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Biology Sylvia S. Mader Michael Windelspecht
Chapter 46 Major Ecosystems of the Biosphere Lecture Outline See separate FlexArt PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes. 1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 49 Outline The Biosphere 46.1 Climate and the Biosphere 46.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems 46.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
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46.1 Climate and the Biosphere
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 49 46.1 Climate and the Biosphere The Biosphere Climate Prevailing weather conditions in a region Determined primarily by temperature and precipitation Influenced by a multitude of factors including latitude, tilt of the earth’s axis, and topography Solar radiation Direct at the equator Tilt of the earth causes one pole to be closer than the other to the sun Rotation of the earth affects precipitation and winds
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Climate and the Biosphere
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 49 Climate and the Biosphere The Biosphere Effect of Solar Radiation Solar radiation Direct at the equator, but indirect at the poles Tilt of the earth causes one pole to be closer than the other to the sun Accounts for the seasons that occur in all parts of the Earth except the equator At the equator, warm, moist air rises and loses its moisture as it cools in the form of rain Rising air moves toward the poles, but at 30 degrees north and south latitude it cools and sinks Creates areas of high pressure with little rainfall Great deserts of Africa, Australia, and the Americas
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Climate and the Biosphere
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 49 Climate and the Biosphere The Biosphere Effect of Solar Radiation (continued) At 60 degrees north and south latitude, warm air rises and cools, producing an area of low pressure with high rainfall Great forests of the temperate zone Rotation of the earth affects precipitation and winds In the Northern Hemisphere these winds move clockwise In the Southern Hemisphere these winds move counterclockwise Doldrums occur at the equator Regions of calm winds
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Distribution of Solar Energy
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 49 Distribution of Solar Energy The Biosphere Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Vernal equinox sun aims directly at equator, March North Pole 60° Winter solstice Northern Hemisphere tilts away from sun, December 30° equator 30° equator 23° 60° 30° South Pole 60° sun equator 30° 30° equator 30° 60° equator Summer solstice Northern Hemisphere tilts toward sun, June 30° equator Autumnal equinox sun aims directly at equator, September a. Temperature differences b. Seasonal changes 30°
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Global Wind Circulation
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 49 Global Wind Circulation The Biosphere Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 60°N westerlies 30°N northeast trade winds Ascending moist air cools and loses moisture. equatorial doldrums 0° equatorial doldrums Descending dry air warms and retains moisture. 30°S southeast trade winds 60°S westerlies
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Climate and the Biosphere
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 49 Climate and the Biosphere The Biosphere Topography The physical features of the land Consider a coastal mountain range Windward side of the mountain Winds rise Release moisture Leeward side Dry winds subside Evaporates existing water and rarely rains Create a rain shadow
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Formation of a Rain Shadow
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 49 Formation of a Rain Shadow The Biosphere Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. condensation dry air moist air rain shadow windward side leeward side
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Climate and the Biosphere
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 49 Climate and the Biosphere The Biosphere Topography Monsoon climate Ocean winds blow onshore for almost half the year Land heats more rapidly than the water, which causes an enormous circulation of air Warm air rises over land and is replaced by cooler ocean air As the air rises it loses its moisture and the monsoon season begins
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46.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 49 46.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems The Biosphere Biome Major terrestrial ecosystem characterized by climate and geography A particular mix of plants and animals adapted to living under certain environmental conditions Tend to repeat wherever temperature and precipitation are the same Supports characteristic types of animals, although many migrate from one biome to another
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Biome Pattern of Temperature and Precipitation
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 49 Biome Pattern of Temperature and Precipitation The Biosphere Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. -15 Arctic- alpine - 10 tundra - 5 cold temperate taiga 5 temperate deciduous forest Mean Annual Temperature (°C) woodland 10 shrubland temperate rain forest 15 warm temperate semidesert grassland 20 savanna tropical thorn scrub tropical seasonal forest tropical rain forest 25 desert 30 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Mean Annual Precipitation (cm) a. Biome pattern of temperature and precipitation
