1. Chapter 17 Renaissance & Reformation 1300 - 1600

2. Let’s Preview the Chapter….  Section 1: Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance  Section 2: The Northern Renaissance  Section 3: Luther Leads the Reformation  Section 4: The Reformation Continues

3. Let’s Preview This Chapter….  Previewing Main Ideas….  Cultural Interactions  Trade with the East and the rediscovery of ancient manuscripts caused Europeans to develop new ideas about culture and art. This period was called the “Renaissance” which means rebirth.  Study the timeline and map, In which countries did the Renaissance begin?  Ans: Renaissance began in Italy in city-states such as Florence, Milan, and Mantua.

4. Let’s Preview This Chapter…..  Religious and Ethical Systems  Martin Luther began a movement to reform practices in the Catholic Church that he believed were wrong. That movement, the Reformation, led to the founding of non-Catholic churches.  Locate Wittenberg, the city where Reformation began.  What geographical features helped the Reformation spread from there?  Wittenberg is near the center of Europe, and it is on a river. Travelers and traders could have easily spread the ideas of the Reformation to other parts of Europe.

5. Let’s Preview This Chapter….  Revolution  The invention of the printing press allowed books and pamphlets to be made faster and more cheaply. This new technology helped spread the revolutionary ideas of the Renaissance and Reformation.  Printing spread from Mainz to other parts of Europe.  How might the location of Mainz have helped the spread of printing?  Like Wittenberg, Mainz is near the center of Europe, and it is on a river.

6. Timeline Discussion  #1 Look at the Gutenberg Bible. It was the first book printed from movable type, in 1455.  What effect did printing technology might have had on the development of new ideas?  The printing press made books more available. As a result, ideas could have spread more quickly and easily.

7. Timeline Discussion  What world event happened a few years before Martin Luther began the Reformation?  Columbus reached the Americas.  After the Reformation began, what happened in England?  King Henry VIII started the Church of England.  How many years passed between the beginning of the Reformation and the reforms in the Catholic Church made at the Council of Trent?  46

8. Timeline Discussion  What can be inferred about the strength of the Reformation from that span of time?  The Catholic Church responded quickly to the Reformation. The Catholic Church was the only official church of all people in Western Europe for centuries. The Reformation was strong enough to cause reforms in the huge and wealthy Catholic Church.

9. Section One Vocabulary  Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci  Humanism Michelangelo  Perspective Machiavelli  Vernacular Petrach  Patron Medici  secular

10. Section One Review Notes  From 1300 to 1600 Europe saw a period of rebirth of learning and culture.  This rebirth is called the Renaissance.  There were three reasons for this rebirth:  1) Italy had several important cities, whereas most of northern Europe was still rural.  2) These cities included a class of merchants and bankers who were becoming wealthy and powerful.  3) Italian artists and scholars were inspired by the ruined buildings and other reminders of classical Rome.

11. Section One Review Notes  The Medici family was one of the wealthy merchant class families in the Italian city states like Florence and Milan.  Merchant families did not inherit social rank, they had to earn it.  The Medici family was the wealthy merchant family of Florence, Italy. They were bankers of which Cosimo de Medici was the wealthiest European of his time. He won control of Florence’s government and became dictator of Florence.

12. Section One Review Notes  One important value in Renaissance culture was humanism.  This was a deep interest in what people have already achieved as well as what they could achieve in the future.  Renaissance thinkers (men, women, the wealthy) all had their ways of stressing the things of the world.  Renaissance artists used new methods to stress the things of the world.  Renaissance writers reached new, high achievements as well.

13. Section One Review Notes  Humanists felt that people could enjoy life without offending God. In Renaissance Italy, wealthy people enjoyed material luxuries, good music, and fine foods.  Although most of them remained devout Catholics, the basic spirit of Renaissance society was secular or worldly rather than spiritual and concerned with the here and now.  Church leaders during the Renaissance beautified Rome and other cities by spending huge amounts of money for art. They became known as patrons of the arts by financially supporting artists.

