2. LA/IE RETA Confined Space Training Troy Baker ASTI & Honeywell Analytics/Manning

3. Can This Be You?

4. Why do we do this type of training? Injuries Death 89% of fatalities occurred with jobs authorized by supervisors. 80% of fatalities happened in locations that had been previously entered by the same person who later died. In 40% of fatal atmospheric accidents, the hazard was not present at the time of initial entry. accidents.

5. More Whys? 35% of those who died were supervisors. Only 7% of locations had warning signs indicating that they were confined spaces. 65 percent of confined space fatalities are due to atmospheric hazards. The remaining 35% are due to factors such as electrical shock or electrocution, being caught in or crushed by machinery, engulfment, falls inside the confined space, and ingress or egress

7. ASK YOURSELF… What is a confined space? What is difference between permitted and non-permitted confined spaces? List 3 examples of permitted confined spaces. When do I need PPE? When should I test the atmosphere? What is the safe oxygen level?

8. CLASS OBJECTIVES Help you understand the criteria of a confined space Motivate you to evaluate your workplace and written programs Implement changes where necessary

10. CLASS GOAL Prevent personal injuries/fatalities relating to a confined space entry

11. Class Will ADDRESS… Definitions of terms, with examples The basic entry procedure The components of a written program Specifics of a Good Program

13. 1. CONFINED SPACE: Is large enough to enter into and work Has a limited means of entry/exit Is NOT designed for continuous periods of occupancy

14. CLASSES OF CONFINED SPACE Class A – IDLH atmosphere. May contain oxygen deficiency, explosive or flammable atmospheres, and /or concentrations of toxic substances.

15. CLASSES OF CONFINED SPACES cont’d Class B – space has potential for causing injury if proper safety steps are not followed

16. CLASSES OF CONFINED SPACES Class C – space has potential hazards, but would not require any special modification of the work procedures.

17. TYPES OF CONFINED SPACE… Non-Permitted … does NOT contain physical, chemical or atmospheric hazards capable of causing death or serious physical harm Permitted … DOES contain physical, chemical or atmospheric hazards capable of causing death or serious physical harm

18. NOTE: The classification of ANY confined space SHALL be determined ONLY BY Trained AND Authorized persons

20. 2. ENGULFMENT A liquid or a “flowable” solid like sand or grain that can surround and bury, smother, strangle, or crush a person.

21. EGULFMENT cont’d Trenches deeper than 4ft Engulfment hazard: cave-in Preventive measure: shoring & evacuation route

22. 3. IDLH Continued Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Poses an immediate or delayed threat to life, OR… Causes irreversible adverse health effects, OR… Interferes with ability to escape unaided from a permit space

23. 3. IDLH, cont’d May be used to determine need for PPE MSDS’s List of IDLH values If conditions meet or exceed IDLH values, implement IDLH Level PPE

24. 4. QUALIFIED PERSON Designated by the employer in writing, as CAPABLE (by education, training, or both) of: Anticipating, recognizing, and evaluating employee exposure to hazardous substances or other unsafe conditions in a confined space; AND of Specifying necessary control and/or protective action to ensure employee safety

25. 5. ATTENDANT An observant, competent/experienced person stationed outside of a confined space to assist the entrant

26. 6. AUTHORIZED ENTRANT A worker authorized to enter a confined space

27. 7. ENTRY SUPERVISOR The employee responsible for overseeing the Confined Space entry operations; permit signing; and safety compliance

29. GENERAL CS ENTRY PROCEDURE 1.Conduct an assessment 2. Post signage; Barricade 3.Write the Permit 4.Perform pre-entry tests 5.Follow all other safety procedures PPE LO/TO Ventilation

30. GENERAL CS ENTRY PROCEDURE, cont’d 6. Pre-entry briefing 7. Perform entry & work 8. Perform continuous atmospheric tests 9. Exit the confined space 10. Debrief employees/contractors 11. Verify completion

32. ASSESSMENTS MUST INCLUDE: 1. Pre-entry testing and monitoring of/for: Atmospheric conditions Potential hazards in and around the area

33. POTENTIAL HAZARDS Deficient or enriched oxygen Safe level: 19.5% - 23.5% Combustible, flammable, and explosive atmospheres Toxic gases and vapors Corrosive chemicals or biological agents

34. POTENTIAL HAZARDS cont’d Physical hazards– Falling,tripping,moving parts,engulfment,heat extremes,etc… Electrical hazards— Shock hazard, static electricity, sparks, etc… Rodents,snakes, and insects

35. ASSESSMENTS MUST ALSO INCLUDE: 2.Written procedures to remove or control hazards including ventilation, LOTO, PPE and communication 3.Written emergency response

