1. Demographic Characteristcs of Larnaka SWOT ANALYSIS By Elena Papageorgiou Architect, Local Team Expert, USUDS Larnaca

2. Growth Rates StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Higher increase of the districts's population (urban and rural area) in relation to the other provinces. New jobs Overconsumption of natural resources, eg water and formation of liquid and solid waste in excess Population weakening of urban shopping center by local residents Abandonment of the urban center with all its negative consequences (eg. quality of buildings, the urban center inhabited entirely by citizens of foreign countries) Higher population growth in the rural area. Increased demands on infrastructure due to dispersed population Trend of stagnation of productive ages in the urban area Trend of inhabiting rural settlements by people in the productive age Crowding due to residency of multiple users (students and foreign) in a single premise. Incresed crime

3. Social Profile StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Local social specificities Gradual loss of specific local (social) characteristics Specialization of development criteria and integration of local features into new developments Globalization Strong links between expatriates and strong social bonds of mutual support Lack of mechanisms for public information and awareness raising Integration of economic immigrants to strengthen the workforce Growing influx of economic migrants and incresing risk of social exclusion, as well as increasing needs of integration into the local economy and society Larnaka has the highest percentage of single persons

4. Age Profile StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Higher Life Expectancy Reversing of the population pyramid - Birth deficit and Trends in population aging Implementation of co- financed programs which will trigger the holding in of the population and stimulate the local economy. (Incentives for new areas to create a primary residence) Increasing rates of aging and growth trends in the non- economically active population Imbalance in the structure of the population. Population concentration, large age in the urban shopping center and the refugee settlements

5. Educational Profile and Workforce StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Educational level largely in secondary education in accordance to the national average Exploiting new technologies for education and training tailored to local circumstances Loss of scientific staff to other cities due to lack of opportunities. Existence of trained and skilled personnel especially in the following areas: trade, manufacturing, tourism and construction in which the Larnaka has a competitive advantage to the rest of the cities of Cyprus Improving skills and increasing the knowledge of human resources. Support for development of multi- activity of the local workforce. Low percentage of work force compared to other cities. Higher dependency ratio in relation to other cities. Utilization of the working age population Fairly high unemployment rate Job creation by focusing on: trade, manufacturing, tourism, and construction

6. Major Infrastructure of Larnaka SWOT ANALYSIS By Simos Nikolaou GIS & Mapping, Local Team Expert, USUDS Larnaca

7. Electrical Power Network, Power Stations (PS) (Vasiliko/Dhekelia) StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats The power stations which are based in Larnaka District represent 80% of the total installed capacity Larnaka is the most energetically "charged" city of Cyprus and could be established as a major energy partner of the Eastern Mediterranean Countries and Europe Claims from other cities to take on this major role The bounding of the stations at the North and South border of the District ensures the development of the coastal front Prospect for Larnaka to become centre of basic and supporting services to energy infrastructure (power stations, natural gas exploitation) Strategically located stations / nearest points to Middle East and NE Africa Synergies / partnerships with the wider Eastern Mediterranean area / “energy bridge” between the European Union, Middle East and NE Africa The Vasiliko power station is adjacent to the space reserved for the upcoming natural gas facilities The main station of Vasiliko due to its location which is among other important infrastructure is restricted Supporting economic activities (procurement, technical operations, etc.) Damage in case of direct or indirect accidents / collateral effects “Hard infrastructure” Plantation of the surrounding area Environmental hazards from pollutants The Dhekelia power station is located inside the British base border /limited space for possible future expansion for both stations/close to residential and tourist area

