1. Tertiary Transition

2. Secondary to tertiary transition Universities and polytechnics say students are failing as first years at tertiary level because they lack academic and information literacy skills.

3. They don’t know how to cite their sources They don’t know how to evaluate websites They don’t know how to use databases

4. What students need To achieve at tertiary education students need to: Know how to take good notes Know how to do effective internet and database searches Know how to write citations and bibliographies Know how to construct knowledge from information Get to know the library at their tertiary institution

5. Research ‘The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.’ http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/research

6. Research Cycle http://sengaw.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/research-cycle.jpg

7. Pre-Research Most important: UNDERSTAND YOUR QUESTION AND THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ASSESSMENT You could use an encyclopaedia – in-print or online – to gain an understanding of your topic before you start in-depth research. This will help you with keywords. Wikipedia is good at this stage. You could even read a book on the topic written for a younger age group.

8. Selecting sources Use a variety of sources: books, databases, websites, journal articles Skim – look at: Contents page Index First and last paragraphs Chapter summaries Site maps for websites

9. Selecting sources Scan look for your keywords Use the find function to scan for your keywords in digital sources (Ctrl – F)

10. Searching Google For useful tips: http://www.slideshare.net/emaslyukova/kiev- google http://www.slideshare.net/emaslyukova/kiev- google https://support.google.com/websearch/answer/ 136861?hl=en&ref_topic=3180167 https://support.google.com/websearch/answer/ 136861?hl=en&ref_topic=3180167 https://support.google.com/websearch/answer/ 35890 https://support.google.com/websearch/answer/ 35890

11. Searching Google Google’s search algorithm ranks results according many things including how many times your search terms appear on the page the popularity of each page your previous searches previous searches done from the computer you’re using But the popularity of a website does NOT equate to reliability or accuracy. AND YOUR RESULTS WILL BE DIFFERENT FROM ANOTHER PERSON’S RESULTS

12. Search Strategies brainstorm keywords / search terms / synonyms refine your search use “ “ around phrases if you need the words together search for synonyms: running OR jogging; organization OR organisation use * to fill in gaps: librar* will get pages with library, libraries, librarian or librarians def or define next to a word will get a definition of that word click on Search tools and change Any country to New Zealand to get only New Zealand results or Any time to get results within a particular timeframe etc use Ctrl F to find terms within a page look at all the options at the top of the page

13. Search Strategies Advanced search Do your search and then click on settings (the gear icon) and then on advanced search Use the site or domain fields or usage rights in Advanced Search Google Scholar scholar.google.com Google Books books.google.com. You can use other search engines e.g. www.sweetsearch.com which is for students

14. Search Strategies To check when a webpage was last modified delete the URL on the page and type: javascript:alert(document.lastModified) and a window will pop up with the date last modified. The date will be in the American format. If you are using Chrome you have to type javascript: manually and the rest can be copied and pasted.

15. Evaluating websites Evaluating: ‘The making of a judgement about the amount, number, or value of something; assessment.’ http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/evaluation Remember that only about 20% of the web is accessible to general users – the other 80% is in the deep / invisible web, in databases and restricted access sites.

16. The C.R.A.A.P. Test The C.R.A.A.P. test is a way to evaluate a source based on the following criteria: currency, relevance, authority, accuracy and purpose.

17. Currency: The timeliness of the information When was the information published or posted? Has the information been revised or updated? Is the information current or out-of-date for your topic? Are the links functional? [The date of creation or updating is often at the bottom of the first or last page of an article.]

18. Relevance: The importance of the information for your needs. Does the information relate to your topic or answer your question? Who is the intended audience? Is the information at an appropriate level? Have you looked at a variety of sources before determining this is one you will use? Would you be comfortable using this source for a research paper?

19. Authority: The source of the information. Who is the author/publisher/source/sponsor? Are the author's credentials or organizational affiliations given? Is the author a teacher or student of the topic? Does the author have a reputation? Is there contact information, such as an e-mail address? Has the author published works in traditional formats? Is the author affiliated with an organization? Does this organization appear to support or sponsor the page? What does the domain name/URL reveal about the source of the information, if anything?

20. Accuracy: The reliability, truthfulness, and correctness of the informational content. Where does the information come from? Are the original sources of information listed? Can you verify any of the information in independent sources or from you own knowledge? Has the information been reviewed or referred? Does the language or tone seem biased? Are there spelling, grammar, or other typos?

