1. OR New Religion Era 800 or 600 BC – 400 BC
Buddhism and Jainism OR
New Religion Era
800 or 600 BC – 400 BC

2. Evolution of New Religions/Phliosophies
Ritualistic Vedic tradition had become a strong force
Upanishads was trying to give answers to give fundamental answers of life
People wanted to remove the ills from life from new mode of salvation ( not from rituals)
These created new ideas and philosophies leading to the establishment of numerous religious sects, which had never occurred in India before.
The position of shudras got bad to worse
Money lending biz was booming and so Vaishyas rose to prominence which the Brahmins didn’t like
Vaishyas wanted a better position religioulsy and hence supported Buddhism and Jainism
According to Nigranthas ( those with no bonds or attachments to granthas) 62 new religion came up and 2 had great influence on society and culture of India – Jainism and Buddhism
According to Jain works like Sutra-Kritanga – there were 363 new sects or religions.

3. Evolution of New Religions/Phliosophies
Both Jainism and Buddhism are organised as ascetic orders and brotherhoods(fraternity/organisation)
In this light their stand was similar to Vedic religion, Upanishads, etc.
Because early religions also encouraged asceticism.
Ex - Aranyakas are the products of hermitages of the forests. Upanishads recommend retirement to forests for the highest knowledge.

4. Jainism
Source
RigVeda mentions Rishabhanath and Aristhanemia – 2 of 24 Tirthankaras.
Vayu Purana and Bhagwat Purana tells us that Rishabha is the incarnation of Narayana
Scholars believe that the nude torso found at Harappa belongs to some Tirthanakara.

5. Jainism
Tirthankaras - signifies the founder of a tirtha which is a passage across the sea of cycle births and deaths (saṃsāra).
Jain tradition mentions 24 Tirthankaras
Risabhnath/Adinatha
1st Tirthankaras
He was a king and gave his kingdom to his son, Bharata, and became an ascetic.
According to Puranas Bharatavarsha name is after 'Bharata‘.
Parsva
He live in 800 BC
23rd Tirthankara
Son of Ikshvaku king Asvasena of Kasi
His mother was the daughter of Naravanman, king of Kausasthala.
Renounced the world at the age of 30
Attained perfect knowledge or became Tirthankara after nearly three months of intense meditation
Spent rest of his life as a religious teacher
Died at Sammet-Sikhar/Parasnath hill at Hazaribagh, Jharkhand
There was a gap of 250 years between him and next Tirthankara

6. Jainism - Vardhamana Mahavira
24th Tirthankara
He was born in Kundagrama near Vaisali , in Bihar about 540
B.C.
His father Siddhartha was the head of kshatriya Jnatrika clan and his mother Trisala was the sister of Lichchhavi noble of Vaisali - Chetaka
Chetaka's daughter Chellana was married to Bimbisara, the king of Magadha.
He was married to Yasoda
Had a daughter Anonja Priyadarshini, whose husband Jamali was the 1st disciple of Mahavira
Became an ascetic at the age of 30
He together with Makkali Gosala went for the search for truth but later on, Gosala separated and formed Ajivika sect

7. Jainism - Vardhamana Mahavira
At 42, under a sal tree at Jimbhikagrama near Rijupalika river, he attained kaivalya i.e. the supreme knowledge and final detachment from pleasures and pains. Hence he came to be known as Mahavira.
He was also known as –
Kevalin – Perfect learned
Jina or Jitendriya – Conqueror of senses
Nrigrantha – Free from all bonds
Arhant – Blessed one
His followers came to be known as Nirgranthas and latter Jainas.
Spent 30 years of his life in preaching and passed away at Pawapuri,in Bihar, in 468 B.C. at the age of 72.

8. Jainism - Vardhamana Mahavira
Delivered his 1st sermon at Pava in front of 11 disciples, also called 11 Gandharas
His 5 doctrines were
(i) Ahimsa - Noninjury to living beings,
(ii) Satya - Speaking the truth, From
(iii) Aparigraha - Non possession of property, Parsva
(iv) Asteya - Not stealing.
(v) Brahmacharya– Not marrying
Rejected the idea of Vedas and rituals
Didn’t believed in the existance of God
Believed in Karma
Laid importance on equality
Mahavira asked his followers to discard even their clothes.