37. POSTED SIGNAGE MUST be in the immediate area MUST identify the Confined Space Restricts unauthorized personnel E.G.: “DANGER—PERMIT REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE, DO NOT ENTER”

38. BARRICADES MUST prevent unwanted access to the work area MUST ensure clear workspace for attendant and emergency rescue (if needed)

40. PERMITS Are written authorization and approval specifying the location and type of work Certify that all existing hazards have been assessed Ensure the safety of each worker Specify the date & length of time it applies

41. Confined Space Permit

42. NOTE: PERMITS ARE ALWAYS POSTED IN THE WORKPLACE DURING ENTRY

44. TESTING STANDARDS Duration—Recommend continuous Sample priority—Oxygen; Flammable/combustible chemicals; Toxic chemicals

45. TESTING METHODS Sample in layers Every four feet in direction of travel Different chemicals stratify Do not get equipment wet!!

46. CHEMICAL STRATIFICATION *Chemicals will stratify according to their vapor density * Strata changes with environmental conditions (ex. Temperature and pressure)

47. REMEMBER TO DOCUMENT ALL ATMOSPHERIC TESTING RESULTS!!

49. OTHER SAFETY PRECAUTIONS PPE Lockout/Tag out Verify emergency response Remove sources of hazardous materials outside of confined space Ventilation

50. VENTILATION Exhaust Negative pressure Local - for specific sources General - for non-specific sources Purging Positive pressure Using inert gases in flammable/combustible environment Causes need for additional PPE

52. PRE-ENTRY BRIEFING Conduct meeting Include all affected persons Document topics discussed at the briefing.

54. Entry documentation Each entrant should sign an entry log Posted in immediate area

55. Follow work procedures and safety rules for job task!!!

57. CONTINUOUS MONITORING REMEMBER the mentioned sampling methods!

59. EXITING THE CONFINED SPACE When work is complete, when replacement arrives, or if an alarm sounds In the event of an emergency, utilize emergency rescue Remember to update the entry log!!

60. ON-SITE RESCUE Employer determined if on/off-site rescue will be used On-site, usually comprised of in-house personnel— Motivated team Extensive training Practical exercises (min. once/12 months) Regular reinforcement of training

61. OFF-SITE RESCUE Assessment necessary Determine the practicality of off-site rescue If used: Close proximity Extensive pre-coordination Must understand the hazards to be faced Must have access to all spaces for pre- planning

63. DEBRIEFING Discuss the success of the work Identify concerns that occurred Verify completion of all documentation Document meeting, if possible

65. VERIFY COMPLETION The entry supervisor should remain for at least 30 minutes after the entry to ensure the security of the site and that no hazards remain (ex. Fires)

67. PROGRAM ELEMENTS: Identification and location of ALL recognized confined spaces Hazard evaluation procedures Warning procedures Ex: Signs at entrance

68. MORE ELEMENTS… Written procedures for pre-entry and entry Written procedures for permitting

69. MORE ELEMENTS… Assignment of responsibilities Entrant Attendant Entry supervisor

71. ENTRANT Know the hazards associated with the space Follow the instructions on the permit Use required equipment properly

72. ENTRANT cont’d Continually communicate with attendant Alert the attendant when necessary Exit the space quickly when required

73. ATTENDANT Know the hazards associated with the space Be aware of the effects of hazardous exposures Maintain accountability of entrants Continued

74. ATTENDANT cont’d Remain on duty until properly relieved Monitor the status of the entrant as appropriate Communicate with the entrant as appropriate

75. ATTENDANT cont’d Summon rescue and/or emergency assistance Monitor activities inside and outside the space Perform non-entry rescue in accordance with policy Continued

76. ATTENDANT cont’d Perform no duties that interfere with attendant duties Order evacuation of the space when dictated

77. SUPERVISOR Know the hazards associated with the space Ensure all entries on the written permit are appropriate Ensure all tests, procedures and equipment are used Continued

78. SUPERVISOR cont’d Terminate entry authorization when appropriate Verify that rescue services are available Verify methods are in place to summon rescue services

79. SUPERVISOR cont’d Remove unauthorized individuals attempting entry Determine when transfer of responsibility takes place Ensure operations are consistent with the permit

80. SUPERVISOR cont’d Perform non-entry rescue in accordance with policy Perform no duties that interfere with supervisor duties

81. Hopefully we never need……

82. Emergency Response Attendant alerts the rescue services Close off the area Get authorized entrants out of the space Perform first aid if needed. Chest or body harnesses are worn by authorized entrant to allow for safe rescue.

