2. Learning About the World Science is a way of learning more about the natural world. Scientists want to know why, how, or when something occurred. This learning process usually begins by keeping your eyes open and asking questions about what you see. 1 What is science?

3. Asking Questions Science can attempt to answer many questions about the natural world, but some questions cannot be answered by science. Questions about art, politics, personal preference, or morality can’t be answered by science. Science can’t tell you what is right, wrong, good, or bad. 1 What is science?

4. Possible Explanations Science can answer a question only with the information available at the time. 1 What is science?

5. Possible Explanations As new information becomes available, explanations can be modified or discarded and new explanations can be made. 1 What is science?

6. Scientific Theories An attempt to explain a pattern observed repeatedly in the natural world is called a scientific theory. Theories in science must be supported by observations and results from many investigations. They are the best explanations that have been found so far. Example: The Theory of Plate Tectonics 1 What is science?

7. Scientific Theories Theories can change. As new data become available, scientists evaluate how the new data fit the theory. If enough new data do not support the theory, the theory can be changed to fit the new observations better. 1 What is science?

8. Scientific Laws A rule that describes a pattern in nature is a scientific law. For an observation to become a scientific law, it must be observed repeatedly. Example: Newton’s second law of motion 1 What is science?

9. Scientific Laws A law, however, does not explain why, for example, gravity exists or how it works. A law, unlike a theory, does not attempt to explain why something happens. It simply describes a pattern. 1 What is science?

10. Science Consistent: results can be repeated Which statement is scientific (consistent)? 1. green plants will grow toward a light source 2. Walking under a ladder will cause bad luck

11. Science is observable. Observations are limited to extensions of our senses (like microscopes). Which statement is scientific (observable) ? Some plants eat meat. Extraterrestrial beings have visited Earth.

12. Science is natural. Natural causes are used for explanations, not supernatural explanations. Which statement is scientific (natural)? Green plants convert sunlight to energy. A ghost caused the rocking chair to rock.

13. Science is predictable. Which statement is scientific (predictable)? Without sunlight green plants will die. If you are a scorpio, your horoscope for to day is “ You'll be saying I feel rich. Lunar position highlights back pay, refunds, correction of acct error”.

14. Science is testable. Reference to supernatural events/causes are not relevent tests Which statement is scientific (testable). The Bermuda Triangle causes ships and planes to sink and disappear. Life comes from life and cannot come from non-life.

15. Science is tentative. Which means it is subject to revision and correction, even proven wrong. Which statement is scientific (tentative)? The number of human chromosomes was once known to be 48, but is now considered to be 46. We know that ghosts exist, and nothing will change that.

16. To recap! Science is: Consistent Observable Natural Predictable Testable Tentative CONPTT

17. Do you believe everything you read or hear? 4 Evaluating Scientific Explanation Believe it or not? Think of something that someone told you that you didn’t believe. Chances are you looked at the facts you were given and decided that there wasn’t enough proof to make you believe it.

18. Protoscience: can be defined as near science. Tends to conform to most of the CONPTT criteria but falls short in one or more criteria. Pseudoscience : False science which is portrayed/advertised as legitimate science by followers or supporters Non-Science: may be logical and based on good reasoning, but do not fall within the realm of science=personal opinions, ethics, belief systems

19. Tree octopus http://zapatopi.net/tre eoctopus/ Science? Pseudoscience? Non science? Protoscience? http://zapatopi.net/tre eoctopus/

20. Perception is not always reality

25. KEY TO SUN-SIGN DATES T # DATES SUN SIGN 1 Mar 21-Apr 19 Aries 2 Apr 20-May 20 Taurus 3 May 21-Jun 21 Gemini 4 Jun 22-Jul 22 Cancer 5 Jul 23-Aug 22 Leo 6 Aug 23-Sep 22 Virgo 7 Sep 23-Oct 22 Libra 8 Oct 23-Nov 21 Scorpio 9 Nov 22-Dec 21 Sagittarius 10 Dec 22-Jan 19 Capricorn 11 Jan 19-Feb 18 Aquarius 12 Feb 19-Mar 20 Pisces

26. Directions 1. Look at the traits and interests sheet. Find the combination the matches you best 2. write down the number of your best match, and your birth date on a sheet of paper. 3. Indicate on the sheet if you think astrology give accurate information (yes) or not (No)

27. 4. Teacher redistributes sheets. You will not get your own. 5. Look at the key and mark HIT or MISS on the sheet. 6. Tally will be taken 7. fill out the worksheet