9. Jainism - Philosophies
Did not denied the existence of God but ignored him in their philosophies.
World functions through a universal or eternal law and it created, maintained or destroyed by a God.
Universe is eternal (no end) and it's existence is divided into cycles of progress (utsarpini) and declines (avasarpini).
Universe functions through the interaction of living souls (Jiva)
Everything in the universe has a soul, both living and non-living
The purpose of living is to purify soul because after death only pure souls lives in happiness (bliss).

10. Jainism - Philosophies
Soul after releasing from body rises to the top of the universe, above the highest heaven, where it remains in an inactive form knowing everything and happy, throughout eternity. This for the Jains is Nirvana.
Salvation is possible by
Abandoning all possessions
A long course of fasting
Self-mortification
Study
Meditation.
Monastic life is essential for salvation.

11. Jainism - Philosophies
Syadvada or Anekantvada
Syat in Sanskrit means may be
The doctrine that all judgments are conditional
The ways of looking at a thing (called naya) are infinite in number.
According to this doctrine, each and every statements can be interpreted as true or not true, thus inexpressible, depending on the point of view.
The combinations of these possibilities can be stated in seven logical alternatives called saptabhaṅgī.
All judgements are conditional
It is a theory of multi-sidedness or plurality

12. Jainism - Doctrines Triratnas – 3 Gems of Jainism
Samyak Shradha/ Vishwas (Right Faith) – Belief of Tirthankaras
Samyak Jnan or Gyan ( Right Knowledge) – Knowledge of Jain belief
Samyak Karma/Acharana (Right Action/Conduct) – Practise of 5 vows of Jainism
Panch Mahavratas – 5 vows of Jainism
Given by Parsva and Mahavira
Discussed earlier under 5 doctrines of Mahavira

13. Jainism – Instruments of Knowledge
Mati Gyan – Perception through sense organs including mind
Shruta Gyan – Knowledge from scriptures
Avadhi Gyan - Extrasensory perception or ability to gain visual telepathic information about an object or physical event through means other than the known human senses.
Manahparyaya Gyan – Knowledge acquired psychically through other people's minds using the paranormal faculty of mind reading or telepathy
Keval Gyan – Knowledge of everythin or supreme knowledge

14. Jainism - Cosmology Source
Mahapurana, Jain text – by Acharya Jinasena during the rule of Rashtrakuta king Amoghvarsha and completed by his student Gunabhadra
Says that
The concept of world created by God should be rejected
Questioned that where was God before and after the creation of world
Jain Cosmology says world is made of 6 dravyas or substances
Jiva – Living substances
Ajiva – Non-living substances
Pudagala – Matter
Dharma Tattva – Principle of motion
Adharma- Tattva – Principle of rest
Akasa – Space
Kala - Time

15. Jainism – Chandragupta Maurya
Patronised Jainism.
According to Jaina tradition, Chandragupta accepted Jaina religion and gave up voluntarily the throne and died as a Jaina Bhikshu in southern India.
200 hundred years after the death of Mahavira a famine broke out in Magadha.
Chandragupta Maurya (king of Magadha) and Thera Bhadrabahu (chief of the Jaina community) with their followers, went to Karanataka. Sthulabhadra was in charge of the Jainas that remained in Magadha.
Bhadrabahu convoked a council at Patliputra, in which the Jaina sacred books(canon) were arranged.

16. Jainism – Svetambara and Digambara
Got divided after 200 years of Mahavira’s death
Jainas who returned from south India held that complete nudity is an essential part of the teachings of Mahavira.
But those who stayed in Magadha began to put on white clothes.
Thus Jainism was divided into 2 sects –
Svetambaras (those who put on white robes)
Digambaras (those who were naked).
The munis followed the strict code of dressing, the followers didn’t

17. Jainism – Jain Sangeeti
The conferences of Jainism are called Jain Sangeeti
Jain Conference
Year
Place
Headed By
Patron
Outcome
1st
300BC
Pataliputra
Sthulabhadra
C. Maurya
Compilation of 12 Angas
2nd
512AD
Vallabhi
Devardhi Kshamasramana
Final completeion of 12 Angas and 12 Upangas

18. Jainism - Litereture Jain Literature 12 Angas 12 Upangas 10 Parikarnas
Also called Jain Agamas
Based on Mahavira’s teachings
45 in total
Jain Literature
12 Angas
12 Upangas
10 Parikarnas
6 Chhedasutras
4 Mulasutras
2 Sutra-Granthas

19. Jainism – Litereture - Angas
Written in Prakrit form called Ardhamagadhi
Acaranga sutra
Surakrtanga
Sthananga
Samavayanga
Vyakhyaprajnapti or Bhagavati sūura
Jnatrdharmakathah
Upasakadasah
Antakrddaasah
Anuttaraupapatikadasah
Prasnavyakaranani
Vipakasruta
Drstivada – Disappeared during the 2nd council