84. EXAMPLES…

86. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS New employees At time of employment, if affected…or… When delegated affected responsibility Existing employees Refresher training Rescue drills at least annually

87. TRAINING CONTENT All aspects of the written program Emergency procedures Document all training activities

88. RECORD KEEPING REQUIREMENTS Written program Training records Atmospheric testing records Permitted and non-permitted entries into confined spaces

90. Let’s review… What is a confined space? What is difference between permitted and non-permitted confined spaces? List 3 examples of permitted confined spaces. When do I need PPE? When should I test the atmosphere?

91. Let’s review… What is the safe oxygen level? Where should the permit be maintained during entry? When should an entrant exit the confined space?

92. Regulations February 1994 CAL-OSHA enacted their final rule for confined space relations Title 8, California Code of Regulations (CCR), General Industry Safety Orders (GISO), Sections 5156, 5157, 5158 Outside California FED-OSHA has a near identical document American National Science Institute (A.N.S.I.) and National Institute for Occupational Safety and health (N.I.O.S.H.) guidelines are also used.*

93. An Preventable Accident

94. Fatality Statistics Studies reveal that every year approximately 67 preventable deaths occur in confined spaces As many as 60% of the deaths to occur would be rescuers* Research reveals interesting facts regarding the causes of deaths in confined spaces 65% hazardous atmospheres * 13% engulfment 7% struck by falling objects 6% heat stress/exposure 4% others

95. Not all will be labeled!

96. Some will be!

97. Injury and Illness Prevention Safety responsibility Compliance/recognition Employee-employer communication Workplace inspections/evaluation Correction of hazards Injury/illness investigation Training Recordkeeping

98. Definitions of Confined Space Confined spaces are subdivided into two groups 1. Confined Space a) Is large enough and so configured that an employee can bodily enter and perform assigned work; and b) Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit; and c) Is not designed for continuous employee occupancy

99. A permit required space must meet the definition of a confined space plus one of the following:* Contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant Has an internal configuration such that an entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls, or a floor which slopes and tapers to a smaller cross section or Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard Permit Required Confined Space

100. Typical Permit Required Confined Spaces Storage tanks/bins Pump wet wells Degreasers Digesters Sewers Person holes Tunnels Underground vaults Boilers Hoppers, pump stations, scale pits, crawl spaces Silos Vaults Vessels Grain elevators Mixers Open topped water tanks Water towers Enclosures with bottom access Rail car tanks

101. BOILER TANKS…

102. PIPE CHASES…

103. CRAWL SPACES…

104. MANHOLES…

105. PITS...

113. Dangers of Confined Spaces Oxygen deficiency By-products of previously stored materials Storage tanks retain residue Product is absorbed into tank walls Accidental leaks or spills Leaks of substances give off vapors or cause reactions Slip, trip or fall hazard Chemical Reactions Accidental mixing of chemicals Drying paint Multiple use tanks

115. Dangers of Confined Spaces Oxidation Rusting of metals Rotting or decomposing organic materials Mechanical Operations Welding Painting Cleaning Scraping or sandblasting Missing/stirring operations Recharging of batteries Inerting Activities Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Helium (HE) Nitrogen (N 2 )

116. Types of Confined Space Hazards Confined space hazards are basically grouped into six groups Atmospheric hazards Physical hazards Engulfment hazards Corrosive hazards Biological hazards Other hazards

117. Effects of Hazardous Atmospheres Suffocation* 65% of fatalities occurring in confined spaces are a result of hazardous atmospheres * Poisoning * Explosion/Fire *

118. Hazardous Atmosphere An atmosphere which exposes employees to a risk or death, incapacitation, injury or acute illness from one or more of the following causes O2 level below 19.5% or above 23.5% Flammable gas or vapor in excess of 10% of L.E.L. Airborne combustible dust at a concentration that obscures vision at 5 feet or less Any immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) atmosphere

119. Target Gases and Effects Oxygen* Must be between 19.5% and 23.5% by volume for atmosphere to be considered safe* Above 23.5% by volume the environment becomes unstable and prone to flash fires or explosion Below 16% physical effects will become apparent Methane Colorless Odorless Non-toxic Asphyxiate (displaces O2) Lighter than air* Explosive range (5% to 15%)

120. Target Gases and Effects Carbon Monoxide* Colorless Odorless Toxic Asphyxiant (displaces O 2 ) Vapor density = to air Explosive range (12.5% to 74.2%)

121. Target Gases and Effects Hydrogen Sulfide* Colorless Smell like rotten eggs Toxic Vapor density is 1.89 Explosive range (4% to 44%) Common in sewage facilities Diminishes your sensitivity to smell Sulfur dioxide Pungent Irritating gas 1-10 ppm exposure causes respiratory and pulse rate increase and decrease in depth of respiration Vapor density is 2.26 Non-flammable