8. Electrical Power Network, Power Stations (PS) (Vasiliko/Dhekelia) StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats AccessibilityOccupation of coastal area Parallel synergies with the private sector (maritime and land transport, physical infrastructure) Interventions in the sea (commitment of marine area) Underwater pipelines(fuel leaks/spillage) Sufficient load and providence for future large- scale deployments Large fuel tanks Comprehensive dependency on imported fuels Upgrade for use of alternative energy sources (natural gas) Large fluctuations in load demand (winter / summer) Synergies with private organizations to invest in the renewable energy sector in order to produce part of the additional energy needed during the summer period The number of employees at both stations stands at 370 persons / qualified and experienced technical and scientific personnel / effective response to mechanical or system failures / Comparative advantage for Larnaca High operating costs Increase efficiency / productivity Personnel training in new technologies

9. Electrical Power Network, Power Stations (PS) (Vasiliko/Dhekelia) StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Limited use fiber optics network Expanding of fiber optics network Larnaca is a base for important infrastructure units / clients of the power producer organization Increased consumption in the city and province of Larnaca, in relation to the population, mainly due to the existence of large infrastructure (desalination plants, airport, Vasilikos cement works, landfills) Investment attraction for new RES power plants with / Conditions for new jobs Compared to other European countries the prices per Kwh is high Prospect of using natural gas (interim solution) and medium term prospect of using own fuel sources / drastic price drop Restrictive factor for new developments

10. Electrical Power Network, Transmission and Distribution Network StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Complete network / microsystem thus fewer losses A large percentage is placed above the ground Underground network where possible Magnetic fields Reliable Losses of power lines (wear, dust, humidity) Maintenance / replacement / improvement cables / substations A large proportion of the transmission is placed in the rural areas of the District / a small percentage in residential areas Move the transmission network in non-residential areas Fragmentation of regions and space occupancy / development constraints Accessible to new developments and RES Isolated system / network from other nearby systems Attract new developments and RES

11. Electrical Power Network, Renewable Energy Sources (RES) StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Major economic activity Parallel economic support activities Strengthening of position as the prime power generation District Attracting investors for new energy production plants from RES Research / innovation Involvement o the private sector / universities from Cyprus and abroad to invest in research programs / school establishments of the relevant scientific community based in Larnaka Use of other renewable energy sources such as wave power EmploymentEnrichment in new jobs

12. Communications, Network / Mobile / Internet StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Complete network Space consuming of above ground network and mobility restrictions Gradual under grounding of the existing network Magnetic fields Underground network in commercial city centre Installation of an underground network mainly in new developments Accessibility Fast installation process Reliable telephony system Universal mobile phone signal reception throughout the city Direct technical support / installation / repair of faults Continuous upgrading of services / new technologies

13. Communications, Wireless network / WiFi StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Free wireless Internet access in places like Athens Avenue, the Mackenzie beach, the airport and a variety of leisure centres on the waterfront and commercial centre Low internet speeds Extension of free wireless network to other areas like main commercial roads and squares / comparative advantage / empowerment of mobility Unable to connect vertically (at a height) / low internet speeds Erection of aerials at points so as to facilitate connections from a height and to maximize connection speeds Weak signal receptionImprove existing provision

14. Communications, Fiber Optics StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Insufficient networkReplacing the existing network with fiber optics network / achievement of high speed internet connection /clear and uninterrupted communication / maximizing entrepreneurship /e- governance

15. Water supply/Desalination, Resources/Water Tanks/Desalination StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Ability of the Larnaca Water Board (LWB) to provide 35% of total consumption in the Municipality of Larnaca from its own sources During drought, the ability of the LWB goes down to 2% During drought periods Larnaka becomes completely dependent on water supply from government sources Provision of water supply in case of new developments Prospect for new developments Easy interface to the network Immediate response in case of damages/leakages Good water quality During drought the non- continuous flow of water creates problems of deterioration of water quality Upgrading of the water quality Construction of new reservoirs(water tanks) Water from sources to pipe network systems flows by gravity (topography of the region)/less pumping stations

16. Water supply/Desalination, Desalination StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Both desalination works are located in Larnaka (Dhekelia/Larnaka airport) Moderate water quality Research / innovation to improve production methods and water quality Environmental Increased production costs and pricing RES for power stations desalination Interruption of coastal front of (Mackenzie/Meneou) Underwater pipeline / commitment of marine space Creation of brine in the sea area near the Mackenzie beach