20. Jainism – Litereture 12 Upangas – Explanation of 12 Angas
Six Chedasutras  - Texts relating to the conduct and behaviour of monks and nuns
Four Mulasutras  - doctrines which provide a base in the earlier stages of the monkhood
Ten Prakirnaka sutras  - Texts on Independent or miscellaneous subjects
Two Culikasutras  - These scriptures enhance or decorate the meaning of Angas

21. Jainism – Royal Patrons
C. Maurya, Bindusara, Samprati ( grandson of Ashoka) – Mauryan Empire
Bimbisara, Ajatsatru, Udayin – Nanda Dynasty
Pradyota – Avanti
Kharavela – Kalinga
Ganga Dynasty
Kadamb Dynasty
Siddharaj Jai singh and Kumarapala – Chalukya
Chalukyan built Dilwara Jain Temple in Rajasthan
Amoghvarsha – Rashtrakuta Dynasty
Samatabhadra - Kanchi

22. Jainism – Architecture/Temples
Caves like Hathigumpha, Baghagumpha
Tiger Cave at Udayigiri
Sittanavasala Cave at Padukottai
Giranar and Palitana temples at Gujarat
Pavapuri and Rajgriha temple at Bihar
Statue of Gomateshwar/Bahubali at Shravanabelagola in Karnataka

23. Jainism – Symbol
This symbol was adapted in 1975 at the occasion of 2500th Nirvana anniversary of Mahavira

24. Buddhism - Gautama Founded by a Kshatriya.
Born in 563 B.C at Lumbinivana in Kapilavastu and his name was Gautama who was born in Sakya clan.
Birth of Buddha is celebrated as Vasaka in some countries, in India it Buddha Purnima
Father, Suddhodhan, was the king of Sakya republic and his mother was Mayadevi or Mahamaya was princess of Kosala dynasty
Married to Yasodhara from whom he had a son, Rahul.
Gautama was horrified at the sight of
an old. man,
a diseased person,
a dead body,
and then being attracted by the saintly appearance of an ascetic.
Renounced home at 29 also called Mahabhinishkraman and became a wandering ascetic

25. Buddhism - Gautama
He went to Rajgir and started living like an ascetic. Bimbisara after a request from Buddha’s father lauched a search for him and found him. He offered him a throne but he refused. He left Rajgir.
He studied under two hermits – Alara and Udaka. Afer attaining knowledge he left Udaka since he was not satisfied. He left with 5 companions who were led by Kaudinya
At 35, under a pipal tree at Uruvella (Bodh Gaya) on the bank of Niranjana (Falgu river) he attained nirvana or enlightment
Delivered his first sermon at Sarnath (Dear Park) to his 5 disciples. This is known as Dharmachakra Pravartana or Turning of the wheel of law
The 5 disciples + Buddha formed 1st union of Buddhism called Sangha. His 5 disciples were – Sariputta, Mahamoggallana, Mahakasyapa, Ananda and Anuruddha.

26. Buddhism - Gautama
After the formation Sangha – the Triratna or 3 Jewels of Buddhism was completed which is Buddha, Dhamma, Sangha
Died at the age of 80 in the year 486 B.C. at Kushinagar. Also called Mahaparinirvana.
After the cremation, his ashes were distributed among his followers. These ashes were kept in caskets and stupas were built over them like Sanchi Stupa
Kanthaka – His Horse, Channa – His Charioteer, Devadatta – His cousin, Sujata – a farmer’s daughter who gave him rice milk
Other names – Siddhartha – childhood name, Shakya Muni

27. Buddhism – Teachings of Buddha
Four Noble Truths (Arya-Satyas)
(i) The world is full of sorrow (Dukkha),
(ii) There are causes of sorrow (Dukkha Samuddaya),
(iii) This sorrow can be stopped (dukkha nirodha) ,
(iv) Path leading to cessation of sorrow (Dukkha nirodhagamini-pratipada).
According to Buddha, root of all human misery was 'desire' and its renunciation was the only way of ending unhappiness.
Buddha says - One could get out of this chain of suffering and achieve the final salvation (Nirvana) by following the eight fold path.