122. Target Gases and Effects Carbon dioxide Colorless Odorless Non-combustible gas Toxic Exposure symptoms Headache Dizziness Restlessness Vapor density is 1.53

123. Target Gases and Effects Ammonia Colorless unless High Levels Odor Potentially combustible gas Toxic Exposure symptoms Burning Breathing Impact Vapor density is 0.769 g/L

124. Atmospheric Monitors Types of air monitors/alarms Single gas monitors a) Will monitor only one preset gas Multiple gas monitors a) Will monitor multiple preset gases 1) Monitors that sense four (4) gases at once are commonly used in confined space operations referred to as four (4) in one (1) monitors

125. Monitoring Operations Monitoring should be done in the following order every time Oxygen content (first)* Flammable gases/vapors (second)* Potential toxic contaminants (third)* Testing should be done prior to lifting person hole covers To get the most accurate reading To eliminate potential explosions Testing should be done at all levels of the confined space Stratification of gases may occur due to vapor density of gases vary Testing must continue periodically Results of monitoring must be logged An entry permit as well as data log of monitor if equipped

126. Physical Hazards Grinding equipment* Agitators Mulching equipment* Drive shafts Gears and other moving equipment Steam or steam fittings Electrocution Falling objects*

127. Engulfment Hazards Material involved in engulfment incidents* Grains Sand Gravel Cement Clay Sawdust Liquids Causes of engulfment incidents Walking on unstable material that has void spaces below Bridging* Improper or lack of use of safety/retrieval lines Overhead flow of particulate matter or liquids activated inadvertently

128. Case Study On June 6, 1998, a 56 year-old worker died when he was engulfed by sand in a hopper at a concrete pipe manufacturing company. His job as a "material man" was to direct the flow of sand and gravel from storage bins to hoppers housed in a shed on top of the plant. Since there was only one conveyor that moved sand and gravel from storage bins to the shed, the material man had to enter the shed and manually operate a lever that controlled the flow of sand or gravel into the correct hopper. He entered the 17 foot deep hopper filled with sand, perhaps by falling, was engulfed, and suffocated.

129. Case Study A 23-year-old mill operator and a 20-year-old maintenance technician were killed when they were engulfed in corn in a 6,000 bushel cone bottom gravity feed bin at a feedlot. The two individuals had been "knocking down" soy bean meal in a gravity feed bin next to the corn bin prior to the incident. For some reason, after their work in the soy bean meal bin they went to the corn bin and both individuals became engulfed in cracked corn. Both of these bins were active, flowing soy bean meal and cracked corn into a "clam" approximately once every five to ten minutes. The "clam" was then emptied into feed trucks. When the corn flowed from the bin, this pulled the victims under the corn. When others at the feedlot realized the two were trapped in the corn, they cut openings in the bottom of the bin to release the corn and rescue the victims. Both individuals died from suffocation.

130. Target Industries Physical and engulfment hazards Industry with mechanized assembly equipment Spaces with electrical, hydraulic or pneumatic equipment supplied to it, or within it Grain or particulate matter production or processing Industries that have spaces with top load applications Industries that have spaces with bottom dump applications

131. Lock-Out/Tag-Out Procedures Procedures performed to isolate any potential energy source to the space Electricity Hydraulic Steam Drive mechanisms Pneumatic Gravity flow of product Must be Performed by an authorized employee* Printed tags and locks are used to warn other employees of isolated energy source

132. Lock-Out/Tag-Out Procedures Examples of lock-out/tag-out* Electrical switches locked-out Hydraulic lines blocked and bled Steam line blind flanged Drive mechanisms disconnected Drive belts removed Liquid valves locked-out Overhead dumps locked-out

133. Lock Out Tag Out

134. Entry Permits A form or tactical worksheet required by CAL-OSHA that must be completed for confined space entries Components of an entry permit Location Purpose of entry Date of entry and authorized duration List of authorized entrants List of attendants Entry supervisor signature List of necessary tools and equipment List of special hazards Results of initial and periodic atmosphere tests Measures to isolate the space and control hazards prior to entry Lock-put/tag-out Listing of rescue and emergency services Communications procedures Additional

135. Lock Out Tag Out

136. Entry Permits Prior to entry to entry supervisor must Approve the permit * Upon completion of entry Permit must be signed and cancelled by the entry supervisor * Permit must be filed and retained at least one (1) year *

137. OSHA Exemptions to Permit Regulations Selected construction operations Defined by section 1502 Selected agriculture operations Defined by Section 3437 Marine terminal operations Defined by Section 3460 Shipyard operations Regulated by Section 8437 Telecommunications people holes and vaults Regulated by Section 8616 Grain handling facilities Defined by Section 5158 Electric utility operations within underground vaults

138. OSHA Exemptions to Permit Regulations Exemptions based on employer proof of atmospheric hazard only Must not contain any other hazards except atmospheric condition only Hazard can be eliminated by ventilation alone When exemptions are granted components of the normal entry program may or may not be present Entry permit may not be provided Attendant my not be present Entrant lowering and retrieval equipment may not be present Exemptions are only valid when entry is for the prescribed purpose To evacuate an injured worker out of an exempted space would nullify the exemption, and Sections 5156, 5157 and 5158 would prevail.