21. Purpose: The reason the information exists. Are possible biases clearly stated? Is advertising content vs. informational content easily distinguishable? Are editorials clearly labeled? Is the purpose of the page stated? Is the purpose to: inform? teach? entertain? enlighten? sell? persuade? Are there political, ideological, cultural, religious, institutional, or personal biases?

22. Overview of the C.R.A.A.P. Test When was the information published on the website? What’s it about – is it going to be useful for you? Who wrote the information? Where did the information come from? Why has the website been produced?

23. BADURL Another good way to evaluate websites: BADURL http://www.otago.ac.nz/library/pdf/How_to_Evalua te_Websites.pdf

24. Websites.com /.co = a commercial site.org = a non-profit organisation or an individual.edu /.ac = an educational institution.net = a website hosted by an internet provider or a type of network.~ / name = personal website You can check what site is hosting a page by deleting everything after the / Most websites will have an About tab.

25. Hoax websites Search martin luther king http://www.kinginstitute.info/ http://www.martinlutherking.org/

26. EPIC databases A suite of several databases used by schools and paid for by the Ministry of Education http://www.tki.org.nz/epic2 Wellington City Libraries www.wcl.govt.nzwww.wcl.govt.nz > eLibrary > online databases Tertiary institutions have similar packages of databases e.g. http://www.massey.ac.nz/massey/research/library/find- information/article-databases/article-databases_home.cfm

27. Searching a database To use a database to its full extent: Click on Full text Click on View all or Expand Look at all the different formats listed Look at everything on the sidebars and tabs Click on external links that may be on the page http://connect.massey.ac.nz/searchstrategies/

28. Research Tool When in a Google doc right click on the word or phrase (highlight the phrase first) and click on Research… Can then click on drop down arrow under the search field in the Research window and choose APA, hover over the URL of the website you are going to use and click on Cite. When in Word you can right click on a word (or highlight a phrase and right click on it) and scroll down to Search with Bing.

29. Note taking Tertiary institutions often have note taking lessons on their websites. You could choose Dot and jot, Cornell notetaking or the Massey University format. http://www.massey.ac.nz/massey/fms//Student%20services/ Student%20Learning%20Development%20Service/Documents /Albany/Wednesday%20Support/Notetaking%20lecture%202 007.pdf http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=WtW9IyE04OQ Cornell note taking video http://www.sas.calpoly.edu/asc/ssl/notetakingsystems.html

30. Plagiarism Plagiarism is the passing off of someone else’s work as your own. This is theft. Not only is it unethical but YOU WILL GET CAUGHT. Tertiary institutions have plagiarism software that checks students’ work Do not copy and paste – it is lazy and fraudulent. To avoid plagiarism make a note of all your sources as you go. If you copy something exactly put quotation marks around it and write the source next to it.

31. Copyright Copyright law covers all formats of material It is there to protect the moral and economic rights of the creator of the material http://www.copyright.org.nz/ What does copyright have to do with me? http://www.copyright.org.nz/viewInfosheet.php?sheet=439 Creative Commons is an organisation that has created a copyright that helps people share their works with others http://creativecommons.org.nz/ http://creativecommons.org.nz/ http://creativecommons.org/ You can search for works licensed under Creative Commons: http://search.creativecommons.org/ Or on your Google results under Advanced Search – Usage rights

32. References / Citations / Bibliographies Cite = Refer to (a passage, book, or author) as evidence for or justification of an argument or statement, especially in a scholarly work http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/cite Why we need them: “Citing authoritative and appropriate sources not only gives more weight to your argument, it also provides evidence that you have read widely and can represent a wide range of views. It is important to follow a formal system of citing or referencing to avoid plagiarism and to ensure that your reader can easily locate the original sources of your citation.” (University of Otago Library http://www.otago.ac.nz/library/quicklinks/citation/) http://www.otago.ac.nz/library/quicklinks/citation/ You need to acknowledge the author / source of the ideas / information you have used.

33. References / Citations / Bibliographies There are different formats / styles of citations and bibliographies and they may differ from one tertiary institution department to another. Styles include APA, MLA and Chicago. We use APA at Wellington High School. APA style does not use footnotes – it uses in-text citations e.g.: Teaching note taking has been shown to be satisfying work for a history teacher (Hollis & Shallcrass, 2013).