28. Buddhism – 8 Fold Path Also called Asthagikamarga (i) Right speech,
(ii) Right action,
(iii) Right means of livelihood,
(iv) Right efforts
(v) Right mindfulness,
(vi) Right meditation,
(vii) Right resolution,
(viii) Right view.
He summarised the whole process in three words viz.
Sila - Right conduct – i, ii, iii
Samadhi - Right concentration – iv, v, vi
Prajna - Right knowledge – vii, vii

29. Buddhism - Doctrines Man is the maker of his own destiny
If he does good deed he will be reborn in a higher life and so on till he attains salvation or the final emancipation from the evils of birth.
Evil doers wiil be punished and the man will be reborn into lower and lower life, each life taking him further away from nirvana.
Man should avoid both extremes, luxury and ascetism- the middle path was the best.
Denied the efficacy of Vedic rituals and practices for the purpose of salvation, and the superiority assumed by the brahmans.

30. Buddhism - Sects
According to many followers of the Buddha fell into two categories
Upasakas - the lay followers, who lived with family;
Bhikshus (monks) - lead the life of an ascetic. They lived as a commune called Sangha founded by Buddha. Women were also admitted in Sangha and were known as Bhikshunis.

31. Buddhism – Hinayana and Mahayana
Also called lesser or defective vehicle
Believes in original teachings of Buddha
Don’t believe in Idol Worship
Salvation can be achieved through meditation and discipline
Theravada or Stharvivada is a sect of it
Follows the doctrine of elders
Ashoka patronized Hinayana
Mahayana
Also called Greater vehicle or Bodhisattava Vehicle
Believes in Idol Worship
Tibetan Buddhism are traditions of Mahayana
Believes in mantras
Believed in the existance of Boddhisattavas

32. Buddhism - Branches

33. Buddhism - Literature
Buddhist Scriptures is also known as Tripitaka or 3 baskets. It is so called because it was written on palm leaves and kept in baskets.
3 pitakas were – Sutta Pitaka, Vinaya Pittaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka
Sutta Pitaka
Buddha’s sayings
Deals with 1st Buddha council
Its sections are – Digha Nikaya, Majjhima Nikaya, Samyukta Nikaya, Anguttara Nikaya, Khuddaka Nikaya

34. Buddhism - Literature Vinaya Pittaka Monastic rules for monks and nuns
227 rules for Bhikhus and 311 for Bikhunis are contained in Suttavibhanga ( part of VP)
Khandaka is the 2nd book of VP which contains Mahavagga ( dealing with awakening of Buddha and his disciples) and Cullavagga (deals with 1st and 2nd Buddhist Councils and rules for Buddhist Community)
Parivara of VP conatins the summary of analysis of the above two books
Abhidhamma Pitaka
Deals with philospohies and doctrines appearing in the suttas
7 books are
Dhammasangami – Lists the classification of Dhammas
Vibhanga – Different teachings of Buddhism
Dhatukatha – Miscellaneous topics
Pugallapannati – Lists of various persons
Kathavattu – Deals with debates
Yamaka – Deals with questions
Patthana - Deals with questions

35. Buddhism - Literature Jatakas
Tales of previous births of Buddha in poems
Mentioned in Khuddaka Nikaya
547 poems
Jatakamala in Sanskrit, Cytak in Khmer (Cambodia), Sadok in Chinese
Milinda – Panha
Literally means Questions of Milinda
Dialoge between Indo-Greek king Meander or Milinda and Monk Nagasena
Initially written in Sanskrit
Printed in 6th Buddhist Council in 1954

36. Buddhism - Literature Dipavamsa Oldest historical record of Sri Lanka
Compiled in Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka, under King Dhatusena – 1st Mauryan King of Sri lanka – who erected Avukana Buddha Statue
Written in Pali
Deals with the arrival of Buddhism preachers and teachings in Sri Lanka
Mentions the visit of Buddha in Kelaniya and Dighavapi in SL
Mahavamsa
Pali language
Historical poems about the kings in SL
World’s longest unbroken historical accounts
Consecration of Ashoka, details of Seleucas and Alexander are mentioned

37. Buddhism - Literature Mahavastu Prose and verse
Written in Sanskrit, Pali and Prakrit
Deals with miracles and earlier life of Buddha
Buddha Charita
Sanskrit work by Asvagosha. He has also written Sariputra Prakaran which deals with Buddha’s disciple Sariputra
Dharmaraksa translated this into Chinese in 420 AD
Deals with Buddha’s life
Mahavibhasha Shastra
Early Sanskrit work of Buddhism
It’s a compendium of 3 branches – Buddhism, Vaishesika and Samkya philosophies ( Shat-Darshan discussed earlier)
Lalitavistara
Sanskrit text dealing with Buddha biography

