1. Refraction, Lenses, & Color Created by Stephanie Ingle Kingwood High School Revised 5/09 by Susan Butler

2. Refraction The bending of light when it enters a different medium at an angle due to a change in speed. Light slows down and bends toward the normal when entering a more optically dense medium (greater n). Light speeds up and bends away from the normal when entering a less optically dense medium (smaller n). Air (n = 1.00) Glass (n=1.50) Air (n = 1.00)

3. Snell’s Law Angles are always measured from the normal, never the surface rr ii incident ray refracted ray normal Boundary Air (n i =1.00) Water (n r = 1.33) n = index of refraction for the medium

4. Index of Refraction Light changes speed (v) as it enters a new medium In a vacuum the speed of light (c) is 3.0 x 10 8 m/s The index of refraction (n) of a material is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in the material. Index of refraction has no units!

5. Critical Angle The angle of incidence that causes the angle of refraction to be 90 o The refracted ray is tangent to the boundary between mediums Only possible when going from a more optically dense (high index of refraction) to less optically dense medium (low index of refraction) n i > n r n=1 n=1.5 cc  r =90 0

6. Total Internal Reflection When the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle, the light does not cross the boundary into the new medium or refract. All of the light is reflected back into the incident (denser) medium according to the Law of Reflection (angle of incidence = angle of reflection) Application – fiber optic cables

7. Prisms Makes white light split up or disperse into the color spectrum The index of refraction depends on the wavelength of light so different colors of light bend or refract at different angles.

8. Dispersion The process of separating white light into its component wavelengths (or colors). As wavelength decreases, the index of refraction increases. Blue light refracts more than red light since it has a shorter wavelength and thus a larger index of refraction.

9. Diffraction The spreading out of light or other waves in the region behind an obstruction as they go around it or as they go between two obstructions.

10. Concave Lenses Thicker at the edges than in the center Parallel rays of light from a far object will refract through the lens and diverge as if they came from the focal point in front. Concave lenses are also called “diverging lenses”. Light may come in from either side of lens so there will be a focal point on both sides equal distances from the lens (assuming symmetrical lenses).

11. Convex Lenses Thicker in the center than at the edges Parallel rays of light from a far object will refract through the lens and converge at the focal point on the other side of the lens. Convex lenses are “converging lenses”. Light may come in from either side of lens so there will be a focal point on both sides equal distances from the lens (assuming symmetrical lenses).

12. Calculations f = focal length d o = object distance d i = image distance h i = image height h o = object height M = magnification

13. Interpreting Calculations Focal length (f) convex or converging lens, f = + concave or diverging lens, f = - Image distance (d i ) d i =+, image is real & on opposite side of object d o = -, image is virtual & on same side as object Magnification (M) M & h i = +, image is upright M & h i = -, image is inverted

14. Ray Diagram Convex Lens (d o >f) Draw 2 - 3 rays from tip of object: 1) parallel, then through primary f 2) through the center of the lens 3) through the front f, then parallel 4) Image is located where the refracted rays converge Image is real & inverted f ’ f image object

15. Ray Diagram Convex Lens (Inside f) Draw 2-3 rays from tip of object: 1) parallel, then through primary f 2) through the center of the lens 3) from f on same side through tip of the object, then parallel 4) Extend the refracted rays back (dashed lines) to locate the image Image is virtual, Upright, & larger f ‘ image f object

16. Ray Diagram Concave Lens Image is virtual, upright, & smaller ff concave lens (axis) object image Draw 2-3 rays from tip of object & refract at vertical line: 1) parallel, then refracted ray from f on same side of lens 2) through the center of lens 3) to lens along a line that would pass through f on the other side of lens, then parallel 4) Extend refracted rays back (dashed lines) to locate image

17. Polarizing filters Only allows light to pass through in one plane Light is reduced by one-half Sunglasses – polarized vertically, cuts out the horizontal components of light to reduce glare from horizontal surfaces such as sand or water

18. Photoelectric Effect When light of certain frequencies shine on a surface, electrons are emitted from the surface. Accounted for by the photon or particle theory of light. Many applications such solar panels, photomultiplier tubes (or PMTs used in high energy physics to study particle collisions), and photocells (which operate switches or relays for automatic door openers and burgular alarms).

19. Light and Color REDGREENBLUEThere are 3 primary colors of light RED, GREEN, & BLUE WhiteWhen these colors of light are mixed… White Light is produced This process is called color addition

20. Color Addition (Light) RedGreenYellowRed + Green = Yellow RedBlueMagentaRed + Blue = Magenta BlueGreenCyanBlue + Green = Cyan RedGreenBlueWhiteRed + Green + Blue = White YellowMagentaCyanYellow, Magenta, and Cyan are called the secondary colors of light because they are produced using 2 of the primary colors.

21. Pigments Pigments work on the principle of color subtraction. The light we see is reflected light. A pigment of a certain color will reflect only that color of light and absorb all other frequencies. Example: A blue shirt will reflect incident blue light and absorb red and green.

22. Primary Pigments magentacyanyellow The primary pigment colors are magenta, cyan, and yellow because they absorb only one frequency of color. Yellowbluered green Yellow absorbs blue and reflects red and green. Cyanredblue green Cyan absorbs red and reflects blue and green. Magentagreenred blue. Magenta absorbs green and reflects red and blue.

23. Color Subtraction (Pigments) RedBlueGreen Mixing pigments means that you will see only the color that both colors reflect. Red, Blue and Green are secondary pigments because they absorb 2 colors and reflect one. Magenta + Yellow = Red Cyan + Magenta = Blue Yellow + Cyan = Green

24. Complementary Colors Yellow & Blue Cyan & Red Magenta & Green Complementary colors are the same for light & pigment. white. For light, complementary colors combine to make white. For pigment, complementary colors combine to make black.

25. Black and White Black is not a color! Black is the absence of any reflected light. A black surface will absorb all incident light and reflect none. White White light is the mixture of all colors (frequencies) of light. white A white surface will reflect all colors of light.