139. The Good

140. The Bad and the Ugly

141. Ventilation Equipment & Technique Ventilation Equipment Industrial fans/ventilators* Smoke ejector fans* Duct work* Person hole saddle vents* Ventilations Plans Ventilations plans are predominantly carried out in one of three ways Forced supply ventilation* Force exhaust ventilation* Force supply and exhaust ventilation*

142. Ventilation Equipment & Technique Ventilation Plan Considerations Configuration of the space Number of openings in the space Location of the openings Vertical (top)* Horizontal (side) Bottom Vapor density of suspected vapors* Wind direction * Equipment available

143. Ventilation Equipment & Technique Ventilation Plan Hazards Directing exhausted explosive vapors toward ignition sources Directing vehicle exhaust (or other hazardous vapors) into the supply fans Changing a non-explosive atmosphere into an explosive atmosphere* Diluting an atmosphere that is above its UEL down below its explosive range would require passing through the explosive range

145. Respiratory Equipment and Techniques Respiratory Protection Requirements Respiratory protection must be provided and personnel trained if the following conditions exist Testing demonstrates the existence of dangerous or deficient conditions and additional ventilation cannot reduce concentrations to safe levels The atmosphere tests as safe but unsafe conditions can reasonably be expected to develop It is not feasible to provide for ready exit from spaces equipped with automatic fire suppression systems and it is not practical or safe to deactivate such systems An emergency exists and it is not feasible to wait for pre- entry procedures to take effect

146. Respiratory Equipment and Techniques Respiratory Protection Classifications Self-contained breathing apparatus Considered highest level of protection Supply / duration is carried with entrant* No air hoses to outside to restrict movement* Cylinder size can cause difficulty in tight spaces* Combination/dual purpose SCBA Same as simple SCBA with addition of high press inlet hose

147. Respiratory Equipment and Techniques Supplied air respirator with escape cylinder Air is supplied to entrants mask from outside the space Capable of endless air supply Must include escape cylinder * Normally five (5) to ten (10) minute duration Air line not to exceed 300’ from source * Air purifying respirators Must not be oxygen deficient atmosphere Cartridge must be specific to vapor, mist, fumes, dusts, et. Not recommended unless conditions are known and can be maintained *

148. Air Purifying Respirator

151. Supplied Air Respirator with Escape Cylinder

152. Self Contained Breathing Apparatus

153. Communications Equipment Battery operated portable radios Push to talk operations Voice activated operations * Ear mike option Two way – multiple users Reception/transmission interference Electronic equipment must be intrinsically safe Hard wire systems Push to talk operation Voice activated operations * Ear mike option Conference operation – multiple users Hard wire can restrict movement * Electronic equipment must be intrinsically safe

154. Communications Equipment Hand signals Basic signals Must be committed to memory Must have visual contact Rope signals Basic signals Must be committed to memory Restricts movement Tapping or rapping codes on tanks Basic codes Must be committed to memory Limited application

155. CAL-OSHA Regulations Permit required confined spaces Communication equipment and procedures to maintain contact between entrants and attendants must be provided * Permit required confined spaces with any of the following conditions Testing demonstrates the existence of dangerous or deficient conditions and additional ventilation cannot reduce concentrations to safe levels. The atmosphere tests as safe but unsafe conditions can reasonably be expected to develop It is no feasible to provide for ready exit from spaces equipped with automatic fire suppression systems and it is not practical or safe to deactivate such systems An emergency exists and it is not feasible to wait for pre- entry procedures to take effect

156. OSHA Requirements: Retrieval Equipment OSHA requires retrieval line and fall restraint when vertical entry of five feet or more below grade is made * Retrieval lines must be attached to a mechanical device (mechanical advantage) outside the space Entrants are to stay “on line” unless this would increase entrant risk of injury, or is impossible * Staying on line allows for non-entry rescue

157. Lifting, Lowering and Fall Restraint Equipment Anchoring devices (high point anchor) Tripod a) Manufactured b) Fabricated Ladders Timber Ladder gin Davit mounted systems Truck mounted booms Beam trolley