17. Water supply/Desalination Consumption/Losses/Pipping /Establishments StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Constant consumption. Decrease of losses percentage from 27% in 2011 to 25% in 2012 Losses of the overall water supply(27% in 2011) Improvement/replacement of piping network, meters, leakage detector instruments/control of system pressure Seismic area(system instability/damages) Savings of water by civilians/successful LWB campaign Creation of a unified water management organization Complete Piping Network Low rate of new connections/increasing rate of “zero reading” water meters Use of improved instruments to locate leakages Old technology water meters Leakages Insufficient funding Uninterrupted supply Measures for restricted supply of water during droughts Replacement of piping in reconstructed streets/squares/neighbourho ods Existence of asbestos/iron pipes(large numbers) Programming/planning for old piping system Danger for public health

18. Sewerage System, Installations/sewerage system StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats The waterfront zone(phase A’) fully completed and fully functional Topography – use of pipes with large diameter and powerful pumping stations Synergies with the surrounding communities for a sustainable support Seismic area(system instability/damages/ saltwater intrusion Phase B’ will be completed in 2015(final phase) Incomplete system Incorporation of Dromolaxia, Meneou, Kiti, pervolia(phase B’) Incorporation of new areas Implementation of European directive Insufficient funding Improved quality of life Odour/nuisance during operation – dust/traffic issues during construction works Good management of waste water/tertiary treatment Use of chemicals Extension and upgrading of the waste water treatment plant(from 46,000 to 100,000 population) Use of RES to empower the system Usage of treated waterDischarge of treated water in the sea in cases of disposal issues Environmental issues

19. Storm water system, Installations/Storm water system StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats The system maintenance and upgrading is performed by the Larnaka Sewerage and Drainage Board, the municipality of Larnaka and the Public Works Department Many and large pumping stations Creation of a unified management body Flooding Intrusion of other waste into the system Cooperation of the municipality of Larnaka with the surrounding municipalities and communities for a more sufficient storm water management Construction of the network for the problematic areas of Prodromou and Sotiras by LSDB The mentioned areas face great problems during the raining season Advance projects for a more effective system Insufficient funding

20. Port/Marina StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Natural Port Attractiveness / safety Climate change / rising water level The easternmost port / gateway in Cyprus / Europe The location (in the middle of the coastal front of the city) probably reduces the prospects for increased trade directions Tourism / trade / transit tradeFamagusta port The nearest in Middle East, Suez Canal International economic activities Very close to the largest airport of the island Development as a fly – cruise port Antagonism in Cyprus and the region Single location with Larnaka Marina Configuration based on a single mutually expansion Synergies to increase turnover Development of specialized tourism Accessible / close to other urban centers Parallel national and local economic activities / supportive activities Connected with quite good and efficient road network Close to the large and important tourist area of Ayia Napa and Paralimni Gas terminal / fuel / power stations in the adjacent land and sea area Development of maritime and other activities in relation to other major infrastructure or work in the energy sector

21. Port/Marina StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Designated 540,000 m ² in the heart of the city Surrounded by residential areas Modulation scheme of the region port / marina Saturation Reduced possibilities for expansion / lack of space Small turning circle ships (300) / shallow (10-12m) / limited platforms - large expense improvement in the above Inadequate port equipment Gradual replacement program required equipment / buying services from private sector Limited storage space Development of new modern warehouses / logistics activities Employment Synergies with the private sector / employment growth