28. Vocabulary so far Science: Science is a way of learning more about the natural world. Scientific Theory: An attempt to explain a pattern observed repeatedly in the natural world is called a scientific theory. Scientific Law: A rule that describes a pattern in nature is a scientific law. CONPTT: Science is consistent, observable, natural, preditable, testable, tentative Protoscience: can be defined as near science. Tends to conform to most of the CONPTT criteria but falls short in one or more criteria. Pseudoscience : False science which is portrayed/advertised as legitimate science by followers or supporters Non-Science: may be logical and based on good reasoning, but do not fall within the realm of science=personal opinions, ethics, belief systems

29. Systems in Science A system is a collection of structures, cycles, and processes that relate to and interact with each other. The structures, cycles, and processes are the parts of a system, just like your stomach is one of the structures of your digestive system. 1 What is science?

30. Earth is a system Earth has 4 spheres Atmosphere (Air) Hydrosphere (Water) Geosphere (Land), Biosphere (Life), What happens in one sphere effects all the other spheres

31. Parts of a Whole All systems are made up of other systems. The human body is a system—within your body are other systems. 1 What is science?

32. Science and Technology Technology is the practical use of science, or applied science. 1 What is science?

33. 1 Section Check Question 1 A rule that describes a pattern in nature is known as _______. A. a scientific theory B. a scientific law C. a scientific hypothesis D. a scientific rule NC: 1.05

34. 1 Section Check Answer The answer is B. A scientific law only recognizes that patterns exist in nature; it doesn’t try to explain why they exist. When you drop a rock, it always falls—thanks to the law of gravity. NC: 1.05

35. An attempt to explain a pattern observed repeatedly in the natural world is called a a. scientific law b. scientific theory c. scientific rule

36. The correct answer is B. Scientific theories attempt to explain patterns in nature.

37. 1 Section Check Question 2 Studying how the sun makes energy is science. Putting this knowledge to use in making solar panels, however, is called _______. A. philosophy B. solar science C. technology D. the scientific method NC: 2.01

38. 1 Section Check Answer The correct answer is C. The term “technology” refers to the application of knowledge gained through the use of science. For example, understanding why natural gas burns is science; a gas-burning stove is technology. NC: 2.01

39. 1 Section Check Question 3 Which of the following questions cannot be answered by science? A. How old is the sun? B. How do volcanoes erupt? C. Should we be kind to strangers? D. Why is the sky blue? NC: 1.01

40. 1 Section Check Answer The answer is C. Moral questions cannot be answered by science. The other questions can be answered by the careful study of nature. NC: 1.01

41. Steps in the Scientific Method Ask a Question Construct a Hypothesis Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion Communicate Your Results Test 2 Science in Action.

42. Questioning and Observing Investigations often begin by making observations and asking questions. 2 Science in Action

43. The Hypothesis “A hypothesis is a reasonable and educated possible answer based on what you know and what you observe.” A hypothesis often follows a basic format of "If {this happens} then {this will happen}. 2 Science in Action “If {these changes are made to a certain independent variable}, then we will observe {a change in a specific dependent variable}."

44. Experiments Some questions ask about the effects of one factor on another. 2 Science in Action One way to investigate these kinds of questions is by doing a controlled experiment.

45. Experiments A controlled experiment involves changing one factor and observing its effect on another while keeping all other factors constant The control is a variable that is held constant. 2 Science in Action

46. Variables and Constants Variables are factors that can be changed in an experiment. Reliable experiments attempt to change one variable and observe the effect of this change on another variable. 2 Science in Action The variable that is changed in an experiment is called the independent variable.

47. Variables and Constants The dependent variable changes as a result of a change in the independent variable. 2 Science in Action It usually is the dependent variable that is observed in an experiment. Scientists attempt to keep all other variables constant—or unchanged. The variables that are not changed in an experiment are called constants.

48. Writing Hypothesis “If {these changes are made to a certain independent variable}, then we will observe {a change in a specific dependent variable}."

49. 2 Section Check Question 1 A(n) ________ is a reasonable, educated guess, based on observations and grounded in what is already known. A. analysis B. conclusion C. hypothesis D. theory NC: 1.05

50. 2 Section Check Answer The answer is C. A hypothesis is more than just a stab in the dark. It is based on what you already know and what you observed. NC: 1.05

51. 2 Section Check Question 2 How many factors are changed in a controlled experiment? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 NC: 1.04

52. 2 Section Check Answer The correct answer is A. If more than one factor is changed, then you don’t know which one caused the result. NC: 1.04

53. Just as you can take many different paths in an investigation, you can test a hypothesis in many different ways. 3 Models in Science Why are models necessary? In science, a model is any representation of an object or an event used as a tool for understanding the natural world.

