies of East Asia When one region’s economic gain translates into another’s economic loss it is called backwash. This is Rust belt – to Sun belt

19. Rust Belt Areas once industrial centers are run down, abandoned, and RUSTING (rust belt). Jobs have left these areas and moved south & west to the SUN (sunbelt)

21. Right-To-Work No Union Membership needed to work

22. Transportation Systems  Goal: low cost & get there quick  Raw Materials production point wholesaler retailer consumer  Each step may take a different form of transportation  Time-space compression : effort to increase the efficiency of time in the delivery process by diminishing distance obstacles (Get it there faster!)  Greater the distance traveled & weight of the item – the more it costs  Internet & phones – no longer have to meet in person to place an order.

23. https://www.youtube.com /watch?v=IDmLEFDDd-c

24. Trucks  Highway carrier. Highly mobile & efficient.  Can go almost anywhere there are roads  Most used means of industrial transportation  Disadvantages:  Delay due to weather  Road work  Use fossil fuels  High maintenance costs

25. Trains  Can haul immense amount of freight for long distances.  Disadvantages:  Flexibility of routes  Break-of-bulk point – shifted from one mode of transportation to another (except oil?  Limited to land travel  Not as popular as in the past (trucks replaced tracks)

26. Airplanes  Fastest mode to get products to market  Almost always needs break-of-bulk  Speed is sometimes needed (produce from Latin America)  Most expensive way to transport goods  Weather delays

27. Pipelines  Used to move gas or liquid products  From extraction to refining or to destination  Alaska pipeline -800 miles from North Slope to Valdez  Safety record in US is impeccable  Very expensive to build  Keystone XL Pipeline – not approved.  Pipelines span Saudi Arabia, Caucasus Mt. region of Russia, & US  SUMED is very important for Egypt

28. Ships  Anything from small barges to supertankers  Panama & Suez canals are vital as well as some straits – Gibraltar, Malacca, Hormuz  Most energy efficient and cheapest, but slowest.  Break-of-bulk is needed in most cases  Port facilities are expensive  Weather sensitive

29. Location Principles 1.Easy access to materials needed for production 2.Adequate supply of labor (may need to be skilled) 3.Proximity to shipping & markets (bulky or perishable) 4.Minimizes production costs – cheap land & labor (tax incentives are nice!) 5.Natural factors – climate, transportation, natural harbors 6.Company’s history and its leader’s personal inclinations (what he / she wants to do)

30. Location of Industry  Agglomeration – centralization of features of an industry to benefit the industry as a whole.  In other words – firms with related or similar products locate together in clusters or regions.  On your way to store A to get a pair of jeans at the mall you see a cool shirt to go with the jeans in store B.  You buy the jeans in store A and on the way out buy some shoes in store C to complete the outfit.  Yes, they are in competition, but they help each other by drawing more people in

31. Agglomeration Principle  Detroit – Ford, GM, and Chrysler all build in this area and benefitted from each other.  Secondary industries attracted by the industrial hub provided services to all 3  Glass, Rubber, Electronics, etc.  When located near each other product costs usually decrease  Industrial parks share the cost of things like roads & railroads  Enjoy advantages of shared skilled-labor pool, specialized suppliers, and service providers and can share (or steal) technical knowledge on production or marketing (ex. Silicon Valley)  Deglomeration – when the market has become saturated with a particular industry – too much competition, forcing relocation or closure of some businesses.  Local ex. Car washes, storage units, fast food chains

32. Weber’s Least Cost Theory – 3 primary factors of location (to minimize costs)  Transportation – the lowest possible costs in moving raw materials to the factory and the finished product to market  Labor – this reduces profits, therefore owners may want to move farther from raw materials and markets  Agglomeration – like industries clustering in the same area(s) can reduce costs. Existing infrastructure (transport, phones, water, buildings, etc.)  Deglomeration – what happens when too much agglomeration takes place?