14. Section One Review Notes  Renaissance artists often portrayed religious subjects, but used realistic style copied from classical models.  These artists used a technique called perspective which showed three dimensions on a flat surface. The realistic portraits revealed what was distinctive about each person.

15. Section One Review Notes  Leonardo da Vinci was an example of a man trying to show that they could master many fields of study or work.  He was a painter, a scientist, and an inventor.  He was a true “Renaissance man”.  He was interested in how things worked. He studied how a muscle moves and how veins are arranged on a leaf. He filled his notebook with observations and sketches.  Most famous works were Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.

16. Section One Review Notes……

17. Section One Review Notes  Michelangelo Buonarroti was also characterized as a “Renaissance man”. He excelled as a painter, sculptor, architect, and poet.  He is most famous for the way he portrayed the human body in painting and sculptor. He created figures that are forceful and show heroic grandeur.  Most famous works are the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, the dome of St. Peter’s and the statue David.

18. Section One Review Notes  Renaissance writers wrote to express their own thoughts and feelings or to portray in detail an individual.  In most instances, all Renaissance writers wrote in their own vernacular or native language.  Francisco Petrarch was one of the earliest and most influential humanists. He has even been called the Father of Renaissance humanism.  He was a great poet who wrote in both Latin and Italian.

19. Section One Review Notes  One Renaissance writer who showed self expression in their writings was Niccolo Machiavelli.  His work was called The Prince in which he took the approach to understanding government. In this work he focused on telling rulers how to expand their power, even if that meant taking steps that the Church might view as evil.

20. Section One Assignment  1) What are some of the characteristics of the “Renaissance man” and “Renaissance woman”?  2) How did Italy’s cities help to make it the birthplace of the Renaissance?  3) What was the attitude of Church leaders and the wealthy toward the arts? Why?

21. Section Two Study and Review Notes… Vocabulary Terms  Utopia Johann Gutenberg William Shakesphere  Jan van Eyck Christian humanism Desiderius Erasmus  Thomas More Queen Elizabeth I Christine de Pizan  Albrecht Durer Flanders

22. Section Two Review Notes  Artists such as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo showed Renaissance spirit and peaked curiosity about the world and a belief in human potential.  By the late 1400’s, Renaissance ideas had spread to Northern Europe – especially England, France, Germany, and Flanders.  By 1450 the population of northern Europe which had been declining due to bubonic plague (a deadly disease that spread across Asia and Europe in the mid 14 th Century, killing millions of people) and the Hundred Years War (conflict in which England and France battled on French soil on and off from 1337 to 1453), had started to grow again.  The first growth was in Flanders as a result of the trade and cloth industry.

23. Section 2 Review Notes…..  As Renaissance ideas spread out of Italy, they mingled with northern traditions and as a result, the northern Renaissance developed its own character.  Arts  Literature  Elizabethan Age (English Renaissance)  Printing  Legacy of the Renaissance

24. Section 2 Review Notes…..  The Arts  In 1494, a French king of Napels, southern Italy launched an invasion through northern Italy. Italian artists fled to find safety in northern Europe. They brought with them styles and techniques of the Italian Renaissance.  German painters  Albrecht Durer – the most famous person to bring Renaissance ideas to Germany. He traveled to Italy and studied in 1494 and after returning to Germany he produced woodcuts and engravings. Many of his prints portray religious subjects and others classical myths or realistic landscapes.  Hans Holbein the Younger – specialized in painting portraits that are almost photographic in detail.

25. Section 2 Review Notes….  Flemish Painters  Wealthy merchant families made Flanders the artistic center of northern Europe.  Jan van Eyck – the first great Flemish Renaissance painter. He used oil-based paints to develop techniques that are still used today. By applying layers of paint, van Eyck was able to create a variety of subtle colors in clothing and jewels. This made oil painting popular.

