1. UNIT #5 STANDARD: S7L2 ELEMENTS: d & e BODY SYSTEMS

2. Unpacking the Standard: S7L2 Students will DESCRIBE the structure and function of Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, and Organisms. d. EXPLAIN that tissues, organs, and organ systems serve the needs cells have for oxygen, food, and waste removal. e. EXPLAIN the purpose of the major organ systems of the human body. (Digestive, Respiratory, Reproductive, Circulatory, Excretory, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, & Immune)

3. Types of Tissues A tissue is a group of similar cells that perform the same function. There are 4 basic types of tissue: Muscle Tissue – can contract & shorten making parts of your body move. Nervous Tissue – directs & controls the processes of the body. Carries electrical messages back & forth between the brain and other parts of the body. Connective Tissue – provides support for your body and connects all its parts. Bone tissue & fat are examples. Epithelial Tissue – the surfaces of your body (inside & out) are covered with this. Skin and stomach lining are examples.

4. Organs An organ is a structure that is composed of different kinds of tissue. An organ performs a specific, more complex job. For examples, the heart is an organ. It contains all 4 types of tissues (muscle, nervous, connective, & epithelial) Each type of tissue contributes to the organ’s overall job of pumping blood.

5. Organ Systems An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform a major function. Your heart and blood vessels are part of your Circulatory System, which carries oxygen and other materials throughout the body.

6. SKELETAL SYSTEM Your skeleton is made up of all the bones in your body. An adult has about 206 bones in their body. You would collapse without your skeleton Your backbone is the center of your skeleton and is made up of 26 small bones called vertebrae Joints allow bones to move in different ways Immovable joints (bones of the skull) Moveable joints (ligaments & cartilage) Your skeleton has 5 major functions: Provides shape & support Enables you to move Protects your organs Produces blood cells Stores minerals & other materials

7. Types of Muscle Tissues Muscles have many functions. There are 3 basic types of muscle tissue: Skeletal Muscle – Voluntary muscles attached to the bones of your skeleton and provide the force that moves your bones. Tendons attach muscles to bones. React & tire quickly. Striated. Smooth Muscle – Involuntary muscles that work automatically to control certain movements inside your body. They are found inside many organs. React & tire slowly. Cardiac Muscle – Involuntary muscles found only in the heart. Striated. Does not get tired. Heartbeats are repeated contractions.

8. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Your muscular system is made up of all the muscles in your body. There are about 600 muscles in the human body. There are two different types of muscle: Involuntary – not under your conscious control (breathing, digesting) Voluntary – under your conscious control (smiling, jumping) Muscle cells can only contract, not extend. They work in pairs – one contracts while the other relaxes. Exercise is important for maintaining muscular strength & flexibility. The thicker the muscle, the stronger it is.

9. NERVOUS SYSTEM The Nervous System controls & coordinates functions throughout the body. It also responds to stimuli inside and outside the body. It also helps maintain homeostasis. Stimulus – any change or signal in the environment that makes you react Response – what your body does in reaction to a stimulus Senses of smell, touch, taste, sight, & sound are controlled by this system. Neurons – the cells that carry information throughout the nervous system. Information is in the form of electrical & chemical signals and travels along neurons as nerve impulses. Central Nervous System: Brain & Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System: Nerves Somatic Nervous System: voluntary actions Tying your shoe or using a fork Autonomic Nervous System: involuntary actions Regulates contractions of smooth muscles

10. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The Respiratory System provides the body with the oxygen it needs for cellular respiration. It also removes excess carbon dioxide from the body. Organs of the Respiratory System include: Nose – Pharynx – Larynx – Trachea – Bronchi – Bronchioles - Lungs LUNGS: gases are transferred between the lungs & the blood from the Circulatory System Adds oxygen to the blood & removes carbon dioxide from the blood. Diseases of the Respiratory System (bronchitis, lung cancer, pneumonia, asthma) Diaphragm is a large muscle that plays a role in breathing. When you breathe, the actions of your rib muscles & diaphragm expand your chest and you inhale or exhale air.

11. CIRCULATORY/CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM The Circulatory System is responsible for bringing oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to your cells, removing wastes, & regulating body temperature. Organs included in the Circulatory System are: Heart – Blood Vessels : Arteries & Capillaries, and Veins Arteries (Away from heart) & Veins (To the heart) Your pulse is the alternating expanding & relaxing of the artery wall and can be felt on the wrist  Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs  Picks up/delivers nutrients (glucose) & oxygen Releases /removes wastes & carbon dioxide  Heads back to the heart where it is pumped to the rest of the body where it transfers oxygen to cells and picks up wastes.  Returns to the heart and repeats the cycle.