33. Bulk-gaining and Bulk-reducing industries  Bulk-Gaining (Weight-Gaining) – add weight at the point of production of final product  So, where should these be produced?  Bottling of beer and soda – fabricated metals like refrigerators  Other Examples?  Bulk-Reducing (Weight-Reducing) – lose weight at the point of production of final or intermediate product  So, where should these be produced?  Mining and Smelting – Paper – Some furniture industries  Other Examples?  Note: Let’s draw some triangles!!

34. World Cities –  Core-Periphery Model of Development – 4 primary factors:  Industrial Core – majority of manufacturing and industrial activities  Upward transition – gaining jobs and attracting industry (in US – Sunbelt)  Downward transition – companies are leaving and unemployment is high  Resource frontier – provide the resources for the industrial core Core – NY, Tokyo & London (financial & cultural) Semi-Periphery – Chicago, Paris & Shanghai (regional hubs) aka Wallerstein’s World System Theory Model

36. Commodity chain – supply chain – links between producer & consumer (from the field to the market)

37. FOREIGN PRODUCTION  Maquiladoras – industrial plants in Mexico use cheaper labor and then sell products in US (US made). NAFTA increased  Outsourcing – Sending labor overseas to LDC  New International Division of Labor (NIDL) – began about 1960 – MDC labor gone to LDC labor for cheaper labor. (the move to outsourcing)  Increased efficiency of transportation systems, even with increased distance it is still cheaper than producing in US  Footloose Industry – company with no allegiance to a country – can move its primary location at will (usually for tax purposes)

38. International Division of Labor & Mass Production  International division of labor – Fordism – specialize in an individual portion of a product. Think: assembly line, one step in the process  Became standard in almost every industry  Some industries more labor intensive (take more people / machines to do the work)  Agriculture  Textiles  Sweatshops – factories with poor working conditions  Manufacturing is generally done in NICs (semi-periphery). This has led to a global economy. Cheaper to make items outside of the US & Europe (workers are expensive – unions )

39. maquiladora is a manufacturing operation in Mexico, where factories import certain material and equipment on a duty-free and tariff-free basis for assembly, processing, or manufacturing and then export the assembled, processed and/or manufactured products, sometimes back to the raw materials' country of origin. (Made in USA)

40. Transnational Corporations  Large companies with offices or divisions around the world  Coca-Cola, 3M, UBS, & McDonald’s  Ubiquitous – available to consumers at any time around the world  Shareholders make decisions to increase profit margins

41. A non-governmental organization (NGO) is an organization that is neither a part of a government nor a conventional for-profit business. In the US, we usually call these non- profit organizations. Influential in spearheading international initiatives on social, economic, and environmental issues

42. Other Industrial Zones  Ukraine – agricultural productivity & coal mining. Took much of the industry & natural resources when became independent from USSR. Wheat producer  Russia – Industrial base is in Western Russia near Moscow & St. Petersburg. Siberian region has major resources (*heartland theory). Transport by rail, but snow is an issue. Trans-Siberian RR – towns spring up along route.  Great Britain – Coal. Industrial Rev. started here. London, Manchester, Leeds, Newcastle, Birmingham area all industrial centers –steel.  Germany – steel depends on coal. Has both. 2 major rivers – Rhine & Ruhr. Dusseldorf highly industrialized. Leader in industry in Europe today. Low birth rate = need for foreign workers.  France – Automobiles & airplanes. Airbus headquarters.  Ireland – Joined EU. One of highest growth rates in Europe. Computer technology industry (Scotland – Silicon Glen)

43. China  Many ports in China are treaty ports – international agreement says must remain open to international trade.  Export processing zones – export products made in China efficiently (most go to Japan, Europe & US)  1 billion people with a growing middle class want to buy products.  GDP has grown about 10% in recent years  Infrastructure is an issue with growth

44. An Export Processing Zone (EPZ) is a Customs area where one is allowed to import plant, machinery, equipment and material for the manufacture of export goods under security, without payment of duty.