26. Section 2 Review Notes….  Peter Paul Rubens – Flemish painter who is a proponent of an extravagant Baroque style the emphasized movement, color, and sensuality. He is best known for his Counter Reformation art.  Spanish Renaissance writer  Miguel de Cervantes was a Spanish novelist, poet and playwright. He wrote Don Quixote.  French Renaissance Writer  Francois Rabelais was a writer, physician, Renaisssance humanist, monk and Greek scholar.

27. Section 2 Review Notes….  Northern writers try to reform society in their writing by examining the traditional teachings of the church. Northern humanists were critical of the failure of the Christian church. The criticism produced a new movement known as Christian humanism.  One thing that was particularly important to these humanists was education and that especially of women.  The best known Christian humanists were Desiderius Erasmus of Holland and Thomas More of England.

28. Section 2 Review Notes….  The 1509, Erasmus wrote The Praise of the Follies which poked fun at greedy merchants, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome scholars, and pompous priests. He believed in a Christianity of the heart, not one of ceremonies or rules. He thought that in order to improve society, all people should study the Bible.  Thomas More tried to show a better model of society. In 1516, he wrote the book Utopia. In Greek, utopia means “no place”. In English it has come to mean an ideal place as depicted in More’s book.  The book is about an imaginary land where greed, corruption, and war have been weeded out. In Utopia, there was little greed and therefore little use for money.

29. Section 2 Review Notes…..  Women’s reforms….  During this period, the vast majority of Europeans were unable to read and write and mostly only boys received formal schooling. One woman spoke out against this practice.  Christine de Pizan was highly educated for the time and was one of the first women to earn a living as a writer. She wrote many books in French. She was one of the first writers to question different treatment of boys and girls.

30. Section 2 Review Notes…..  The Elizabethan Age  The Renaissance spread to England in the mid-1500’s. This period was known as the Elizabethan Age, after Queen Elizabeth I.  Elizabeth reigned from 1558 to 1603.  She was the daughter of King Henry VIII.  She was well educated and spoke French, Italian, Latin and Greek.  She also wrote poetry and music.  As queen she did much to support the development of English art and literature.

31. Section 2 Review Notes….  William Shakespeare  The most famous writer of the Elizabethan Age.  People regarded him as the greatest playwright of all time.  He was born in 1564 and by 1592 he was writing poems and plays and soon performing at the Global Theater.  He revered the classics and drew on them for inspiration and plots.  Shakespeare’s most famous plays include the tragedies Macbeth, Hamlet, Othello, Romeo and Juliet, and King Lear and comedies A Midsummer Night’s Dream and The Taming of the Shrew.

32. Section 2 Review Notes….  Printing  The Chinese were the first to invent block print.  Around 1045 they invented movable type.  Block printing reached Europe around the 13 th Century, but the process was too slow to satisfy Renaissance demands for knowledge, information and books.

33. Section 2 Review Notes…..  Printing Press  Johann Gutenberg  Around 1440 this craftsman from Mainz, Germany developed a printing press. This invention made it possible to produce books quickly and cheaply.  Gutenberg printed an entire Bible (The Gutenberg Bible) in 1455.

34. Section 2 Review Notes…..  The Renaissance was a period of great artistic and social change. Here is a summary of these changes:  Changes in the Arts  Arts drew on techniques and styles of classical Greece and Rome.  Artists created works that were secular as well as religious.  Paintings and sculptures portrayed individuals and nature in more realistic and lifelike ways.  Writers began to use vernacular language to express their ideas.  The arts praised individual achievement.

35. Section 2 Review Notes…..  Changes in Society  Printing changed society. (More inexpensive information available.)  Greater availability of books. (Increased desire for learning and increased literacy.)  Published accounts of new discoveries, maps and charts which increase discovery in other fields.

36. Section 2 Review Notes…..  Changes in Society cont’d  Published legal proceedings made laws clear.  Christian humanists’ attempts to reform society changed views about how life should be lived.  People began to question political structures and religious practices.