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Distribution of Biomes
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Distribution of Biomes Chapter 49 The Biosphere Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. polar ice tundra taiga mountain zone temperate deciduous forest temperate rain forest tropical deciduous forest tropical seasonal forest tropical rain forest shrubland temperate grassland savanna semidesert desert b. Distribution of biomes 13
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Terrestrial Ecosystems
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 49 Terrestrial Ecosystems The Biosphere Biome (continued) Climate and biomes change with increasing latitude and altitude
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 49 Climate and Biomes The Biosphere Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ice alpine tundra montane coniferous forest deciduous forest Increasing Altitude tropical forest temperate deciduous forest coniferous forest tundra ice Increasing Latitude
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Terrestrial Ecosystems
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 49 Terrestrial Ecosystems The Biosphere Tundra Arctic Tundra - Encircles Earth just south of ice-covered polar seas in Northern Hemisphere Covers 20% of Earth’s land surface Permafrost layer never thaws Trees are not found in the tundra Growing season is too short Roots cannot penetrate permafrost Roots cannot become anchored in shallow boggy soil
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
The Tundra Chapter 49 The Biosphere Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. tundra a. Tundra vegetation b. Tundra wildlife a: © John Shaw/Tom Stack & Assoc.; b: © Danita Delimont/Getty Images
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Terrestrial Ecosystems
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 49 Terrestrial Ecosystems The Biosphere Coniferous Forests Found in the taiga, near mountaintops, and along the Pacific Coast of North America Taiga typifies coniferous forest with cone-bearing trees Trees well adapted to cold Leaves and bark have thick covering Needle-like leaves can withstand weight of heavy snowfall Temperate Rainforest (old-growth forest) of Pacific Northwest Evergreen forest
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 49 The Taiga The Biosphere Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. taiga b. Bull moose, Alces americanus, a large mammal a. Spruce trees in the taiga biome a: © Creatas/Jupiterimages RF; b: © Bill Silliker, Jr./Animals Animals
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Terrestrial Ecosystems
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 49 Terrestrial Ecosystems The Biosphere Temperate Deciduous Forests Found south of taiga in eastern North America, eastern Asia, and much of Europe Moderate climate Relatively high rainfall Four well-defined seasons with long growing seasons Tallest trees form a canopy Ground-life is plentiful
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Temperate Deciduous Forest
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Temperate Deciduous Forest Chapter 49 The Biosphere Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. temperate deciduous forest Eastern chipmunk, Tamias striatus Marsh marigolds, Caltha howellii Bobcat, Felis rufus b. Animal life of forest biome a. Temperate deciduous vegetation a: © E. R. Degginger/Animals Animals; b (chipmunk): © Carmela Lesczynski/Animals Animals; b (bobcat): © Tom McHugh/Photo Researchers, Inc.; b (marigolds): © Virginia Neefus/Animals Animals
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Terrestrial Ecosystems
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 49 Terrestrial Ecosystems The Biosphere Tropical Forests Tropical rainforests are found in equatorial regions Warm weather and plentiful rainfall Complex structure with forest floor, understory, and canopy Most animals live in trees Abundant insect life Epiphytes grow in many areas Soils are nutrient-poor Rapid recycling of nutrients
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Levels of Life in a Tropical Rain Forest
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 49 Levels of Life in a Tropical Rain Forest The Biosphere Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. canopy lianas understory epiphyte fern forest floor
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Representative Animals of the Tropical Rain Forests of the World
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 49 Representative Animals of the Tropical Rain Forests of the World The Biosphere Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. tropical rain forest Poison arrow frog, Dendrobates azureus Cone-headed katydid, Panacanthus cuspidatus Panther, Panthera onca Scarlet macaw, Ara macao Brush-footed butterfly, Anartia amalthea linnaeus Black howler monkey, Alouatta pigra Arboreal lizard, Calotes calotes (katydid): © M. Fogden/OSF/Animals Animals; (jaguar, macaw, monkey): © Professor David F. Cox, Lincoln Land Community College; (butterfly, lizard): © Kjell Sandved/Butterfl y Alphabet