45. SEZs - business and trade laws differ from the rest of the country. In the Special Economic Zone there is increased trade, increased investment, & job creation. The host country may be motivated by the desire to attract foreign direct investment. The benefits of being in a SEZ may mean a company can produce and trade goods at a globally competitive price

46. China- Shanghai  Shanghai – largest city in population. Items made cheaply in China shipped around the world. Walmart big investor  Industrial parks are built around the city & other cities in China.  Maglev train – high speed rail (300mph)  SEZs – special economic zones are designed for foreign companies to have headquarters. (Ford, GM & VW all have plants here)  Government incentives – tax breaks for a few years.  Bad pollution due to industry  Only recently investments from Chinese gov. in the area that does not want to see rise of Shanghai over government seat – Beijing.

47.  NE China – Manchuria – majority of China’s natural resources. Coal & Steel  Major transport is on Huang He (Yellow River)  Like NE US – rust belt  Hong Kong – 1997 UK returned HK to China. Has been a capitalist success for decades. Nike major company in area.  China allows free-market to continue  HK is an Asian Tiger  Perfect situation is great, but site – no. Mostly rocky soil and hilly – built up not out. Airport built on landfill.  Major entrepot ( transshipment ) – area where products are brought to be reloaded to go elsewhere for resale. (ex. Singapore)

48. 4 Asian Tigers / 4 Asian Dragons  Rapid economic growth  Cheap production of goods & exports  World class ports, educated workforce, skilled labor  Complementary process – both sides benefit. Production increases employment (more $$) and receivers get product for lower price.  Hong Kong  South Korea – Seoul is largest city. Educated citizens. Automobiles & electronics.  Taiwan – Capitalism. Exports mostly textiles & electronics  Singapore – city-state at tip of Malay peninsula. Major entrepot. Largest transshipment port in the world. Tough penalties for littering, bad language, etc. make it safe and clean to work. Goal – 5 Cs – car, credit card, condominium, country club, and cash. NOTE: Not children!

50. Baby Tigers / Tiger Cubs  Malaysia  Vietnam  Philippines  Thailand  Fast growing economies rival Asian Dragons yellow – cubs Red - tigers

51. Japan  After WWII – Japan not allowed military so used $ for industrial development. US helped to rebuild Japan (made them our ally). Very few natural resources, but major industry.  Automobiles and electronics  Loyal workers take personal pride in companies – group success over individual  High speed rail  Major areas – Tokyo, Yokohama, & Osaka  US has trade imbalance with Japan & China – we buy more than we sell.

52. Other areas  Mexico & Chile  Morocco, Turkey, Saudi Arabia. Based on export of natural resources.  NIC – newly industrialized country (semi- periphery country) – manufacturing is largest sector (secondary)  BRIC – Brazil, Russia, India & China ( major NICs ).

53. Economic Development - Views  Optimistic View – if humans work together they can solve the problem of inequality. Allow capitalistic forces the ability to enter countries and get resources to areas that need them & profit from their investment  Pessimistic View – inaccessibility of resources is a serious challenge.

54. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)  When a company from one country enters the economy of another country  $ from international private investors or investment firms to start a business or build a new factory in a NIC  Direct ownership of production facilities of plantation in LDCs  Retirement communities of US retirees in Costa Rica & Panama, their $$ going to foreign nation

55. Foreign Involvement & Movement  International Migration 1. Brain Drain – when talented youth receive scholarships or college opportunities and do NOT return to their homeland. 2. Brain Gain – when those same youth return from the developed countries and share their knowledge or skills.