22. Airport StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Very close but not within the city The delineation of interrupts the seafront in an area with heavy recreational activity Road underground link these two sites (Mackenzie-tions) Risk of accidents with far- reaching consequences Adjacent to the salt lakes Environmental hazards mainly in relation to the neighboring airport Larnaca Salt Lake Airport zone/ growth restriction Nuisance (noise) The main entrance / exit to the island Increasing use of the airport at an international / national / local level Uninterrupted interface with the national road network New project / modern / adequate / efficient Poor equipment systems guiding aircraft in case of bad weather (mainly due to visibility) resulting in limited deployments tall buildings in the surrounding area Installing modern aircraft guidance systems in case of difficult weather conditions Area nearly 6 million m ² Unused space (empty or occupied space with older construction) Development of turnover / extension of terminal Small storage facilities Infrastructure development of transit trade Limited to non-existent parallel and collateral economic activities Convert from airport to Aeropoli Development of parallel economic activities / development of tourism and other supporting businesses Close to the energy infrastructure upcoming infrastructure pumping and liquefaction and trading of natural gas Business development activities related to energy / natural gas Employment Additional job opportunities

23. Fuel Terminal StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats The unique terminal fuel island (which lays the coastal front of the city, next to the port) Fragmentation of the city and especially the coastal front Relocation of the fuel terminal Safety / environmental threat (accidents / spills at sea and ashore) / collateral damages Occupation of long coastal strip (3km long) Annihilation of any thought for tourism development Commitment large terrestrial and marine areas (tanks / pipes) All functional stocks of the island are stored in this space Part of state strategic reserves stored in the tanks of the former refinery Strong energy presence in the wider Middle East region Important economic activityAnnoyance / Pollution Collateral economic activities Tankers traffic to and from the city Employment

24. Infrastructure of local significance, Transportation StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Large fleetFew medium-sized vehicles Fleet expansion in medium- sized buses Multiple routesInsufficient traffic lanes Setting new lanes/formatting dividing lines/fight illegal parking Fair condition of bus stationsUpgrade stopping points/ installation of electronic- interactive information panels

25. Infrastructure of local significance, Industrial areas / Husbandry / Fisheries StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Large capacity of industrial areas/zones Near residential areas/ fragmentation of areas repositioning and reassessment of units / capacity Numerous animal husbandry units Environmental burdens/ nuisance Exploitation of RES (biogas) Expansion and development dairy and meat production industries Several fishing sheltersDifficult access/degradedUpgrading through their modernization and their connection with local communities / parallel improvement of other economic activities

26. Infrastructure of local significance, Health StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats The construction of the new governmental hospital building Old buildings / degraded equipment / few beds Expansion and involvement of the private sector health service / incentives for specialized medical centres Employment

27. Infrastructure of local significance, Education StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Several school buildings The location of the educational institutions in the city could be more decentralized Construction of new modern buildings in new residential areas / conversion of some of the existing school institutions to specialized schools The school premises are in good condition The open spaces are underused Formation of open spaces for greater use by students and citizens Expansion of the green areas Use and maintenance of old/listed buildings Conversion to educational cultural centres Presence of higher private institutions Absence of state universitiesDevelopment of state universities in the fields of energy/RES

28. Environmental wealth and environmental factors of Larnaka SWOT ANALYSIS By Thomas Thompson Environmental Scientist, Local Team Expert, USUDS Larnaca

29. Topography, Climate, Climate change StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Larnaka Municipality has 12.7km of coastline Ecological value, heritage value and economic value is all based on the coastline of Larnaka Land uses are flexible. Walking and cycling is achieved easily because of topography. The coastline is interrupted by industrial installations which have been constructed next to the sea before urban growth of the City. Create sustainable coastline, fully accessible via green transport. New walking and cycling routes can be easily achieved because of topography Create a green brand of Larnaka where skilled workforce will want to live and work, and is attractive to visitors in a different way to other towns in Cyprus. The Coastline is vulnerable to coastal erosion and climate change Immediate economic needs encourage short term development thinking. Extremes in weather reduce quality of life for inhabitants and tourists. Tourists are attracted by the good weather (300 days of sunshine per year) June, July and August often have temperatures of over 40 degrees. Potential for the creation of new jobs in the renewable energy sector Upgrading of transport using low emission vehicles Create observatory for climate change monitoring in Cyprus and local area. Create Environmental research and educational establishments Desertification Storm surges Urban flood risk Sea level rise Topography helps farming activities Implementation and development of Eco-tourism plan Ecologically sensitive farming, through water re- use, organic farming, native species, use of fertilzers etc. Threat to rural livelihoods such as farming become less viable. Crop water demand will increase and supply will fall. Lower heating bills Increased demand for energy due to air conditioning load.