158. Tripod System

159. Ladder Gin

160. Mechanical Advantage System Z-Rig 3 to 1 pulley system

161. Lifting, Lowering and Fall Restraint Equipment Mechanical advantage systems Hand cranked mechanical winches with cable Rope and pulley systems Fall restraint systems Inertia or centrifugal systems a) Maximum 2’ drop allowed Cam systems a) Gibbs ascender b) Rescue ascenders

162. Lifting, Lowering and Fall Restraint Equipment Entrant/victim harnesses Full body harnesses (Class III)* Wristlets * Upper body immobilization devices a) LSP halfback b) Oregon Spine Splint Full body immobilization devices a) Stokes litter b) Sked sled Miscellaneous hardware a) Pulleys b) Carabiners

163. Spinal Immobilization Devices

164. Operational Positions and Responsibilities Attendant Duties * Knows hazards faced during entry, including mode, signs/symptoms and consequences of exposure Understand behavioral effects of exposure on entrants Maintains count and identities of personnel in the space* Remains outside the space until relieved, may also perform rescue if trained Communicates with entrants as needed * Monitors activities inside and outside the space and orders evacuation if conditions dictate Initiates on-site rescue procedures and summons additional rescue services if needed Secures a safe perimeter and takes action if unauthorized persons approach * Performs non-entry rescues or other rescue services as designated by the on-site rescue procedure Performs no duties that might interfere with primary duty to protect the entrant

165. Operational Positions and Responsibilities Authorized Entrants Duties * Knows hazards during entry, including mode, signs/symptoms and consequences of exposure Properly uses all equipment required to make safe entry Communicates with attendant as necessary for attendant to monitor entrant status and activate evacuation Alerts attendant if situations warrant Exits the space immediately if situations warrant

166. Operational Positions and Responsibilities Duties of Entry Supervisors * Knows hazards during entry, including mode, signs/symptoms and consequences of exposure Verifies that entry permit is completed, tests have been conducted, and needed equipment is present before endorsing the permit and approving entry* Terminates the entry and cancels the permit * Verifies that additional equipment and services are present Confirms that entry operations remain consistent with entry permit, that acceptable entry conditions are maintained, and consistent transfer of responsibility take place *

167. Procedure I.PURPOSE A.To provide guidelines for the minimum requirements for entry into and rescue operations within Confined Spaces, in compliance with Federal Regulation 29, CFR 1910.146, Title 8 of CCR Article 108, and NIOSH Publication 80-106. II.RESPONSIBILITY A.It will be the responsibility of each member to exercise appropriate command and control dictated by their rank in the implementation of this operational procedure. III.CONFINED SPACE CLASSIFICATIONS: A.NIOSH has three (3) classifications for confined spaces, based on life threatening characteristics. 1. CLASS A: An environment which is Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health. (IDLH) Entry by permit only shall be posted. 2. CLASS B: An environment that has the POTENTIAL for causing injury or illness, if preventative measures are not use, but Not Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health. (IDLH). 3. CLASS C: An environment that has potential hazards which would not require any special modifications of the work procedures.

168. Procedure B.OSHA/CAL-OSHA: defines Confined Spaces as: 1.Is large enough and so configured that an employee can bodily enter and perform assigned work; and 2.has a limited or restricted means of entry or exit; and 3.is not designed for continuous employee occupancy. C.OSHA/CAL-OSHA: defines a Permit Required Confined Space as a confined space with any of the following characteristics: 1.Contains or has the Potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere; or 2.Contains a material that has the Potential for engulfing an entrant: or 3.Has an internal configuration such that an entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or by a floor that slopes downward and tapers to a smaller cross-section; or 4.Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard. D.OSHA/CAL-OSHA: defines a Non Permit Confined Space as; 1.A confined Space that does not contain or, with respect to atmospheric hazards, have the potential to contain any hazards capable of causing death or serious physical harm.

169. Procedure IV.CONFINED SPACE HAZARDS A. It shall be the responsibility of all Qualified Persons at the incident to identify any realized or potential hazard. B. HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERES 1. An atmosphere that may expose employees to the risk of death, incapacitation, impairment of the ability to self rescue (escape unaided from the space), injury, or acute illness from one or more of the following causes: a. An atmospheric oxygen concentration below 19.5% or above 23.5% by volume. b. An atmosphere containing greater than 10% of the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) of a flammable gas. c. An atmosphere containing a concentration greater than the Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for the material involved. d. An airborne combustible dust at a concentration that meets or exceeds its Lower Flammable Limit (LFL). This concentration may be approximated, as a condition in which the dust obscures vision at a distance of five (5) feet or less.