37. Section 2 Assignment  Page 485 – Questions 3 – 8.  Renaissance and Reformation Re Teaching Worksheet.

38. Section 3 Vocabulary  Lutheran Pope Leo X Anne Boleyn  Protestant Emperor Charles VI Elizabeth I  Anglican Catherine of Argon annul  Edict of Worms Peace of Augsburg recant  Indulgence Act of Supremacy Edward VI

39. Section 3 Review notes……  By the 10 th Century the Roman Catholic Church had come to dominate both Northern and Western Europe. However, people had started criticizing the churches practices saying that church leaders were too interested in worldly or secular things such as gaining wealth and political power.  This change in thoughts of the church prompted the action of one man which would lead to rebellion.

40. Section 3 Review notes……  Several forces caused the Reformation….  1) The Renaissance emphasis on the secular and the individual challenged Church authority.  2) The printing press spread these secular ideas.  3) Some rulers began to challenge the Church’s political power.  4) In Germany, it was difficult for the pope or emperor to impose central authority.  5) Northern merchants resented paying church taxes to Rome.

41. Section 3 Assignment…….  Use page 488 to complete the detailed chart of causes of the Reformation. Causes of theReformation SocialPoliticalEconomicReligion

42. Section 3 Review notes…..  Influenced by reformers, people had come to expect higher standards of conduct from priests and church leaders.  Two challengers were John Wycliffe of England and Jan Hus of Bohemia who advocated reform. They denied that the pope had the right to worldly power and taught that the Bible had more authority than Church leaders.

43. Section 3 Review Notes……  Martin Luther (1483 – 1546)  Born in Germany  Instead of becoming a lawyer as his parents wished, he became a monk and teacher. He was driven by hell and God’s wrath.  From 1512 until his death he taught scripture at the University of Wittenberg in Saxony.  In 1517 he took a public stand against the actions of a friar (evangelical counselor) Johann Tetzel for raising money to rebuild St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome. He did this by selling indulgences.

44. Section 2 Review Notes…..  Indulgence – a pardon which released a sinner from performing the penalty that a priest imposed for sins.  Indulgences were not supposed to affect God’s right to judge.  Unfortunately, Tetzel gave people the impression that by buying indulgences, they could buy their way into heaven.  These tactics troubled Luther. In response, he wrote 95 Theses.

45. Section 3 Review Notes…..  95 Theses  Statements which attacked the “pardon-merchants.”  On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther posted these statements on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg and invited other scholars to debate him.  Luther’s name quickly became known all over Germany and his actions started the Reformation.  The reformation was a movement for religious reform which led to the founding of Christian churches that did not accept the pope’s authority.

46. Section 3 Review Notes…..  Luther’s Teachings rested on three main ideas:  1) People could win salvation only by faith in God’s gift of forgiveness. The Church taught faith and “good works” were needed for salvation.  2) All Church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible. Both the pope and Church traditions were false authorities.  3) All people with faith were equal. Therefore, people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them.

47. Section 3 Review Notes….. Pope Leo X The pope at the time when Luther issued his 95 Theses and suggested that Christians drive the pope from the Church by force. In response, in 1520 Pope Leo X issued a decree threatening Luther with excommunication unless he took back his statements. Luther would not take them back and the pope excommunicated him.

48. Section 3 Review Notes……  Emperor Charles V  Holy Roman Emperor who was a devout Catholic which also opposed Luther’s teachings.  He summoned Luther to Worms in 1521 to stand trial for his actions. It was suggested that Luther recant or take back his statements. Luther refused.  As a result, the emperor issued an imperial order, the Edict of Worms which declared Luther an outlaw and a heretic.  The order called for no one to give Luther food or shelter. All his books were to be burned. Prince Frederick of Saxony disobeyed the order.