30. Natural Water Resources StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Sewerage system prevents pollution of surface and groundwater. Stormwater control system prevents flooding. Groundwater recharge is not optimised Groundwater contamination is more likely due to depletion Urbanisation creates more impervious surfaces Opportunities could be explored for sustainable drainage systems at point of use/reception as well as further down the stormwater system. Incorporate SUDS into existing projects (e.g Kamares river) Sea flooding Coastal erosion Groundwater contamination Urban flooding Groundwater provides a resource for drinking water and irrigation. Quantity of water is declining - Low groundwater levels Improved technology for quality of tertiary treated wastewater means that it could be used to recharge groundwater Desalinated water provides drinking water taking pressure off boreholes. Currently the high energy demand is primarily met through electricity from fossil fuels. Solar powered desalination Over-reliance on desalinated water could undermine the need to preserve natural water bodies.

31. Biodiversity StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Salt Lakes are a big area of natural wealth Natura zone is accessible due to topography and close proximity to the urban centre of Larnaka Big area inevitably is under pressure of encroachment from other developments both residential and industrial. Infrastructure needs continue to be met through the natura zone. Many designations for conservation indicates the importance of the area Uses of the area are not clearly defined in terms of amenity, conservation and education. Create performance Indicators for biodiversity targets for continual improvement, transparency and achievement of green brand for Larnaka. Species lists need to be continually updated and communicated e.g. new environmental education centre. Creation of a botanical gardens, charitable foundation, visitors centre, garden centre, upmarket cafés etc Water balance of area may be threatened without adequate measures for protection. Tertiary treated water storage ponds attract birdlife. Airport divides the natural state of the salt lakes. Carbon ofsetting program to Ecosystem vulnerable to climate change Attracts visitors both nationally and internationally. The salt lakes are located close to the urban centre of Larnaka making them more vulnerable to man made acrivities. Ecotourism opportunities could be more fully embraced in the surrounding areas. Certain areas could be targeted to benefit from growth of eco-tourism. Pressure to create tourist developments quickly and cheaply may not complement biodiversity and ecotourism.

32. Air Quality StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Monitoring Programs in place from the department of Labour inspection Sahara dust is difficult manage as it is transboundary. Create performance Indicators for air quality targets for continual improvement, transparency and achievement of a green brand for Larnaka. Combine work of DLI with municipal targets Further improve communication of particulate monitoring to Larnaka residents and visitors. Create well ventilated, low-traffic, vegetated areas. Renewable energy sources to be implemented across all procurement projects and municipal buildings Hybrid Vehicles enable the full transition to electric vehicles Poor quality of life in Larnaka through dusty, hot and traffic congested areas. Human health suffering through increased mortality and health risks to vulnerable groups. Poor use of data High quality communication tool through the website of DLI. Sahara dust has a very high impact on particulate level. Historical inventory available through SMAP project. All sources of particulates are not easily identifiable.

33. Waste Management StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats MBT plant has reduced the Landfill burden. Modern sanitary landfill disposal Recycling at source has become established across Larnaka and Cyprus. High production of municipal waste Low level of recycling at source Currently limited uses for composted material. Cost of disposal is high due to overeliance of expensive MBT plant. Create zero waste Larnaka Recycling businesses to use waste as a resource. Energy from waste opportunities. MBT plants are used as a reason for poor recycling at source performance. Recycling businesses may not be optimised. Uncontrolled disposal areas are a threat to land contamination, surface and groundwater contamination as well as environmental risk and climate change emission liability from landfill gas.