38. Buddhism - Literature Udanavarga
Sanskrit text for Buddha and his disciples
Divyadana
Literally means divine tales
Written in Sanskrit
Contains 38 stories related with Mauryan and Sunga history.
Asokavandana which deals with the story of Ashoka is present here
Udana
Pali text
Present in Sutta Pitaka’s Khuddaka Nikaya
Contains the story of Blind Men and Elephant
Bodhi Vamsa
Mixed Sanskrit-Pali text
Composed by Upatissa under the rule of Mahinda IV of Sri Lanka in around 1000 AD
Describes the arrival of the branch of Bodhi Tree in Sri Lanka

39. Buddhism - Scholars Asvagosha Great poet before Kalidasa
1st Sanskrit Dramatist
Wrote buddhist text in Classical Sanskrit.
He was court writer and religious advisor of Kanishka.
Works – Buddhacharita, Mahalankara, Saundaranandakavya (life of Nandas)
Nagarjuna
Founded the Madhyamik school oh Mahayana Buddhism.
Was present in the times of Satvahana king Gautamiputra
Since he was Brahmin by birth, his early work was in Sanskrit
Work – Mulamadhyamakakarika which deals with Fundamental verses on the Middle Way
Buddhagosha
Greatest Pali writer who lived in 500 AD
His name literally means Voice of Buddha
Preached Theravada (Hinayana)
His life has been described in Mahavamsa and Buddhaghosupatti
Work - Visuddhimagga

40. Buddhism - Scholars Vasubandhu
Followed Yogacharya and Abhidhamma teachings
From Pewhawar (Pak)
Work - Abhidharmamoksha
Dinnaga
Father of Buddhist logic
Dharmakirti
Lived in 700 AD
Teacher in Nalanda University.
Also called the ‘Kant of India’

41. Buddhism - Councils Council Year Place Headed by Patron Outcome 1st
483 BC
Saptaparani Cave, Rajgriha
Mahakassapa
Ajatasatru (Harayanka Dy)
Sutta P and Vinaya P was compiled by Ananda and Upali resp.
2nd
383 BC
Chullavanga, Vaishali
Sabbakami
Kalashoka (Shishunaga Dy)
Vaishali monks wanted some change in rites.
Division between Sthaviravadins and Mahasangikas.
3rd
250 BC
Pataliputra
Mogaliputta Tissa
Ashoka
Compilation Abhdhanam P.
Missionaries were decided to send abroad

42. Buddhism - Councils Council Year Place Headed by Patron Outcome 4th
Kashmir
Vasumitra
Kanishka
Compilaion of Mahavibha Shastra.
Div into MahaY and HinaY
5th
1871
Mandalay, Burma
Mahathera Jagarabhivamsa, Narindabhidhaja, Mahathera Sumangalasami
 Approve the entire Tripitaka inscribed for posterity on seven hundred and twenty-nine marble slabs in the Burmese script before its recitation
6th
1954
Kaba Aye, Yangoon
 YangoonPrime Minister, U Nu
All of the books of the Tipitaka and their commentaries were prepared for printing on modern presses and published in the Burmese script.

43. Buddhism - Bodhisattavas
Anyone who want to follow Buddhism for the benefit of all is called Bodhisattavas
A Bodhisattava is sure to attain enlightement, either in this life or in the next
8 Bodhisattavas are
Avalokitesvera
Known as Guyanshin Pusa(China), Chenrezig(Tibet),
Incarnated in the Dalai Lama
Holds Lotus flower
Also depicted as female
Ajanta Caves at Padmapani has paintings of it
2. Manjusri
Male Bodhisattavas holding a flaming sword in right hand
3. Samantabhadra
Associated with meditation
Known as Fugen Bosatsu in Japan

44. Buddhism - Bodhisattavas
4. Ksitigarbha
Buddhist monk in Asia
Literally means Earth womb
Regarded as guardian of children
1 2 3 and 4 are Bodhisattavas East Asian mahayana Buddhism
5. Maitreya
Successor of Bodhisattava
Also known as Ajita Bodhisattava
Laughing Buddha is an invarnation of Maitrya
6. Vajrapani
One of the 3 protective deities of Buddha(Manjusri and Avalokitesvera)
7. Sadaparibhuta
Always praises every human being howsoever small he/she may be
8. Akashgarbha
Manifestation of Wisdom
Boundless as space