49. Section 3 Review Notes…..  After being excommunicated, Luther returned to Wittenberg in 1522 to learn that many of his ideas were already being put into practice.  Instead of continuing to seek reforms in the Catholic Church, Luther and his followers had become a separate religious group, called Lutherans.  German peasants applied Luther’s revolutionary ideas to society and incited a riot raiding monasteries, pillaging and burning. The revolt horrified Luther and he ordered that German princes have no mercy on the peasants.

50. Section 3 Review Notes……  After the revolt was put down, peasants felt betrayed and rejected Luther’s religious leadership and would not support Lutheranism.  Some German princes remained loyal to Luther while others remained loyal to Emperor Charles V. Those who remained loyal to Luther’s teachings became known as Protestants.  Protestants were Christians who belonged to non-Catholic Churches.  **Read Analyzing Key Concepts on page 491.

51. Section 3 Review Notes…..  Peace of Augsburg  Charles V still felt as though his subjects should be Catholic and went to war with princes who supported protestants. He did defeat them, but did not succeed in returning them to the Catholic Church.  Charles V became weary with fighting and ordered all princes, both Catholic and Protestant to assemble at Augsburg where they agreed that each ruler would decide the religion of his state.  This famous religious statement became known as the Peace of Augsburg.

52. Section 3 Review Notes…..  England Becomes Protestant  The Catholic Church faced another great challenge to its authority in England.  King Henry VIII would break ties with the Roman Catholic Church for political and personal, not religious reasons.  King Henry VIII became king of England in 1509. He was a devout Catholic. He strongly attacked Luther’s ideas.  Because he showed such loyalty to the pope for the Catholic faith, he was given the title “Defender of the Faith.”

53. Section 3 Review Notes……  Political needs soon tested Henry VIII’s religious loyalty and he felt that he needed a male heir to the throne. Henry did not want to go through what his father before him had by facing a civil war of which his father was killed and placed him next in line to the throne.  Henry and his present wife had one child – a daughter named Mary. No woman had ever successfully claimed the English throne.  In 1527, Henry felt his 42 year old wife, Catherine of Argon would bare him no more children and wanted to divorce her and take a younger queen. Church law did not allow divorce, however the pope had power to annul or set aside if proof could be found that a marriage was not legal in the first place.

54. Section 3 Review Notes…..  In 1527, Henry asked the pope to annul his marriage to Catherine and was turned down. The pope did not want to offend Catherine’s powerful nephew, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.  King Henry VIII set out in 1529 to solve his own marriage problems by called Parliament together to pass a set of laws to end the pope’s power in England.  In 1533, Henry secretly married Anne Boleyn, and shortly thereafter, Parliament legalized his divorce from Catherine.  Henry’s break with the pope was completed when Parliament voted to approve the Act of Supremacy.

55. Sect ion 3 Review Notes……  Act of Supremacy  An order that called on people to take an oath recognizing the divorce and accepting Henry, not the pope as the official head of England’s church.  The Act met some opposition from figures such as Thomas More, even though he rejected some of the Catholic church teachings, he remained a devout Catholic. He stated that his faith would not allow him to accept the act and refused to take the oath.  In response, Henry had him arrested and jailed in the Tower of London. He was found guilty of treason, and executed.

56. Section 3 Review Notes….  Consequences of Henry VIII’s changes  1 ) Henry’s second wife Anne did not have a male child, but rather a female named Elizabeth. She fell from Henry’s favor and was charged with treason and found guilty and beheaded in 1536. Henry took a third wife, Jane Seymour who in 1537 gave him a son, Edward VI and she died two weeks later. Henry married three more times after this, but did not have any more children.

57. Section 3 Review Notes……  Consequences of Henry VIII’s changes:  2) After Henry’s death in 1547, each of his three children ruled England. This created religious turmoil. Henry’s son Edward VI became king when he was only 9 years old. Too young to rule alone, Edward VI was advised by adults who were Protestants and introduced Protestant reforms to the English Church. Edward only reigned six years as he was a sickly child. The throne succeeded to Mary (daughter of Catherine of Argon) in 1553. She was Catholic and returned the English Church back to the pope. This action was highly resisted and as a result she had many Protestants killed. Mary died in 1558, and Elizabeth (daughter of Anne Boleyn) took the throne.

