2. The Second World War

3. Questions What was the Holocaust? Why did another world war break out in Europe and in the Pacific in the late 1930s Why did the Allies win WWII? What innovations in warfare were introduced in WWII? How did WWII differ from WWI on the front lines and behind the lines?

4. German Anti-Semitism Germany had over 500,000 Jews in 1933 After Hitler came to power he passed laws preventing Jews from being professionals, holding jobs in the civil service and army, and attending universities 1935 Nuremburg Laws: –Jews and non-Jews could neither marry nor have sex –Jews were stripped of German citizenship –Jews were forced to wear Star of David on clothes Nov. 9, 1938 Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)- 1 st night where violence broke out.

5. 1933 1 Apr: One-day boycott of all Jewish businesses. 7 Apr: Most Jews in the civil service were forced to "retire" 25 Apr: Limit set on number of Jews students in high schools and gymnasiums 10 May: Buecherverbrennung public book burning of about 500 tons of books by or about Jews (Marx, Ernst Bloch, Freud, Magnus Hirschfeld, Heine, Heinrich Mann, Ernst Gl„ser, Erich Kaestner, Brecht, Erich Maria Remarque, Arthur Schnitzler, Ernest Hemingway, Jack London). 1935 6 Sep: Jewish newspapers cannot be sold on the street 15 Sep: Nurenberg Laws Jews stripped of German citizenship, can not display the German flag, can not employ in the home Germans under the age of 45, and marriage or relationships between Jews and non-Jews are forbidden. 1937 16 Nov: Passports for foreign travel to be issued to Jews only in "special circumstances." 1938 26 Apr: Jews must register all property valued over RM500 15 Jun: Any Jews ever convicted of any offense, including trafiic violations, was arraested. 23 Jul: All Jews over 15 years and older must carry a special ID card and must show it when ever dealing with a government official. 25 Jul: Licenses of Jewish doctors suspended; they may only treat Jews 27 Jul: All street names of Jewish origin are changed 17 Aug: All Jewish children born after 1 January 1939 must be named from an approved list of Jewish names. 9-10 Nov: Kristallnacht 200 synagogues destroyed; 7,500 shops looted; 30,000 Jews sent to camps; over 1,000 Jews killed 11 Nov: Jews cannot own weapons 12 Nov: Jews cannot own retail businesses, cannot attend public performances of plays, films, concerts, or exhibitions; Jews must pay RM1.25 million for damages caused on Kristallnacht. 15 Nov: All Jews expelled from schools 3 Dec: Jews cannot own cars or have drivers licenses 8 Dec: Jews expelled from universities

6. 1939 1 Jan: All Jews must add "Sarah" or "Israel" to their names 21 Feb: Jews must surrender all gold, silver, platinum, pearls, and gemstones 4 Mar: Jews leaving Germany can take only goods acquired before 30 Jan, 1933 except for gold, silver, platinum, pearls, and gemstones. It was permitted to take wedding rings, used silverware (two each of knifes, forks, spoons and soup spoons only). 3 Sep: Jewish curfew established 8.00 p.m. in winter, 9.00 p.m. in summer 23 Sep: Jews must hand in all radios 1 Dec: Jewish food ration reduced 1940 6 Feb: Jews cannot buy clothes or shoes 19 Feb: Jews can not have telephones Jul: Beginning of T4 euthanasia for Jewish mentally ill and infirm patients 1941 19 Sep: All Jews over the age of six must wear "a black, six-pointed tar of yellow material, as big as the palm of a hand, with the inscription 'Jew' sewn over the heart." 16 Oct: Jews forbidden to emigrate from Germany 16 Oct: General deportation of all Jews from Germany begins. 31 Oct: Jews still working cannot receive sick pay, vacations, or overtime pay. 26 Dec: Jews cannot use public phones 1942 5 Jan: Jews must hand in all woolens and furs. 17 Feb: Jews cannot subscribe to newspapers or magazines 26 Mar: Jews must affix a Star of David to the outside door 17 Apr: Jews cannot use public transportation 15 May: Jews cannot have pets 30 Jun: All Jewish schools closed 18 Sep: Jews cannot have rationed foods (meat, eggs, flour, milk and milk products) 9 Oct: Jews cannot buy books

7. Extermination Jews would be separated; those who might be used for labor were allowed to live, temporarily; the rest were taken to showers where poison gas would kill them. The dead would be hauled to crematoria and burned. The scale of the operation meant Germans and Poles must have known what was going on. Ultimately 6 million Jews were killed and about 5 million others were exterminated

