1. Intellectual Disability Nama: Nurul Ali’im bt Zainal Abidin Matrix no: 113820 Kod kursus: GTN 301 Nama: Nurul Ali’im bt Zainal Abidin Matrix no: 113820 Kod kursus: GTN 301

2. Definition Intelligence refers to general mental capability and involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience. Intellectual disability is not a psychiatric or mental health problem.

3. Also known as mental retardation. also referred as developmental disability. characterized by below-average intelligence or mental ability and a lack of skills necessary for day-to-day living. People with intellectual disabilities can and do learn new skills, but they learn them more slowly than the normal individuals. This is because their cognitive (thought- related) processing is impaired.

4. Areas of ID Intellectual functioning - Also known as IQ, this refers to a person’s ability to learn, reason, make decisions, and solve problems. Adaptive behaviors - These are skills necessary for day-to-day life, such as being able to communicate effectively, interact with others, and take care of oneself.

5. Types Autism - neurological developmental disability that generally appears before the age of 3 epilepsy cerebral palsy developmental delay fetal alcohol syndrome (FASD) other disorders that occur during the developmental period (birth to age 18).

6. Prevalence Intellectual disability affects around two to three percent of the population of Australia people. Studies show that there between 1% and 3% of Americans have intellectual disabilities. Approximately 143,600 Victorians are affected, or about 2.9 per cent of the population.

7. Characteristics The characteristics of ID are: Intelligent quotient (or I.Q.) is between 70-75 or below Significant limitations in adaptive behaviors (the ability to adapt and carry on everyday life activities). Onset occurs before age of 18 years old. Learning and processing information are slowly than the normal people. Has difficulty with abstract concepts (handling money, times, understanding and interpersonal interactions)

8. Causes Known causes include: Brain injury or infection before, during or after birth: Growth or nutrition problems Faulty chromosomes and genes (genetic factors) Babies born long before the expected birth date – also called extreme prematurity Health problems during childhood Drug use during pregnancy, including excessive alcohol intake and smoking Environmental deprivation Exposure to toxins A range of medical disorders.

9. Signs Some of the most common signs of intellectual disability are: Rolling over, sitting up, crawling, or walking late Talking late or having trouble with talking Slow to master things like potty training, dressing, and feeding himself or herself Difficulty remembering things Inability to connect actions with consequences Behavior problems such as explosive tantrums Difficulty with problem-solving or logical thinking In children with severe or profound intellectual disability, there may be other health problems include: seizures mental disorders motor handicaps Vision and hearing problems. However, ID signs is depends on the severity of the problems.

10. Diagnosis ID iss diagnosed through the use of standardized tests of intelligence (testing I.Q.) and adaptive behavior. The American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities states the following criteria must be present: 1.Limitations in present functioning must be considered within the context of community environments typical of the individual’s age, peers and culture. 2.Valid assessment considers cultural and linguistic diversity as well as difference in communication, sensory, motor and behavioral factors. 3.Within an individual, limitations often coexist with strengths.

11. Treatment There is no cure for intellectual disability, but services and supports play is important and enable the person to thrive throughout their life. Family support (for example, respite care) Vocational programs Day programs Residential options Early intervention Special education Transition services

12. References Intellectual disability (2013). http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.ns f/pages/Intellectual_disability. http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.ns f/pages/Intellectual_disability Intellectual Disability (2013). http://www.thearc.org/page.aspx?pid=2545. http://www.thearc.org/page.aspx?pid=2545 Intellectual Disability (Mental Retardation). http://children.webmd.com/intellectual-disability- mental-retardation?page=2. http://children.webmd.com/intellectual-disability- mental-retardation?page=2 Terri. L. Jenkins. Common Types of Developmental Disabilities. http://www.examiner.com/article/common- types-of-developmental-disabilitieshttp://www.examiner.com/article/common- types-of-developmental-disabilities