58. Section 3 Review Notes…..  Consequences of Henry VIII’s changes:  Elizabeth returns the Church to Protestantism. In 1559, she petitioned Parliament to return the Church of England back to Protestant or Anglican.  The Anglican Church was set up with Elizabeth as the head and it was to be the only legal church in England. She decided to set up a church that moderate Catholics and moderate Protestants might both accept. She allowed rules that would satisfy both Protestants (allowing priests to marry and to deliver sermons in English) and Catholics (allowed some of the trappings of Catholic Church service such as rich robes and church services that were more acceptable to Catholic beliefs).

59. Section 3 Review Notes…..  By compromising between Catholics and Protestants, Elizabeth did usher in a level of religious peace. However there were still problems with religion:  1) Protestants wanted more far reaching changes to the church.  2) Catholics tried to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with her cousin, the Catholic Queen Mary of Scots.  3) Elizabeth also faced threats from Phillip II, Catholic King of Spain.  4) Money was a problem when the English began to think of building an American empire for a new source of income.

60. Section 3 Assignments……..  1) From where did the term Protestantism originate?  2) What impact did Henry VIII’s actions have on England in the second half of the 1500’s?  3) Explain how Elizabeth I was able to bring a level of religious peace to England?  4) Do you think that Luther or Henry VIII had a better reason to break from the Church? Provide details to support your answer.  5) How did the Catholic Church respond to Luther’s teaching?

61. Section 4 Vocabulary predestination John Calvin (Calvinism) Theocracy Anabaptist John Knox Presbyterian Catholic Reformation Council of Trent Ignatius of Loyola Jesuits Pope Paul III Pope Paul IV

62. Section 4 Review Notes……  Under Elizabeth I’s leadership, the Anglican Church, though Protestant, remained similar to the Catholic Church in many of its doctrines and ceremonies.  However other forms of Protestantism were developing in Europe.  Another main branch of Protestantism began in Switzerland which was based mostly on the teachings of John Calvin, a French follower of Luther.  The religion promoted unique ideas about the relationship between people and God.

63. Section 4 Review Notes…….  In Switzerland, the Protestant religion was begun by Huldrych Zwingli, a Catholic priest from Zurich. He was influenced by Christian humanist ideas of Erasmus and by the reforms of Luther.  In 1520, Zwingli openly attacked abuses of the Catholic Church, by calling for the return to the more personal faith of early Christianity. He also wanted believers to have more control over the Church.  In 1531 a war broke out between Swiss Protestants and Catholics where Zwingli was killed.

64. Section 4 Review Notes…….  John Calvin  Born July 10, 1509 died May 27, 1564. He was a law student.  Calvin was only 8 years old when Luther posted his 95 Theses on the doors of the church. He would grow up to give order to the religion that Luther had started years earlier.  In 1536, Calvin published Institutes of the Christian Religion. The book expressed ideas about God, salvation, and human nature. It was a summary of Protestant theology, or religious beliefs.

65. Section 4 Review Notes…….  Calvin wrote that men and women were sinful by nature. He restressed Luther’s idea that humans cannot earn salvation and states that God chooses a very few people to save, which he called the “elect”. He believed that God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved.  This doctrine came to be called predestination.  The religion that he created was Calvinism.

66. Section 4 Review Notes…….  Calvin believed the ideal government was a theocracy which was a government controlled by religious leaders. In 1541, Protestants asked Calvin to lead their city.  When he came to lead this city, it was very strict leadership in which everyone had to attend religion class. No one wore bright colors or played card games. Anyone found guilty of these offenses were jailed or excommunicated.