34. Socio-economic data of Larnaka SWOT ANALYSIS By Dr. Constantinos Charalambous Economist, Department of research and Development Director, PA College

35. GDP, Production StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats A fairly significant percentage of companies are located in Larnaca in the areas of retail, manufacturing, transport and construction The areas of government agencies, real estate and financial services accounted for 31% of GDP. Only 6% of these companies are located in Larnaca The GDP is expected to reduce for the years 2013, 2014 according to surveys carried out by PIMCO Significant increase in the number of companies in the construction sector in Larnaca. This sector accounts for 9% of GDP. The construction sector may result in future benefits with the right investment. Investment loss can lead to a reduction of the competitive advantage of Larnaca in all sectors.

36. Work StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Larnaca is the third largest employer from the cities of Cyprus Larnaca is showing an increase in work in 8 areas while nationwide the work increase is shown only in 4 areas Increase in employment in the construction sector that was recognized as the export sector Demand for health services by foreign investors in the Larnaca District Reduction in unemployment in important areas such as manufacturing compared to national rates Reduction in work in the areas of real estate and administration The financial sector may develop with the restructuring of the sector

37. Trade, Construction, Manufacture StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats These areas were identified as export areas from the location quotient model Lack of production in the manufacture of chemical and pharmaceutical products which are exported abroad The mining sector is the second largest export sector abroad. With the right strategy, Larnaca can derive income from this sector

38. Tourism StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats The percentage of tourists who visit Larnaca has increased in recent years. Larnaca is the fifth option for tourists after Pafos, Paralimni, Ayia Napa and Limassol. Cooperation with tour operators can lead to an increase in the number of visitors to Larnaca. Tourist investment in other cities of Cyprus can lead to a decrease in visitors to the city. Larnaca boasts the highest percentage of Deluxe apartments. Absence of 3 and 5- star hotels. Increased demand for tourist apartments A class. Larnaca has 46% of traditional tourist apartments nationwide. Larnaca has a low occupancy rate in tourist accommodations. The privatization of Cyprus Airways will have impacts to the tourism industry in Larnaca. The development of the Port and Marina will lead to an increase in the number of tourists in Larnaca.

39. Athletic Tourism StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Larnaca hosts 25% of sports visitors Most sports visitors to Larnaca are involved in Triathlon and cycling Larnaca does not attract golfing tourism European participations of football teams based in Larnaca will lead to an increase of sports tourism Opportunity for differentiation in sports tourism The move of the petroleum storage facilities gives the opportunity for the development of an important area in the beach front

40. Export Base Analysis StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats The EBA recognizes 10 export sectors for Larnaca The EBA recognizes 11 import sectors for Larnaca The EBA recognizes 4 import sectors that can be converted easily to export sectors The EBA identifies the sectors of construction, real estate and retail trade as export sectors that can easily be converted into import sectors Many jobs are created due to the export sectors The education sector has been recognized as an import sector. This sector has a large work multiplier. Job creation in other sectors through the work multiplier.

41. Shift and Share Analysis StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats All sectors developed in Larnaca between 2009-2010 12 sectors gain a comparative advantage 9 sectors lose a competitive advantage. Some of these are export sectors Larnaca has a comparative advantage in manufacturing, trade, transport and construction Mining, electricity generation and real estate have a reduced comparative advantage

42. Urban design and urban planning parameters of Larnaka SWOT ANALYSIS By Constantina Constantinidou Architect, Local Team Leader / Coordinator, USUDS Larnaca

43. Geographical Position StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Centralized position in Cyprus Non-centralized position at EU level Exploiting geographical position in various industries, trade, tourism, logistics etc. Will be less centralized after a possible solution to the Cyprus problem. The easternmost city - gateway of EU Coastal town