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Terrestrial Ecosystems
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 49 Terrestrial Ecosystems The Biosphere Shrublands Tend to occur along coasts that have dry summers and wet winters Shrubs are adapted to withstand arid conditions Dense shrubland in California is known as chaparral Lacks an understory and ground litter Highly flammable
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 49 Shrubland The Biosphere Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a. Shrubland overview b. Wildlife of the chaparral a (chaparall): © Walt Anderson/Visuals Unlimited; b (roadrunner): © John Cancalosi/Peter Arnold/Photolibrary
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Terrestrial Ecosystems
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 49 Terrestrial Ecosystems The Biosphere Grasslands Occur where annual rainfall is greater than 25 cm, but generally insufficient to support trees Grasses are well adapted to changing environment Temperate grasslands have cold winters and hot, dry summers Savannas have a cool dry season and a hot rainy season
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Temperate Grassland Chapter 49 The Biosphere Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. temperate grassland a. Vegetation of the temperate grasslands b. Wildlife of the temperate grasslands (bison): © Eastcott Momatiuk/Getty RF; (prairie): © Jim Steinberg/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
The Savanna Chapter 49 The Biosphere Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. savanna a. Herbivores of the savanna biome b. A carnivore of the savanna biome (zebras and others): © Darla G. Cox; (cheetah): © Digital Vision/Getty RF
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Terrestrial Ecosystems
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 49 Terrestrial Ecosystems The Biosphere Deserts Usually found at latitudes of about 30° in both hemispheres Cover nearly 30% of the Earth’s land surface Descending winds lack moisture Annual rainfall is less than 25 cm Large temperature differential between day and night
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
The Desert Chapter 49 The Biosphere Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. desert a. Desert vegetation Bannertail kangaroo rat, Dipodomys spectabilis Greater roadrunner, Geococcyx californianus Kit fox, Vulpes velox b. Animal life of desert biome a: © Jonathan Blair/Corbis; b(rat): © Bob Calhoun/Bruce Col man/Photoshot; b(roadrunner): © Jack Wilburn/Animals Animals; b(kit fox): © Jeri Gleiter/Peter Arnold/Photolibrary
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 49 46.3 Aquatic Ecosystems The Biosphere Aquatic ecosystems are classified as Freshwater (inland) or Saltwater Brackish water is a combination of both Wetlands are areas that are wet for at least part of the year Marshes – frequently or continually inundated by water Swamps – dominated by woody plants or shrubs Bogs – characterized by acidic waters, peat deposits, and sphagnum moss 32
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Freshwater and Saltwater Ecosystems
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 49 Freshwater and Saltwater Ecosystems The Biosphere Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. stream Carp, Cyprinus carpio river lake Blue crab, Callinectes sapidus delta salt marsh Mayfly larva, Ephemeroptera sp. Rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri (mayfly): Courtesy Michael Windelspecht; (trout): © William H. Mullins/Photo Researchers, Inc. (carp): © Robert Maier/Animals Animals; (crab): © Gerlach Nature Photography/Animals Animals
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 49 Aquatic Ecosystems The Biosphere Lakes Bodies of water classified by nutrient status Oligotrophic - Nutrient-poor Eutrophic - Nutrient-rich Oligotrophic lakes can become eutrophic lakes through the process of eutrophication
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Types of Lakes Chapter 49 The Biosphere Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a. Oligotrophic lake b. Eutrophic lake a: © Roger Evans/Photo Researchers, Inc.; b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Pat Watson, photographer
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 49 Aquatic Ecosystems The Biosphere Lakes (continued) In temperate zones, deep lakes are stratified in the summer and winter and have distinct vertical zones In summer, lakes have three layers that differ in temperature: Epilimnion – surface layer (warm water) Thermocline – middle layer (cooler than epilimnion) Hypolimnion – bottom layer (cold)
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 49 Aquatic Ecosystems The Biosphere Lakes (continued) Fall overturn Epilimnion water becomes cooler than the water in the hypolimnion Causes the surface water to sink and deep water to rise Process continues until temperature is uniform throughout the lake Spring overturn As ice melts, cooler water on top sinks below warmer water on the bottom
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Lake Stratification in a Temperate Region
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 49 Lake Stratification in a Temperate Region The Biosphere Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. wind epilimnion 24°–25°C thermocline 13°–18 ° hypolimnion 5°–8° Summer Stratification wind wind Spring Overturn Fall Overturn wind ice 2°–3°C most of lake 4°C Winter Stratification