54. Most models fall into three basic types— physical models, computer models, and idea models. 3 Models in Science Types of Models Scientists can choose to use one or more than one type of model.

55. Models that you can see and touch are called physical models. 3 Models in Science Physical Models Examples include things such as a tabletop solar system, a globe of Earth, a replica of the inside of a cell, or a gumdrop- toothpick model of a chemical compound.

56. Computer models are built using computer software. 3 Models in Science Computer Models You can’t touch them, but you can view them on a computer screen.

57. Some models are ideas or concepts that describe how someone thinks about something in the natural world. 3 Models in Science Idea Models Albert Einstein is famous for his theory of relativity. One of the most famous models Einstein used for his theory is the mathematical equation E = mc².

58. 3 Section Check Question 1 A meteorologist creates a program that predicts how a mass of cool air will interact when it hits a mass of warm air over the ocean. This is an example of a _______. A. computer model B. idea model C. physical model D. prototype model NC: 1.06

59. 3 Section Check Answer The answer is A. The meteorologist has used a computer to predict what the weather will be like. NC: 1.06

60. 3 Section Check Question 2 A paleontologist finds some scattered bones in the New Mexico desert. Carefully, she begins to reconnect them, filling in the missing spaces with clay. This is an example of _______. A. cell model B. computer model C. idea model D. physical model NC: 1.06

61. 3 Section Check Answer The correct answer is D. The paleontologist is creating a model that you can feel and touch. When she is finished, the model will give her a better idea of what the animal looked like and how it behaved. NC: 1.06

62. 3 Section Check Question 3 Physicists use a simple equation that describes the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration: f=ma. This equation itself is an example of a _______. A. computer model B. equation model C. idea model D. physical model NC: 1.06

63. 3 Section Check Answer The answer is C. While f=ma isn’t an object in space or an image on a computer screen, it still is a kind of model that helps us understand the world. f=ma NC: 1.06

64. A scientific investigation always contains observations— often called data. 4 Evaluating Scientific Explanation Evaluating the Data Data are gathered during a scientific investigation and can be recorded in the form of descriptions, tables, graphs, or drawings.

65. 4 Evaluating Scientific Explanation Evaluating the Data You should be cautious about believing any claim that is not supported by data.

66. The data given to back up a claim should be specific. 4 Evaluating Scientific Explanation Are the data specific? That means they need to be exact. When you are given specific data, a statement is more reliable and you are more likely to believe it.

67. An example of data in the form of a frequency table is shown. 4 Evaluating Scientific Explanation Are the data specific? A frequency table shows how many times types of data occur.

68. Scientists must take thorough notes at the time of an investigation. 4 Evaluating Scientific Explanation Take Good Notes Important details can be forgotten if you wait several hours or days before you write down your observations.

69. It is also important for you to write down every observation, including ones that you don’t expect. 4 Evaluating Scientific Explanation Take Good Notes Often, great discoveries are made when something unexpected happens in an investigation.

70. Scientists require repeatable evidence. 4 Evaluating Scientific Explanation Can the data be repeated? When a scientist describes an investigation, other scientists should be able to do the investigation and get the same results. The results must be repeatable.

71. When you think about a conclusion that someone has made, you can ask yourself two questions. 4 Evaluating Scientific Explanation Evaluating the Conclusions First, does the conclusion make sense? Second, are there any other possible explanations?

72. 4 Section Check Question 1 The formal term for observations made during a scientific experiment is_______. A. conclusion B. data C. hypothesis D. theories NC: 1.09

73. 4 Section Check Answer The answer is B. When you evaluate a scientific claim you should examine the data. Is it given? Does it support the claim? NC: 1.09

74. 4 Section Check Question 2 When supporting a claim, you’ll want to have data that is _______. A. impressive B. new C. made up D. specific NC: 1.05

75. 4 Section Check Answer The answer is D. The data should be as specific as possible, weeding out generalizations that don’t really help explain the world. NC: 1.05

76. 4 Section Check Question 3 Suppose a person claims to have done an experiment that made him briefly invisible but says that it cannot be done again. You would not believe this person, because _______. NC: 1.09

77. 4 Section Check A. Credible scientific experiments must be repeatable. B. It isn’t possible to become invisible. C. No one has ever turned invisible before. D. You were not there to see the experiment performed. NC: 1.09

78. 4 Section Check Answer The correct answer is A. All scientific experiments must be repeatable before the results can be believed. NC: 1.09