170. Procedure C.MECHANICAL HAZARDS 1. Mechanical devices and equipment capable of causing death or injury within the Confined Space. D.ELECTRICAL HAZARDS 1. Any electrical equipment or lines in or passing through the Confined Space which are not in rigid conduit. E.ENGULFMENT HAZARDS 1. Any material in a solid, liquid, or gaseous state that is present in or may flow into the Confined Space. F.HEAT HAZARDS 1. All Confined Spaces have the potential for elevated temperatures. Monitoring the temperature of the Confined Space and Personnel working inside is needed to prevent heat exhaustion/stroke and to alert personnel to possible atmospheric condition changes.

171. Procedure B.OSHA/CAL-OSHA: defines Confined Spaces as: 1.Is large enough and so configured that an employee can bodily enter and perform assigned work; and 2.has a limited or restricted means of entry or exit; and 3.is not designed for continuous employee occupancy. C.OSHA/CAL-OSHA: defines a Permit Required Confined Space as a confined space with any of the following characteristics: 1.Contains or has the Potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere; or 2.Contains a material that has the Potential for engulfing an entrant: or 3.Has an internal configuration such that an entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or by a floor that slopes downward and tapers to a smaller cross-section; or 4.Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard. D.OSHA/CAL-OSHA: defines a Non Permit Confined Space as; 1.A confined Space that does not contain or, with respect to atmospheric hazards, have the potential to contain any hazards capable of causing death or serious physical harm.

172. Procedure V.HAZARD CONTROL A.ATMOSPHERIC 1.Prior to entering a Confined Space, the atmosphere shall be monitored in the following order: a. Oxygen b. Flammability c. Toxicity 2.If atmospheric monitoring indicates an unsafe entry condition, entry into the Confined Space shall not be permitted until the hazard has been eliminated by ventilation. 3.After entry has been made, monitoring shall continue and all personnel shall exit the space when conditions become unsafe. Before re-entry into the space, the ventilation program shall be re- evaluated. 4.When using forced air ventilation, consider where the hazardous atmosphere is being vented to and take proper precautions in that area. 5.Eliminate all potential ignition sources. a. Lockout/Tagout b. Secure fuels B.MECHANICAL 1.Lockout/Tagout 2.All mechanical equipment/devices capable of causing injury are to be placed in a zero mechanical state.A

173. Procedure C.ELECTRICAL 1. Lockout/Tagout a. All electrical equipment in the Confined Space. b. Secure at sub panel if possible; if not, secure at main panel even if it means a sub-area or plant shutdown. c. Be aware of stored energy. D.ENGULFMENT 1. Lockout/Tagout 2. Blanking/Blinding E.HEAT 1. Ventilation 2. Rotation of Personnel 3. Medical monitoring. VI.DEFINITIONS A.QUALIFIED PERSON(S) 1. One who is capable of identifying hazards in the work area, or working conditions that are hazardous or dangerous to personnel and is authorized to take corrective measures to eliminate them. 2. One who is trained and familiar with accepted Confined Space standards and requirements.

174. Procedure VI.DEFINITIONS (cont.) B.AUTHORIZED ENTRANTS 1. An employee who is designated by the employer to enter a Confined/Permit Required Confined Space. a. It is the employers responsibility to ensure that all authorized entrants receive the appropriate training and perform their duties properly under the permit space program. C.ATTENDANTS 1. An employee stationed outside the Confined Space who is trained as required. a. Monitors condition and location of entrants. b. Maintains control of entry area. D.ENTRY SUPERVISOR 1. An employee trained to the levels of entrant and attendant. a. Responsible for the issuing of and canceling of the entry permit. b. Maintains entry conditions consistent with the entry permit and the Standard Operating Procedure.

175. Procedure E.LOCKOUT/TAGOUT PROCEDURE 1.All mechanical equipment and devices shall be placed in a zero mechanical state and controllers locked and tagged. 2.All electrical equipment (excluding lights) shall be locked in the open/off position and tagged. 3.In cases where it’s locking is not possible, equipment shall be properly tagged with a non-reusable, self-locking device in the open/off position. 4.If the equipment is not capable of being locked out, then it is to be tagged in the open/off position and physical security provided. 5.All valves are to be locked in the closed position with a wheel cover or chain and tagged. 6.All product lines are to be blanked, blinded, or disconnected and tagged. 7.Padlocks are to be of the key type and not keyed alike. The key is to remain with the entry team. 8.The key to a successful lockout is to retain someone intimately familiar with the systems in the work area, allowing them to brief and guide YOU through THEIR systems. 9.Remember backup, redundant, and override systems.