56. Financial Vocabulary  Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – market value of all goods & services provided within a country’s borders  GDP per capita – GDP divided by the total population = value of the average person’s production in their country for a year  Gross National Product (GNP) – market value of all goods & services provided by a country’s citizens no matter where they are working  Quaternary – business services – wholesaling, finance, banking, insurance, advertising. (market research)  Quinary – (consumer services) tourism, entertainment, education, government, health & communications. (scientific research) (Companies training employees, sending them to school for advancement in and for the Company)  Expendable income – amount of $ left over after all bills are paid, leisure money. More in developed countries.  Technology Gap – some have more technology than others.  Technology transfer process – amount of time it takes a new technology to leave the laboratory and make it to the shelves for purchase. (iPhones, Google tech, etc.)

57. ….. more vocabulary  Informal economy – economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government's gross national product  Formal economy - the legal economy that is taxed and monitored by a government and is included in a government's Gross National Product; as opposed to an informal economy  Comparative advantage – a country has the ability or resource to produce a product or service at less cost and more efficiently than another country.  ( AP NOTE – don’t refer to north vs south when you discuss inequality and be respectful – don’t use terms like backward or uncivilized.)  GDP – Gross Domestic Product = goods + service  GNI – Gross National Income = goods + service + (exports – imports)  Trade Surplus – $ made on Exports > Imports ($ spent)  Trade Deficit – $ made on Exports < Imports ($ spent)  Per capita – GDP or GNI / Population  GNI PPP – purchasing power parity - factors in the cost of living.  Gini coefficient – measures level of income disparity

59. Physical Quality of Life (Standard of Living)  Determine the literacy rate  Subtract the Infant mortality rate from 166 and multiply the result by 0.625 (indexed IMR)  Subtract 42 from the life expectancy and multiply the result by 2.7 (indexed life expectancy)  Add together the literacy rate, the indexed IMR & Life expectancy rate and divide the result by 3  Examples – next slide.

60.  United States - Literacy Rate – 99.5, IMR – 6.7 & Life Expectancy is 78.  166 - 6.7 = 159.3  159.3 x 0.625 = 99.6  78 - 42=36  36 x 2.7 = 97.2  99.5 + 99.6 + 97.2 = 296.3  296.3 / 3 = 98.8 PQLI  Zambia – Literacy Rate – 63.4, IMR -64.72 & Life Expectancy is 52.15  166 - 64.72 = 101.28  101.28 x 0.625 = 63.3  52.15 – 42 = 10.15  10.15 x 2.7 = 27.405  63.4 + 63.3 + 27.405 = 154.105  154.105 / 3 = 51.36 PQLI

61. Models & Theories  Modernization Model ( Westernization Model ) –  Tradition is a barrier to economic development. (think traditional economies)  Must adopt new technologies that raise standard of living.  Maintains that all countries go through five interrelated stages of development  Which culminate in an economic state of self-sustained economic growth and high levels of mass consumption  Neocolonialism – LDCs are still economically dependent on MDCs in market or commodity chain rather than territory.

62. Rostow’s Model of Development (moving through the economic sectors) 1. Traditional society – majority are in the primary sector. Subsistence farming – mass production has not developed 2. Pre-take off (transitional phase) – infrastructure (especially transportation) improve. Start of secondary production 3. Take off – more manufacturing. Farmers start selling some products. Urban areas see growth (textiles & food production) 4. Drive to maturity – diffusion of technology to many industries. Secondary main job 5. Mass consumption – highly skilled workers. Tertiary jobs. Move from heavy industry (factory) to consumer goods (every day products)  Consumers will invest personal wealth to improve economic status.  Critics say the inequality of resource distribution around the world & lack of capital to invest in some areas proves his theory is wrong. (Not the norm for all)  Other critics point out it is based on US & Europe. Colonialism makes it hard when many resources in LDCs are owned by multinational corporations

65. A form of modernization theory Criticism of Rostow: Eurocentric and Americentric Doesn’t account for regional or cultural differences within a country Doesn’t account for economies that only have one product Neocolonialism Major bias that all economies will grow the same way as US & Europe

66. Dependency Theory  Structuralist Model – prosperity of the “core” at the expense of the “periphery”  Most LDCs (all NICs) are highly dependent on foreign owned factories, foreign direct investment, and technology from MDCs.  Responsibility for global poverty falls on the rich countries for exploiting them.  Based on the idea that certain types of political and economic relations (especially colonialism) between countries and regions of the world have created arrangements that both control and limit the extent to which regions can develop  This theory advocates an inward approach to development and an increased role for the state to impose barriers to trade and promoting nationalization of key industries.

