1. Chapter 19 Hazardous Chemicals: Pollution and Prevention Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

2. Hazardous Chemicals: Pollution and Prevention Toxicology and chemical hazards A history of mismanagement Cleaning up the mess Managing current hazardous waste Broader issues

3. Toxicology and Chemical Hazards Dose response and threshold The nature of chemical hazards: HAZMATs Sources of chemicals entering the environment The threat from toxic chemicals Involvement with food chains

4. The Threshold Level

5. The Nature of Chemical Hazards: HAZMATs Chemicals That Present Hazard or Risk –Ignitability: catch fire readily; gasoline –Corrosivity: corrode storage tanks and equipment; acids –Reactivity: unstable and may explode or create toxic fumes when mixed with water; explosives, concentrated sulfuric acid –Toxicity: injurious to health; pesticides, chlorine

6. HAZMAT Placards

7. Total Product Life Cycle

8. Toxics Release Inventory (see Fig. 19-4) Emergency planning and community right-to-know act (EPCRA) 1986 –Industries must report locations and quantities of toxic chemicals stored on site and releases of toxic chemicals

9. Toxics Release Inventory (see Fig. 19-4) For 2004: –1,549 million pounds of toxic chemicals released to the air –241 million pounds of toxic chemicals released to the water –2,454 million pounds of toxic chemicals released at land disposal sites –Total environmental release = 4,244 million pounds

10. Toxic Release Inventory

11. The Threat from Toxic Chemicals Many are broken down by natural processes Two types persist in the environment –Heavy metals –Synthetic organics

12. Heavy Metals Lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, tin, chromium, zinc, copper Used in metal-working, paint, and pesticides, among other products

13. Heavy Metals Soluble in water and readily absorbed by body. Interfere with enzyme function. Example: mental retardation from lead poisoning.

14. Organic Compounds Chemical basis for plastics, synthetic fibers and rubber, solvents, and pesticides. Resistant to biodegradation. Major health effects: carcinogenic and mutagenic.

15. Organic Compounds Halogenated hydrocarbons –At least one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced with a halogen atom Chlorine (most common) Bromine Fluorine Iodine

16. Halogenated Hydrocarbons

18. Involvement with Food Chains Minamata disease –Small fishing village in Japan –Suffered from mercury poisoning –Biomagnification “Mad as a hatter” –Hat makers exposed to mercury suffered from insanity

19. A History of Mismanagement Methods of land disposal Scope of the management problem

20. Cuyahoga River on Fire (1960s)

21. Methods of Land Disposal Deep-well injection Surface impoundments Landfills

22. Deep-well Injection

23. Surface Impoundments

24. Surface Impoundment

25. Secure Landfills

26. Toxic Chemical Waste Problems Cleaning up old wastes Managing new wastes Avoiding future wastes

27. Midnight Dumping

28. Orphan Waste Site: Valley of the Drums

29. Scope of the Mismanagement Problem The Love Canal story (see Fig. 19-12) Hooker Chemical and Plastics Company –17,000 tons of hazardous wastes dumped in abandoned canal –Covered canal with clay cap and sold it to the Niagara Fall school board –People reported serious health problems: birth defects and miscarriages –$233 million spent on cleanup and lawsuits

30. Problems Concerning Toxic Chemicals Cleaning up the messes already created Regulating and handling and disposal of wastes currently being produced –Protect public and environmental health Reducing the quantity of hazardous waste produced

31. Cleaning Up the Mess Ensuring safe drinking water –Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 Groundwater remediation Superfund for toxic sites

32. Love Canal

33. Cleaning Up the Mess Ensuring safe drinking water Groundwater remediation Superfund for toxic sites

34. Ensuring Safe Drinking Water Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974, amended in 1986 –Sets national standards to protect the public health, including allowable levels of specific contaminants –MCLs = maximum contaminant levels EPA now has jurisdiction over groundwater and sets MCLs for 90 contaminants.

35. Groundwater Remediation

36. Soil Vapor Extraction System

37. Superfund (CERCLA) for Toxic Sites Advanced cleanup technology –Incineration to burn off contaminants in soil –Cleaning soil with detergent –Bioremediation –Phytoremediation Brownfields Costly and slow CERCLA = Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980

38. Mobile Incinerator for Toxic Wastes

39. Managing Current Hazardous Wastes Clean air and water acts Resource conservation and recovery act 1976 (RCRA) Reduction of accidents and accidental exposure

40. RCRA All disposal facilities must have permit Pretreatment of toxic wastes (Fig. 19- 15) “Cradle to grave” tracking of toxic wastes

41. Cement Kiln to Destroy Hazardous Wastes

42. Reduction of Accidents and Accidental Exposure Leaking underground storage tanks (LUST) Underground storage tank (UST) legislation Department of transportation regulations (DOT Regs) Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)

43. Reduction of Accidents and Accidental Exposure Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-know Act (EPCRA); also known as Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) Toxic Substances Control Act

44. Broader Issues Environmental justice and hazardous wastes –Emelle, Alabama –Choctaw reservation in Philadelphia, Mississippi –870,000 U.S. federally subsidized housing units

45. Toxic Chemical Disaster, Bhopal, India

46. Broader Issues Environmental justice and hazardous wastes Pollution prevention for a sustainable society –Better product or materials management –Substitution products for hazardous ones –Cleaning up and recycling solvents and lubricants –Safe disposal

47. Major Hazardous Waste Laws

48. 5 of the World's Most Dangerous Chemicals https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ckSoD W2-wrchttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ckSoD W2-wrc

49. End of Chapter 19 PPT by Clark E. Adams