67. Section 4 Review Notes……..  John Knox  One who took away some of Calvin’s views to Scotland was John Knox. In 1559, he established a community church which was governed by a group of laymen called elders or presbyters. These followers of John Knox came to be known Presbyterians.  In the 1560’s, Protestant nobles led by Knox made Calvinism the official religion of Scotland.

68. Section 4 Review Notes……  In other places in Europe adapted the Calvinist form of church organization.  In France Calvinist followers were called Huguenots.  Protestants taught that the Bible is the source of all religious truth and that people should read it to discover those truths. As more Christians interpreted the Bible for themselves, new Protestant groups formed.  The Anabaptists was a group that formed that only baptized people who were old enough to decide to be a Christian. Anabaptist in Greek means to baptize again. These Christians felt that church and state should be separate. They were persecuted by Catholics and Protestants because they were seen as radical.

69. Section 4 Review Notes……  Women’s roles in Reformation  Francis Marguerite protected Calvin from being executed for his beliefs while he lived in France.  Katherina Zell scolded a minister for speaking harshly of a reformer.  Katherina von Bora played a behind-the-scenes role as Luther’s wife. She was a nun.

70. Section 4 Review Notes……..  The Catholic Reformation  While Protestantism won many followers, millions remained true to Catholicism. Helping Catholics remain loyal was a movement within the Catholic Church to reform itself. This movement is known as the Catholic Reformation.  It has been referred to as the Counter Reformation.  Some mentionable reformers were Ignatius Loyola who founded a new religious orders and two popes – Paul III and Paul IV who took steps to reform and renew the Church from within.

71. Section 4 Review Notes…….  Ignatius Loyola  He grew up in Loyola, Spain.  In 1521 he was hurt in a war and thought about his past sins and longed for life with Jesus. He felt his daily devotions cleansed his soul.  In 1522, Ignatius began writing a book Spiritual Exercises that laid out day to day plans of redemption, prayer, and study.  In 1540, the pope created a religious order for his followers called the Society of Jesus. Members were called Jesuits.

72. Section 4 Review Notes……  The Jesuits focused on three activities:  1) They founded schools throughout Europe. Jesuits teachers were well-trained in both class studies and theology.  2) They converted non Christians to Catholicism. They sent out missionaries around the world.  3) They stopped the spread of Protestantism. The zeal of the Jesuits overcame the drift toward Protestantism in Poland and Germany.

73. Section 4 Review Notes…… Two popes took the lead in reforming the Catholic Church. Paul III from 1534 to 1549 took four important steps: 1.) He directed a council of cardinals to investigate indulgence selling and other abuses in the Church. 2.) He approved the Jesuit order. 3.) He used that Inquisition to seek out heresy in papal territory. 4.) Most importantly, he called a council of Church leaders to meet in Trent.

74. Section 4 Review Notes……  From 1545 to 1563, at the Council of Trent, Catholic bishops and cardinals agreed on several doctrines:  1.) The Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final. Any Christian who substituted their own interpretation was a heretic.  2.) Christians needed faith and good works for salvation. They were not saved by faith alone, as Luther argued.  3.) The Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life.  4.) Indulgences were valid expressions of faith. But the false selling of indulgences was banned.

75. Section 4 Review Notes……  Paul IV vigorously carried out the council’s decrees.  In 1559 he had officials to draw up a list of books considered dangerous to the Catholic faith. This list was called the Index of Forbidden Books.  The Reformation had lasting effects which set the stage for the modern world socially, politically, and religiously.

76. Section 4 Review Notes….  Religious effects:  Despite wars and persecutions, Protestant churches flourished and new denominations developed.  The Roman Catholic Church became more unified.  Protestants and Catholics gave more emphasis to the role of education.

77. Section 4 Review Notes….  Social Effects:  New schools and colleges founded.  The status of women in the church did not change. Women were still mainly limited to concerns of home and family.

78. Section 4 Review Notes…..  Political Effects  As political and moral authority declined, individual monarchs and states gained power.

79. Section 4 Assignments  Page 500 Questions 3 – 7.  Section 4 Review worksheet.