8. Outbreak of War in Europe Aug 23, 1939 Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression pact Sept. 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland –Poland partitioned according to terms of Nazi-Soviet non- aggression pact –‘Blitzkrieg’ Sept. 3, 1939, Britain and France declared war on Germany –Through May 1940, Britain and France mustered troops in France –May 1940, German armies attacked through Belgium; France fell June, 1940

9. Battle of Britain, Summer 1940 Jan 1941 Germans entered war in N. Africa June 1941 Hitler invaded Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa) –At outskirts of Moscow by winter, Soviets burn everything as they retreat. Remember? Dec. 1941, Germany declared war on U.S. Nov. 1942 –U.S. landed in Africa –S.U. counterattack at Stalingrad Hitler’s War

10. The Second World War in Europe

11. Fall of Mussolini Mussolini as Hitler’s Puppet Mussolini’s Military Weakness Mussolini’s Demise

12. The Collapse of Nazi Germany Germany reaches Moscow and then Soviets counter attack. It’s winter time and Germany soldiers are in their summer uniforms. Hitler says no retreat. Scorched earth policy worked again. Germany gains nothing, loses 500,000. 1943-1945 Italian Campaign, Allies are coming from the south June 6, 1944 Normandy Invasion- D-Day (Operation Overlord, Eisenhower) Battle of the Bulge Dec. 1944 6 Million Soviet-3 Mil Allies head to Berlin May 8, 1945 Germany surrendered

13. Yalta: February, 1945  FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific war.  Stalin needs buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of influence and a weak Germany.  Churchill wants strong Germany as buffer against Stalin.  FDR argues for a ‘United Nations’.  Potsdam Conference, July 1945: Germany divided into 4 Zones (Truman)

14. Outbreak of War in Asia Emperor Hirohito wants to create empire in the Pacific. July 1940 U.S. Embargo –Aviation fuel and scrap metal September 1940 - Embargo on oil Dec. 7 1941 Japan attacks U.S. Pearl Harbor, “A day that will go down in infamy.” FDR Yamamoto vs. Mac Arthur

15. Pearl Harbor

16. Pearl Harbor Memorial 2,887 Americans Dead!

17. President Roosevelt Signs the US Declaration of War

18. Japanese forces Invade China 1931. By 1942 they control Philippines, Guam, Cambodia, Thailand, and Dutch East Indies.

19. The War in Asia June 4-7 1942 Battle of Midway (Turned the war in the Pacific against the Japanese) Aug. 1942-Feb 1943 Guadalcanal Oct. 1944 Philippines invaded Feb 19-March 16 1945: Iwo Jima –March 10, 1945 Firebombing of Tokyo Aug. 6 and 9 1945 Hiroshima and Nagasaki September 2, 1945 Japan surrenders (V-J Day)

20. Hiroshima – August 6, 1945  70,000 killed immediately  48,000 buildings. destroyed.  100,000s died of radiation poisoning & cancer later.

21. Nagasaki – August 9, 1945  40,000 killed immediately  60,000 injured.  100,000s died of radiation poisoning & cancer later.

22. New elements in warfare Tanks: Presence on battlefield prevented WWII from turning into into the hopeless stalemate of WWI Strategic Bombing: Use of large aircraft to knock out enemy industries and bomb enemy civilians Atomic Bomb: Forced Japan to surrender in Sept. 1945. The Ruins of Dresden

23. Military Aircraft Production, in thousands of Planes

24. Consequences of War Estimated 45-55 million dead Soviet Union lost 27 million Poland lost 6 million, incl. 3 million Jews Germans lost 5 million Germans killed between 12 and 20 million in their zones of occupation Germany and Berlin were divided into 4 occupation zones European economy was devastated U.S. ended war with 1/2 of the manufacturing capability on Earth Postwar Berlin

25. The Nuremberg War Trials: Crimes Against Humanity

26. Total War “Civilians must have the war brought home to them. Every individual must be made to see the immediacy of the danger to him.... He must be made to understand that he is an integral part of the war front, and that if he loses the war, he loses everything.” –Government Information Manual for the Motion Picture Industry U.S. Office of War Information

28. Total War Warfare in the industrial era meant that to fight and win, nations had to mobilize their entire population –Soldiers fought on front lines –Workers manned factories to make weapons –Farmers fed the soldiers and workers Industrialization made it possible for the state to direct the entire economy toward the war effort Civilians were regarded as legitimate casualties of war, since civilians manned factories, made weapons, and kept armies supplied