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 49 Aquatic Ecosystems The Biosphere Life Zones Plankton Important community in fresh water and salt water ecosystems Phytoplankton - Photosynthetic algae Zooplankton – Tiny animals that feed on the phytoplankton Littoral zone - Closest to shore Limnetic zone - Sunlit areas Profundal zone - Below light penetration Benthic zone - Soil-Water interface
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 49 Zones of a Lake The Biosphere Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Littoral Zone surface organisms Water strider , Gerris sp. clinging organisms fishes Benthic Zone phytoplankton zooplankton insect larvae Limnetic Zone Northern pike, Esox lucius bottom-dwelling organisms Profundal Zone (Pike): © Robert Maier/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; (Water strider): © G.I. Bernard/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 49 Aquatic Ecosystems The Biosphere Coastal Ecosystems Estuary Partially enclosed bodies of water where fresh water and seawater meet and mix Organisms must be able to adapt to changing salinity Nearly two thirds of all marine fishes and shellfish require development in estuaries
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 49 Aquatic Ecosystems The Biosphere Coastal Ecosystems Rocky and sandy shores Constantly bombarded by the sea Intertidal zone Lies between high and low tide Many attached organisms
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 49 Coastal Ecosystems The Biosphere Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a. Mudflat b. Mangrove swamp c. Rocky shore a: © John Eastcott/Yva Momatiuk/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; b: © Theo Allofs/Visuals Unlimited; c: © Brandon Cole/Visuals Unlimited.
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 49 Aquatic Ecosystems The Biosphere Oceans Euphotic Zone (shallow ocean waters) Contain a greater concentration of organisms than the rest of the sea Coral reefs Located just below the surface in shallow, warm, tropical waters Densely populated with life 44
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 49 Ocean Ecosystems The Biosphere Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. high tide low tide intertidal zone euphotic zone continental shelf deep-sea waters continental slope abyssal plain
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 49 Aquatic Ecosystems The Biosphere Oceans (continued) Pelagic Zones Epipelagic Zone Lacks inorganic nutrients Does not have high concentration of phytoplankton Mesopelagic Zone High concentration of organisms due to sunlight penetration and supply of inorganic nutrients Bathypelagic Zone Complete darkness except for bioluminescent light Carnivores and scavengers
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Ocean Inhabitants of Pelagic Zones
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Ocean Inhabitants of Pelagic Zones Chapter 49 The Biosphere Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. baleen whale baleen whale dolphin dolphin shark shark sea turtle barracuda Epipelagic Zone ocean bonito tuna mackerel prawn lantern fish giant squid Mesopelagic Zone midshipman sperm whale viperfish anglerfish Bathypelagic Zone deep-sea shrimp hagfish gulper
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 49 Aquatic Ecosystems The Biosphere Oceans Abyssal Plain High pressure and extreme cold Organisms are dependent on debris sinking down from above Interrupted by oceanic ridges Hydrothermal vents Seawater percolates through cracks in the ocean floor and is heated to about 350 degrees Causing sulfate to react with water forming hydrogen sulfide Provides source of energy for chemoautotrophic organisms
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Biomagnification of Mercury
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 49 Biomagnification of Mercury The Biosphere Mercury becomes a serious environmental risk when it undergoes bioaccumulation in an organism’s body Mercury enters ecosystems at the base of the food chain and increases in concentration as it moves up Top-level predators and organisms that are long-lived are the most susceptible to high levels of mercury accumulation Mercury exposure for humans primarily occurs by eating contaminated fish Can lead to sterility in males, damage to the central nervous system, and birth defect in humans Mercury travels through food webs to terrestrial ecosystems High levels of mercury have been found in terrestrial birds
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 49 Aquatic Ecosystems The Biosphere Ocean Currents Major ocean currents move heat from the equator to cooler parts of the biosphere Gulf Stream warms the east coast of North America and parts of western Europe Another current in the Southern Hemisphere warms the eastern coast of South America The Humboldt Current in the Southern Hemisphere carries cold water northward along the western coast of South America El Nino Southern Oscillation--Cold upwelling off west coast of South America subsides
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 49 Ocean Currents The Biosphere Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Europe Asia Japan Current North America Gulf Stream Africa equatorial countercurrent equator South America Australia west wind drift Current west wind drift Humboldt east wind drift Antarctica warm currents cold currents
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