12. CIRCULATORY/CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Blood is the main component of the Circulatory System and a complex tissue made up of 4 components: Plasma – 55% of the volume of blood is plasma Most of the materials transported in blood travel in plasma The liquid part of your blood – water makes up 90% of plasma Carries nutrients such as glucose, fats, vitamins, & minerals Prescription drugs travel throughout the body through blood Red Blood Cells – take up oxygen in the lungs and deliver it to cells Made in bone marrow from the Skeletal System White Blood Cells – the body’s disease fighters Made in bone marrow from the Skeletal System Alert the body to bacteria, produce chemicals to fight an invader, or surround & kill the organisms Larger & Fewer than red blood cells Platelets – cell fragments that form blood clots A scab is a dried blood clot on the skins surface

14. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Digestion is the process by which your body breaks down food into smaller molecules. Your Digestive System has 3 main functions: Break down food into molecules the body can use Molecules are then absorbed into the blood and carried through the body. Wastes are then eliminated from the body. The organs of the digestive system are about 9 meters long from beginning to end. Mechanical – foods are broken down into smaller pieces (bite into a burger & chew) Chemical – chemicals produced by the body break food down into smaller molecules. 1. After digestion, food is ready to be transported throughout your body. 2. Absorption is the process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of your digestive system into your blood. 3. Materials that are not absorbed are eliminated waste.

15. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM MOUTH Teeth & Saliva begin the digestive process. Saliva contains enzymes (speed up reactions) ESOPHAGUS Smooth muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach and is lined with mucus which makes food easier to swallow & move along. STOMACH Most mechanical digestion & some chemical digestion occurs in the stomach. Digestive juice contains the enzyme pepsin. After digestion the food liquid moves to the intestine for waste removal. SMALL INTESTINE The part of the digestive system where the most chemical digestion takes place. Starches & proteins have already been partially broken down by the time food gets here. Almost all chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients takes place here. Food mixes w/enzymes & secretions made in the small intestine, liver, & pancreas.

16. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM LIVER The largest organ inside the body. Breaks down medicines & eliminates nitrogen from the body. Its role in the digestive system is to make bile, a substance that breaks up fat particles. The gallbladder stores the bile. Bile is not an enzyme, it physically breaks down fat PANCREAS Produces enzymes that flow into the small intestine and help break down starches, proteins, & fats. LARGE INTESTINE Last section of the digestive system. Contains bacteria that feeds on the material passing. Material entering is water & undigested food. Water is absorbed into the bloodstream. The remaining material is eliminated as waste. Ends at the rectum where waste is compressed into solid form and eliminated through the anus.

17. EXCRETORY/URINARY SYSTEM Excretion is the removal process of waste in your body. The Excretory System is the system in the body that collects wastes produced by cells and removes the wastes from the body. Organs included in the Excretory System are: Kidneys – Ureters – Urinary Bladder - Urethra Urea – a chemical waste that comes from the breakdown of proteins. Kidneys remove urea and other wastes from the blood. This waste is called urine. Urine flows from the kidneys through narrow tubes called ureters and then to the bladder where it is stored. Urine leaves the body through a small tube called a urethra.

18. IMMUNE SYSTEM The Immune System consists of the:The white blood cells of the Immune System respond to disease-causing agents called pathogens and fight them off. The function of the Immune System is to protect the body from disease. Antibodies are proteins produced by the body that help destroy pathogens and prevent disease. The first line of defense are the surface of the skin, breathing passages, mouth, & stomach. They are barriers.

19. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM The Reproductive System consists of the: MALE: Testes & Penis FEMALE: Fallopian Tube, Ovaries, Uterus, & Vagina The function of the Reproductive System is to insure the continuation of the species. The Reproductive System produces sex cells: sperm cells in males produced in the testes & egg cells in females produced in the ovaries. These cells join together during the process of fertilization. Fertilization produces a zygote that grows into a fetus as a result of cell division.

20. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM The Integumentary System consists of the: SKIN (largest human organ) HAIR NAILS This system protects as a barrier against infection Helps regulate body temperature Covers the skeletal and muscular systems