1. NERVOUS SYSTEM

2. Essential question: What are the differences between responses with the nervous system versus responses with the endocrine system? In humans, as in other animals, regulation is achieved by the integration of the nervous and the endocrine system. The nervous and endocrine systems if humans show certain similarities and certain differences. Similarities: Both secrete chemical messengers. Both secrete chemical messengers. The nervous system secretes neurotransmitters and the endocrine system secretes hormones. The nervous system secretes neurotransmitters and the endocrine system secretes hormones.  Both play a major role in homeostasis.

3. Differences: ► Nerve responses are more rapid than the endocrine responses. ► Nerve responses are shorter in duration than endocrine responses. ► Nerve responses travel through the nervous system and endocrine responses travel through the circulatory (blood) system.

5. Essential questions: What are the three types of neurons? What is the function and location of each type? Functional Organization: The neuron is the basic unit of structure and function of the nervous system. The neuron is the basic unit of structure and function of the nervous system. The nervous system is composed of three different neurons. The nervous system is composed of three different neurons.

6. The Three Types of Neurons: Sensory neuron Interneuron Motor neuron

7. Neurons Sensory neuron-transmits impulses from receptors to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). Receptors-Sense organs where sensory neurons are concentrated. Exs. Eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin.

8. Interneurons: Located mainly in the CNS (brain and spinal cord). Interprets impulses (messages). Relays impulses to motor neutrons. Motor neurons: transmits impulses from the CNS to effectors Effector:. A cell, tissue, or organ, which produces a response to a stimulus. Exs. Muscles and glands

9. Essential Question: What is a nerve? Nerves: bundles of neurons that are specialized for long distances and high- speed impulse transmission. Ex. Optic nerve

10. Optic Nerve

11. Sciatic Nerve

12. Parts of a Neuron:

13. Essential questions: What are the parts of a neuron? What is the function of each of these parts? Parts of a Neuron: Parts of a Neuron: Every neuron is composed of: Dendrites Cyton (cell body) Axon Terminal branches (end branches)

14. Dendrites: Receive impulses. Carries impulses towards the cyton. Axon: Carries impulses away from the cyton. Protected with a myelin sheath

15. Essential question: How are impulses transmitted from one neuron to the next? Impulse Transmission:

16. Essential Questions: What is a synapse? What is the relationship between a synapse and a neurotransmitter? Synapse-space between two neurons. Neurotransmitters: ► Chemical released by terminal branches of one neuron. ► Starts a new impulse in next neuron. ► 30 different known neurotransmitters. Exs. Acetylcholine, norepinephrine

17. Nerve Transmission

19. Essential question: What are the parts and functions of the brain? The Brain The brain weight approximately 1.5 kg, but uses 25 % of the body’s oxygen supply. It is composed of billions of interconnecting neurons. The brain is protected by 3 membranes (Meninges) and fluid. The brain is composed of three main parts: Cerebrum Cerebellum Medulla

20. Parts of the Brain

21. Cerebrum: Largest part of the brain. Composed of two halves (hemispheres). Contains many convolutions (folds). Functions include: Controls voluntary movement (skeletal). Intelligence Memory Speech and language Senses

22. Cerebellum and Medulla Located in the back portion of the brain. Located in the back portion of the brain. Functions include: Functions include: Balance Balance Posture Posture Coordination CoordinationMedulla: Located at the top of the spinal cord. Located at the top of the spinal cord. Functions include: Controls and coordinates involuntary activity. Exs. Breathing, heart rate, peristalsis, and blood pressure Controls and coordinates involuntary activity. Exs. Breathing, heart rate, peristalsis, and blood pressure

23. Essential Questions: What is the CNS? What is structures make up the CNS?  The CNS is composed of the brain and the spinal cord.

24. Spinal Cord: a. Protected by vertebrae of the spinal column b. Relays impulses to and from the brain. c. Controls certain reflexes.

25. Essential Questions: What is the PNS? What is a reflex arc? How does a reflex arc help to maintain homeostasis?

26. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) a. Located outside of the CNS. b. Made up of all of the neurons and nerve fibers outside the brain and spinal cord.

28. Reflex Arc

29. Essential question: What are some diseases that are associated with the nervous system? Diseases of the Nervous System: Cerebral Palsy: Name for a collective group of disorders that affect a person’s control of motor functions. Name for a collective group of disorders that affect a person’s control of motor functions. Caused by brain damage just before of after birth. Caused by brain damage just before of after birth.

30. What do these three men have in common?

31. Multiple Sclerosis Destruction of the myelin sheath. Symptoms include shaking of hands, blurred vision, and slurred speech. May appear and disappear for years.

32. Alzheimer’s Disease: Cause unknown. Cause unknown. Progressive, degenerative disease. Progressive, degenerative disease. Eventual memory lost, inability to think, speak, or care for oneself. Eventual memory lost, inability to think, speak, or care for oneself. Usually fatal. Usually fatal.

33. Parkinson's Strikes Again!!!

34. Parkinson’s disease: ► Cause unknown. ► Neurons can no longer produce the neurotransmitter-dopamine. ► Symptoms include: tremors, poor balance, lack of coordination, stiffening of muscles. ► One million people in the us have Parkinson’s and 600,000 people are diagnosis with it annually. ► On set is usually over the age of 60.

35. The Many Faces of Parkinson’s