44. Development institutional framework Town planning and land development control system StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Existence of legislation (the Town and Country Planning Act and the Roads and Buildings Law) Non-flexible / rigid institutional framework lengthy revisions and updating based on horizontal regulations without local character Develop and implement a Strategic Development Plan of the city that will be reviewed and monitored at regular intervals I n Cyprus, the urban audit is carried out on many levels (Minister of Interior, Director of Planning, City Council, Council Study Deviations) The Local Plans prepared by the Central Government rather than municipalities Careful transfer of powers drawing from experience from Europe Politicized planning takes place without technocratic understanding with the possible transfer of powers from central government to the municipalities Ineffective public participation Encourage citizen participation to improve participatory planning More delays Lack of an Island Plan The Publication of a new legislation that is compatible with EU standards Lack of integrated regional planning and lack of adoption of a polycentric spatial policy Absorption of financing from European funds for creation of a regional development plan Reduced coordination and inadequate timing of various actors (e.g. ministries, services) that lead to complex and lengthy permitting procedures More delays There are no tools for documenting the law (e.g. traffic impact studies)

45. Development institutional framework administrative structure StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Existence of legislation and the support of the local governance in the field of development policy Administrative fragmentation of the Larnaka District (Municipality of Larnaka, Aradippou, Athienou Lefkara Levadia, Dromolaxia- Meneou) Promote the restructuring of the Cypriot local government with associations of municipalities Leveling out of the various physiognomic characteristics of the various regions Weaknesses and vulnerabilities of the Cyprus Local Government Create metropolitan municipalities with economies of scale Failure to exercise regional convergence policies Networking with other urban centers for resource utilization

46. Planning Zones StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Relaxation of laws for development in some areas due to lack of space (within the tourist areas apart from hotel or tourist developments, the use of residential housing for tourism is allowed) The majority of some areas are fully developed (industrial, tourism) Possibility of defining new socio- economic or urban areas (e.g. Zones for Special Financial Assistance, Social Factor Zone)

47. Land Use StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats The is a defined land use map for Larnaka as part of the Local Plan Enormous pressures and appeals to the Supreme Court by the land owners Setting incentives / measures for the removal of incompatible uses Costly removal of some uses (e.g. high cost of the decontamination of the fuel terminal in Dhekelia) Absence of action with regards enclosed plots Ability of implementing urban consolidation

48. Natural and Urban characteristics StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Geographical location, Mediterranean climate, landscape, long seafront, level terrain, interesting hinterland, natural harbour, rich natural environment Water bodies within the Larnaka District all flow into the sea within the district which is the lowest level for runoff Utilization of the geographical location, the seafront, topography, the microclimate and the water bodies Climate change (erosion of seafront, floods, rising sea levels) Fragmentation of the urban fabric by technical barriers (e.g. industrial zones, the fuel storage facilities, airport, port) Quick & fragmented interventions Correction of urban fabric with compact developments Lack of large vacant plots Exploitation of land development for plots owned by the Government, the Church and the Municipality Lack of good quality built environment Creating a distinctive identity of the city (city branding) Limitations on growth due to the ownership status of land plots

49. Network / Transport StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Excellent international accessibility via networks and the ability of combined modes of transport (maritime, air) Low utilization of port facilities particularly with access to international markets and the development of maritime transport Upgrading of port infrastructure with the objective being the increase of the level of service of trade and tourism (fly and cruise) Effect of climate change on maritime transport Satisfactory and comprehensive road network within the city Poor design that is exacerbating the traffic problem (e.g. Difficulty with pedestrian and bicycle movements, low number of parking spaces in the center of Larnaka, low use of public transport) Increased accessibility for people with disabilities Combined multimodal transport The design and construction of a pedestrian and cycle network Measures of traffic management and additional provision of parking spaces Large municipal costs for conversion of existing road network into a viable / sustainable road network Effort has been made to upgrade public transport Absence of local government decisions during the upgrading of public transport Involvement of local government in the decisions and solutions for the upgrading of public transport Implementation of new technologies Harnessing renewable energy sources and local funds

