1. HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS

2. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION: A. CELLS - basic unit of life B.TISSUE (groups of cells w/similar structure and function) C.ORGANS (groups of tissue working to do a specific job) D.ORGAN SYSTEMS (a group of organs working together) E.INDIVIDUAL ORGANISM ( a living thing that carries out life processes) Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism

3. All human bodies have a vertebrae and bilateral symmetry,

4. There are 12 body systems located in the human body: * Circulatory System * Respiratory System * Digestive System * Excretory System * Immune System * Reproductive System * Muscular System * Skeletal System * Integumentary System * Lymphatic System Nervous System Endocrine System

5. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, blood and the lymphatic system. Red blood cells transport oxygen and nutrients. White blood cells transport disease- fighting materials to help out the Immune System. The circulatory system is known as the transport system of the body because it transports all oxygen and nutrients around the body and some waste products out of the body.

6. THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Recall that your body’s cells require oxygen and that this process is called out Cellular Respiration. This process uses oxygen and glucose to create ATP (an energy rich molecule) to carry out cellular metabolism. The respiratory system helps sustain part of this process by supplying oxygen to the cells and removing carbon dioxide (waste) from the cells. The respiratory system consists of nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, right lung and left lung and the diaphragm.

7. This system has 3 main functions: - ingest food - break it down so nutrients can be absorbed - eliminate what can not be digested It consists of the mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines (colon), rectum, liver, pancreas and gall bladder. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AKA “Gastrointestinal Tract” (GI) The digestive system helps the body maintain homeostasis by providing nutrition needed to fuel the body and by eliminating waste products not needed.

8. THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM The excretory system is responsible for removing toxins and waste products from the body. It also regulates the amount of fluid and salt in the body and the pH of blood. All of this is to help the body maintain homeostasis (balance). The components of the excretory system are lungs, skin and kidneys. The lungs primarily excrete carbon dioxide, the skin primarily secretes water and salt, however the kidneys are the major excretory organs in the body.

9. The Immune System The overall function of the immune system is to prevent or limit infection in the body. It is also used to distinguish self cells from non- self cells. The Immune System has 3 lines of defense: (1). Skin, hair and nails are the first line of defense (2). Inflammatory Response is the second line of defense (3). Immunity is the third line of defense The immune system involves B cells, Antibodies, Memory B cells, and specialized T-cells.

10. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION) A system made of multiple glands which release hormones into the blood to signal other cells to behave in a certain way. It is a slow but widespread form of communication among cells in the body to help maintain homeostasis. The endocrine system interacts with the nervous system through a process called Feedback Mechanisms. There are 2 types of feedback: Positive Feedback and Negative Feedback.

11. A positive feedback mechanism is when a change in the body is accelerated such as during childbirth.

12. A negative feedback is when a change in the body is about to be made and it is negated or deactivated such as blood sugar levels.

13. QUIZ YOURSELF: A runner is experiencing muscle fatigue. To boost her energy level she drinks a gulp of Gatorade. What systems will work together to increase her endurance? This same runner is also experiencing an increase in body temperature. Her body sweats as a result. As this happens the sweat evaporates resulting in the removal of heat thereby lowering her body temperature to normal. This is an example of_ Answer Digestive- take in nutrients Circulatory- distribute nutrients Muscular- receive nutrients- cellular respiration ANSWER: Negative Feedback

14. A communication system that controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli. It consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs. Our nervous system allows us to feel pain.

15. Nerves are specialized cells called Neurons gather information about your environment, interpret it and then react to it.

16. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (largest organ) Works in unison with the Immune System as the first line of defense against pathogens. It consists of skin and its glands, hair and nails. Its functions are a barrier against infection, help regulate body temperature, remove waste products from body, provide protection against ultraviolet radiation and produces vitamin D.

17. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Consists of 206 bones Functions: Support, Protection of our Internal Organs, produce movement in unison with Muscles, Storage of Minerals and Production of Blood Cells

18. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Three types of Muscles: Skeletal - Usually attached to bone Smooth – Found in walls of blood vessels & digestive tract Cardiac - Only found in the heart The muscular system communicates with the nervous and skeletal systems in response, reaction and movement.

19. A system that produces haploid sex cells called gametes (egg and sperm) and regulated by the hormones testosterone, estrogen and progesterone REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: Male Reproductive System: Testis, scrotum, vas deferens, prostate gland, penis and sperm. Female Reproductive System: Ovaries, Fallopian Tubes, Cervix, Uterus, Vagina

20. The lymphatic system is part of the circulatory system, comprising a network of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes that carry a clear fluid called lymph directionally towards the heartcirculatory systemlymphatic vesselslymph Functions of the lymph system are: --provide an accessory return route of lost plasma to the blood vessels. --defense in the immune system.immune system --filter waste products and debris of cells along with bacteria and protein LYMPHATIC SYSTEM