34. In-text citations In-text citations give a brief note of the source of a statement you make in your work. They are written in the body of your text and then expanded in your bibliography. Examples of APA references: www.cite.Auckland.ac.nz http://library.canterbury.ac.nz/files/APA_6th_guide.pdf http://www.otago.ac.nz/library/quicklinks/citation/ http://www.libraries.psu.edu/psul/researchguides/citationstyles/APA_ citation.html Then go into the “Download a PDF with the APA citation formats shown in this guide.”“Download a PDF

35. In-text citations The citation examples in the following two slides are based on these two books: Note taking and referencing by Henry Hollis & Jane Shallcrass published by Wellington High School in Wellington in 2013 In-text citations by Greer Palmer, published by Wellington High School in Wellington in 2010

36. In-text citations Teaching note taking has been shown to be satisfying work for a history teacher (Hollis & Shallcrass, 2013). However, Hollis and Shallcrass (2013) found that 97% of history teachers had never attempted to teach note taking. Palmer (2010) noted that her respondents reported that they felt more confident after having learned how to do in-text citations. Respondents reported that they felt more confident after having learned how to do in-text citations (Palmer, 2010).

37. In-text citations If you cite a direct quotation you should include a page number. You may include page numbers for other in-text citations but it is not necessary. According to Hollis and Shallcrass (2013), “97% of history teachers had never attempted to teach note taking” (p.105). Respondents reported that they felt more confident after having learned how to do in-text citations (Palmer, 2010, p.590). The first time you use two authors you use “and” between them and after that use “&”: According to Hollis and Shallcrass (2013) 97% of history teachers had never attempted to teach note taking. However the teachers had never been taught themselves how to take notes effectively. (Hollis & Shallcrass, 2013).

38. In-text citations If the author is an organisation or government agency use its name as the author – (Henry J. Kaiser Foundation, 2004, p.1). If there is no author use the title of the work e.g. (“Exercise,” 2003). If there is no date use n.d. for no date. If you use a source that was cited in another source (a secondary source), name the original source but only list the secondary source in your bibliography and include it in brackets when first citing the source, preceded by the words “as cited in”. In the following source Satcher is the original source and Critser is the secondary source, which will be listed in the bibliography: Former surgeon general Dr. David Satcher described “a nation of young people seriously at risk of starting out obese and dooming themselves to the difficult task of overcoming a tough illness” (as cited in Critser, 2003, p.4).

39. In-text citations For personal communications: Another researcher said her surveys indicated only 60% of history teachers had never attempted to teach note taking (C. Pedersen, personal communication, September 15, 2014).

40. Bibliographies / Reference lists Source details needed for an A.P.A. bibliography Books Author (last name, initials only for first & middle names) Publication date Title (in italics; capitalize only the first word of title and subtitle, and proper nouns) Place of publication Publisher Articles from print periodicals (magazines, journals, and newspapers) Author (last name, initials only for first & middle names) Date of publication of article (year and month for monthly publications; year, month and day for daily or weekly publications) Title of article (capitalize only the first word of title and subtitle, and proper nouns)

41. Source details needed for a bibliography Articles from print periodicals continued Title of publication in italics (i.e., Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Newsweek, New York Times) Volume and issue number (if there is one) Page numbers of article Electronic resources / articles from online subscription databases such as EPIC databases Publication information (see Print Periodicals, above) DOI number (if available) (Digital Object Identifier) If the DOI number is not available use the name of the database and the accession number, if known: Retrieved from ERIC database (ED496394)

42. Source details needed for a bibliography Articles in online journals, magazines and newspapers Author (last name, initials only for first & middle names) Date of publication of article Title of article Title of publication (in italics) Volume and issue number (for scholarly journals, if given) Page numbers, if given DOI number, if given. (Digital Object Identifier) If the DOI is not available, give the URL (Web address) of the journal homepage. Web sites Author (if known) / organisation if no individual author Date of publication, copyright date, or date of last update Title of webpage in italics Retrieved from URL (web address) of the page

43. Source details needed for a bibliography Electronic Books Author (last name, initials only for first & middle names) Publication date Title (in italics; capitalize only the first word of title and subtitle, and proper nouns) Retrieved from URL (web address) of the book

44. Source details needed for a bibliography Motion Picture (film, video, DVD) / Television program / Youtube video http://owll.massey.ac.nz/referencing/referencing-other-material-in- apa.php#video-audio

45. Source details needed for a bibliography Government Publications Government Agency Date of publication Title of document (in italics) Place of publication Publisher If you can’t find a date or a page number for any of your sources just put n.d. for no date or n.p. for no page. Titles of books, reports and periodical titles are italicised in bibliographies. Personal interviews, letters, email and other unpublished communications do not need to appear in the bibliography but you need to cite them in your essay when you refer to them. A reference list is a list of sources you refer to in your piece of work. A bibliography is a list of all the sources you have read for the work, even if you don’t refer to them in the work.