50. Economic activities StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Large key infrastructures (airport, port, marina, petroleum storage facilities) and designated spatial policy (free trade zone, industrial areas) Incompatible uses in residential zones Attracting local and foreign investment to modernize existing developments and create new (development of Port, Marina and large land plots, relocation of petroleum storage facilities, re-use of old airport) Inability to attract foreign investment, due to the current economic situation and the prevailing culture Multitude of options for siting economic activities An increase of economic activities and infrastructure based in Larnaka has not been achieved Development of specific sectors in which the city has a comparative advantage Competitiveness of large infrastructures (airport, port, marina) Long length of seafront for recreation and tourism The port and marina not used to their full abilities and require upgrading Public-private partnerships or integration of the city into an international collaborative network for utilization of community resources Insufficient resources and difficulty in ensuring the necessary EU and national resources to finance projects Unorganized industrial zones with a problematic location and lack of complementary infrastructure Strengthening the identity of the industrial sector Most tourist areas are sited in the coastal strip with insufficient tourist accommodation and shortage of land plots for development Capacities for attracting alternative forms of tourism (conference, gastronomy, sports, educational, medical, eco- tourism etc.)

51. Environment : natural environment StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Excellent natural environment (salt lakes, important waterfront, diversity in the hinterland, microclimate) Fragmentation of the natural environment from the built environment (separation of the salt lakes and the coastal front due to the siting of the airport, the central location of the port and marina on the waterfront) Possibility of exploiting the coastline by moving the fuel storage terminal at Dhekelia and conversion of the salt lake to an urban park to mark the start of the distinct identity of Larnaka Risk of environmental impacts (coastal erosion, desertification due to weather conditions, pollution, mainly from industrial developments or the airport, urban development, inland runoff to the salt lakes) Harmonization with EU policies Management of natural resources and environmental protection Growing environmental awareness There is no single operator for the environment Create a single agency environment from affiliate services (e.g. water and sewerage boards) and university involvement in environmental issues Local plan provisions allowing development in sensitive environmental areas Modern environmental infrastructure (Larnaka Sewerage Board, the landfill, environmental observatory, recycling) Decentralization of services from the Department of Environment (e.g. monitoring committee for the salt lakes)

52. Environment : Cultural Environment / Conservation StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Existence of a rich cultural heritage (Ancient Kition, sacred monuments) The small sample of archaeological sites (due to physical destruction and recycling of materials from earliest settlements to create new cities) makes them unattractive and attract few visitors Economic factors are hindering the restoration of ancient monuments Declared preserved / listed as well as important traditional buildings Low level of maintenance and / or abandonment of important traditional buildings Better utilization and application of laws and incentives for the maintenance of traditional buildings Lack of personal interest for restoration or maintenance of traditional buildings and pressure from private owners for demolition of important traditional buildings and development of new Rich hinterland of historic settlements and traditions (Choirokitia, Lefkara Stavronouni) Limited promotion of the rich hinterland (Choirokitia, Lefkara Stavronouni) Promotion of the hinterland with cultural / thematic routes (Kornos - Pottery, Lefkara - Needlework) Problems due to land Ownership Satisfactory cultural infrastructure (museums, theatres, auditoriums, cinemas, platforms) There are no major/large thematic areas for specific events (conference centres, themed museums e.g. for goldsmiths) Year round cultural events (Larnaka festival) Events of recreational nature that reproduce but do not produce culture Designated places of traditional occupations (pottery, silversmithing) A small number of traditional craftsmen Workshops for the transfer of knowledge by traditional craftsmen Abandoning of traditional occupations/crafts

53. Environment : Built environment StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Existence of productive infrastructure (e.g. organized areas for industrial activities, sufficient energy supply networks, modern environmental infrastructure such as the landfill in Koshi) Improvement / upgrading of productive infrastructure Incomplete infrastructure utilities that need to be upgraded or completed (e.g. roads, drainage network) Improvement / upgrading of infrastructure utilities Existence of scattered green spaces / parks / playgrounds Lack of improvement of the built space (reduced urban regeneration and the and non - utilization of brownfield sites) Improvement of the built space with urban regeneration projects

54. Thank you Local Team, USUDS Larnaca