67. Breaking the Cycle of Dependency  Internalization of economic capital – companies deposit profits back into economy of the LDC. Wealthy people have to use national banks not “off shore”  Import substitution – build factories in LDC to produce products for LDCs  Nationalization of natural resources – kick out foreign companies, but keep their infrastructure  Profit sharing agreements – leased land for foreign companies that share the profits with the country  Technology development programs - use public funds to invest in high-tech equipment & worker training for locally owned manufacturing - can compete globally but invest locally

68. Nolan’s Stages of a company’s Technology Growth  Initiation stage – technology sparingly used – mostly for data processing.  Contagion stage – technology begins to spread.  Control stage – people are not trained in how to use the technology to its full potential  Integration stage – users have come to terms with technology and have found practical uses for it  Data administration stage – computers are used mostly for collection & storage of data  Maturity stage – new uses for technology are found to do better than competitors

69. And you thought you were done with vocabulary…wa ha ha!  Sustainable development – development that meets the needs of today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs….. Don’t use it or spoil it all.  Conservation  Alternative energy  Women in developing nations (using available workers)  Micro loans – usually under $500 to kick start a project. (Hence websites like kickstarter.com) Usually in developing areas  Gender Development Index – what is life like for women around the world. Europe & US/Canada are best. Sub-Saharan Africa is the worst  Gender Inequality Index – disparity between males & females.  Labor market – women in employment (ex. equalizing wages)  Empowerment – women in political power (ex. female Prime Ministers)  Reproductive health – fertility & mortality during birthing (ex. Birth controls and postnatal practices)

70. Land Use Models  Economic Land Use Model – build on the landscape for profit. Topocide will most likely occur – killing off the old landscape to build over it. “They paved paradise and put in a parking lot.”  Sustainability Land Use Model – take something from the land and replace with something else. Cut down the dead tree – replace with a healthy tree. Crop rotation – moving crops around to keep soil more fertile.  Environmental Land Use Model – can use the land only if you leave it in its natural state. National park service is an example. Conservation – holding on to it… keeping it safe.  Preservationist Land Use Model – land is sacred. Some areas are off limits because the area has spiritual meaning.  Issues –  Ecotourism – using the natural beauty of an area to attract visitors who spend $$ to preserve the area (Safaris, tours, etc.)  Debt for nature swap – forgive international debt in exchange for setting aside conservation areas.  Tragedy of the Commons – humans will inevitably do what is best for them despite what is best for the public good or future population.

71. Resources  Renewable – can be used again or replenished fairly quickly.  Non-renewable – once used they are gone.  Inexhaustible – renewables renewing quickly  Reserves – amount left in the ground not used  Proven reserve – been discovered  Potential reserve – not discovered yet, or can not be extracted yet (prospect)  Production – removal of the resource  Resource crisis – the eventual end of the fossil fuel and the collapse of the energy dependent society.

72. Bioethanol is a form of quasi-renewable energy that can be produced from agricultural feed stocks. It can be made from very common crops such as sugarcane, potato, cassava and corn.

74. UN Millennium Development Goals  To be met by 2015 (oops) 1.Eradicate extreme poverty & hunger 2.Achieve universal primary education 3.Promote gender equality & empower women 4.Reduce child mortality 5.Improve maternal health 6.Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 7.Ensure environmental sustainability 8.Develop a global partnership for development  Did we meet our goals?  Should MDCs be responsible for LDCs?

75. 4 th & 5 th world - pre ag Third world - agricultural Third world – NIC manufacturing 1 st & former 2 nd world - services