176. Procedure VII. PERSONNEL PROTECTION A.CONFINED SPACES 1. Appropriate safety gear. B.PERMIT REQUIRED CONFINED SPACES 1. Flash protection (brush gear, nomex coveralls), helmet, gloves, Class III full body harness. 2. Respiratory protection. a. SAR b. Type C SCBA c. SCBA 3. Communication system. a. Voice over power systems. (1) TELEX system VIII. CONFINED SPACE RESCUE A.All rescues in Confined Spaces will be considered PERMIT REQUIRED. (2) Portable radios (must be intrinsically safe)

177. Procedure IX.RESPONSE A.Initial dispatch will be the standard “Rescue” response. B.Additional trained resources are subject to special request. C.A complete Confined Space Rescue Team will include: 1.First Arriving engine (size up/overhead) 2.MO71 (extraction team) 3.MO75 (entry team) 4.MO21 (entry/extraction) 5.MO35 (entry/extraction) 6.Battalion Chief (I/C) D.If the incident becomes an extended operation, additional response shall be: 1.A Level I Overhead Team. 2.Recall additional CSRT personnel as needed.

178. Procedure X. PHASE ONE (size up) A.Secure witness/foreman/supervisor. B.Identify immediate hazards. C.Secure permit information. D.Location, number, condition of victims. E.Type of space. F.Present and past uses of the space. G.Space hazards. H.Diagram of the space. I.Structural stability of the space. J.Evacuate if Necessary. K.Crowd/Traffic control.

179. Procedure XI.PHASE II (pre-entry operations) A.Establish a Unified Command (Fire, Site Management, Medical, Police) B.Assign a Safety Officer. C.Establish a perimeter. D.Secure permit information. E.Test work area atmosphere. F.Establish a work area perimeter and clear it of unauthorized personnel. G.Test Confined Space atmosphere. H.Secure hazards. I.Effect ventilation plan. J.Confirm Lockout/Tagout. K.Assess if to be Rescue or Recovery. L.Establish Action Plan (RESCUE permit) with Back-up plan.

180. Procedure XII.PHASE III (rescue) A.Execute Action Plan. B.Confirm entry conditions. C.Confirm all teams in place and properly outfitted. D.Confirm all support systems. 1.Entry/retrieval. 2.Air. 3.Records. 4.Lighting. 5.Rescue/removal equipment. E.Confirm Medical Plan. F.Assess Ventilation Plan. G.Confirm/check Communication Plan. H.MAKE ENTRY.

181. Procedure I.Monitor ALL conditions. 1.Confined Space. a.Atmosphere. b.Personnel 2.Work Area. a.Atmosphere. b.Personnel. 3.Ventilation plan a.Atmosphere downwind. J.Establish a work period based on conditions. 1.Rotate Entry teams for rehab and medical evaluation. 2.Rotate other teams as necessary. K.Effect rescue/recovery. L.EXIT SPACE. M.Account for ALL personnel and victims. N.Account for all equipment. O.Secure Space. P.Cancel RESCUE Permit.

182. Procedure XIII. PHASE IV (termination) A.Remove tools and equipment. B.All personnel to Rehab and receive medical monitoring at scene. C.Consider C.I.S. debriefing. D.Secure scene. E.Release all personnel. F.Secure Unified Command. G.File Entry Permit and all logs XIV. HAZ-MAT: A.IF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS are involved, and Level A or Level B entry protection is required, a Haz-Mat Team shall be dispatched and entry will be made by cross trained personnel (Fire or Civilian Contractor) or, B.Haz-Mat Team can mitigate the scene and recovery can be made by Fire CSRT.

183. Procedure XV.CONFINED SPACE ENTRY (NON RESCUE) A.Secure PERMIT process. B.Confirm LOCKOUT/TAGOUT. C.MONITOR atmosphere. D.EVALUATE permit process. E.Make APPROPRIATE entry. XVI. PERMIT REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE ENTRY (NON RESCUE) A.Secure PERMIT. B.Confirm LOCKOUT/TAGOUT. C.MONITOR atmosphere. D.VENTILATE. E.Make APPROPRIATE entry. F.CANCEL permit. G.FILE permit.

184. Key Program Requirements Use the permit and reclassification forms as planning tools Identify and evaluate potential hazards Manage the hazards Use only trained personnel Always utilize an attendant under permit entries Establish communications with entrants

185. So when you go back to work Ask yourself, do we?……….

186. Key Program Requirements Continuously monitor the atmosphere Record monitor readings Observe for changing conditions & Hazards Develop an emergency plan Post the permit Review program on an annual basis

188. Questions? Troy Baker 805-512-3180 Troy.Baker@Honeywell.com or Troy.Baker@Honeywell.com Troy.Baker@Ammonia-Safety.com