46. Websites that do it for you www.bibme.org is one of several websites that will put the information you give them into a format for a bibliography in one of several styles. You need to click on the right style tab – e.g. APA www.bibme.org Book Click on Book tab. Put in the title of the book and click Search books tab. If the correct book comes up click on Select tab and then change anything that is incorrect. If the correct book doesn’t come up click on Manual entry mode and fill in all the fields you need. Remember the publication details are usually on the title page and the back of the title page of a book.

47. Bibliographies When you have entered all your resources into whichever programme you are using you can then copy and paste them into a Word document or a Google doc. You may still need to edit from there so the spacing is correct. The entries need to be indented – all the lines after the first line in an entry should be set in from the margin.

48. REMEMBER TO CHECK IT IS APA STYLE You can always change it at the end, while you are still in the bibliography creation website.

49. Example of a completed bibliography The domino effect. (2008, July 3). The Economist. Retrieved fromhttp://www.economist.com/​node/​11667810?story_id=11667810http://www.economist.com/​node/​11667810?story_id=11667810 Gelkopf, M., Ryan, P., Cotton, S., & Berger, R. (2008). The impact of “training the trainers” for helping tsunami-survivor children on Sri Lankan disaster volunteer workers. International Journal of Stress Management, 15(2), 117–135. doi: 10.1037/1072-5245.15.2.117 Howe, J. (2007, November 16). Manawatu worth $8.1b. Manawatu Standard, p. 1. Jacobsen, W.C. & Forste, R. (2011). The Wired Generation: Academic and Social Outcomes of Electronic Media Use Among University students. CyberPsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 14(5). Retrieved from Academic Search Premier. Jianying, H. (2007, July). Qing tomb enigmas. China Today, 56(7), 72–76. Maclean, H. (1932). Nursing in New Zealand: History and reminiscences. Retrieved from http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-MacNurs.htmlhttp://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-MacNurs.html Ministry for Primary Industries. (2012). Rural communities. Retrieved fromhttp://www.mpi.govt.nz/agriculture/rural-communitieshttp://www.mpi.govt.nz/agriculture/rural-communities Sevillano, L. (2009, July 27). APA referencing: The basics [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SOEmM5gmTJMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SOEmM5gmTJM Smith, A. R. (2056). Teaching and learning in higher education. Auckland, New Zealand: University Books.

50. More information terms What is an abstract? A summary of the contents of a book, article, or speech (http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/abstract)http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/abstract What does ‘peer review’ mean? Evaluation of scientific, academic, or professional work by others working in the same field (http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/peer- review)http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definitio

51. Tertiary institution websites www.vuw.ac.nz www.massey.ac.nz www.otago.ac.nz www.auckland.ac.nz

52. Examples of tertiary institution information skills pages http://www.cite.auckland.ac.nz/ http://otago.libguides.com/selfhelp http://slc.otago.ac.nz/study-resources-guides-and-tips/ http://weltec.spydus.co.nz/cgi- bin/spydus.exe/MSGTRN/OPAC/HOME http://weltec.spydus.co.nz/cgi- bin/spydus.exe/MSGTRN/OPAC/HOME http://www.whitireia.ac.nz/resources/Pages/LibraryPage.aspx http://www.whitireia.ac.nz/student_services/Pages/PoutamaAcade micServices.aspx http://www.whitireia.ac.nz/student_services/Pages/PoutamaAcade micServices.aspx

53. More examples of tertiary institution information skills pages http://www.victoria.ac.nz/st_services/slss/ http://library.victoria.ac.nz/library- v2/research-and-study-help http://library.victoria.ac.nz/library- v2/research-and-study-help http://www.massey.ac.nz/massey/research/li brary/help-and-instruction/help-and- instruction_home.cfm http://www.massey.ac.nz/massey/research/li brary/help-and-instruction/help-and- instruction_home.cfm http://www.massey.ac.nz/massey/student- life/services-and-resources/academic-skills- support/academic-support_home.cfm http://www.massey.ac.nz/massey/student- life/services-and-resources/academic-skills- support/academic-support_home.cfm

54. Final words Familiarise yourself with both the physical and online libraries at your tertiary institution. Go to all the academic and library orientation sessions you can. Make friends with the librarians.