1. Reproductive Systems

2. Uncomfortable Words? Vagina Penis Ovary Testicles Uterus Scrotum
Cervix
Egg tube
Menstruate
Ovulate
Clitoris
Penis
Testicles
Scrotum
Foreskin
Sperm tube
Semen
Gland
Pubic hair
Genitals

3. Male system

4. External Structures Penis: external male sex organ
- Circumcised: removes some or all of foreskin
- Uncircumcised: foreskin not removed
Scrotum: sac of skin and muscle containing testicles
Uncircumcised
Circumcised

5. Internal Structures
Prostate: exocrine gland of male reproductive system
Vas Deferens: tubes connecting epididymis to ejaculatory ducts
Epididymis: organ where sperm matures
Testicles: organ where sperm is created
Urethra: tube that connects bladder to outside of body

6. Male system

7. Scrotum The testes are inside a sac called the scrotum.
It hangs outside the body, keeping the sperm cool.
Sperms only develop properly in cool conditions.

8. Sperm tube Sperms are produced all the time.
They are stored in small tubes outside the testes.
Eventually they pass along a much bigger tube called the sperm tube (vas deferens)
Glands add a fluid which keeps the sperms alive.
The sperms and the fluid are called semen.

9. Penis Sperm The penis must be erect for the semen to pass out.
This happens when blood is pumped into special spongy tissue in the penis.
Sperm
During an ejaculation semen is pumped out of the penis – due to a contraction of the muscles around the sperm tubes.
Each ejaculation makes about a teaspoon of semen but this can contain: 500 million sperms.

10. Questions What is the name of the external male sex organ?
What is the sac of skin that contain the testis?
Why are testes outside the body?
What is semen?
What the word used when the foreskin of the penis is removed?
What is responsible for the erect penis?
How often are sperm produced?

11. Female System

12. Ovaries The ovaries are the female sex organs.
They produce the eggs (ova).
They also make the female hormones estrogen and progesterone (between 10 and 15 years).
Normally, a female will have two ovaries, each performing two major functions: producing eggs, or (exocrine function) and secreting hormones, or (endocrine system).

13. Ovary

14. Egg tube (Fallopian tubes)
An egg is released about every 28 days.
The egg passes out of the ovary and moves into the egg tube.
This is called ovulation and is when an egg may become fertilized.
The Fallopian tubes, also known as oviducts are two very fine tubes leading from the ovaries of female mammals into the uterus.

15. Uterus The egg slowly moves down towards the uterus (womb).
If sperms are present in the egg tube the egg will be fertilised.
If the egg is not fertilised it will dies after about a day.
The main function of the uterus is to accept a fertilized ovum, which becomes implanted into the endometrium. The fertilized ovum becomes an embryo, develops into a fetus and gestates until childbirth.
Zygote Embryo Fetus baby

16. Uterus

17. Questions What is the name of the female genitals?
What is the name of the female sex organ?
What is an ovum?
How many ovaries do females have?
What is their major functions?
What is the fallopian tubes?
What do call the process when an ovary releases an egg cell into the oviducts?
Where does the ovum move to after in enter the oviducts?
What happens to the ovum when it is not fertilized?

18. Cervix
The lower end of the uterus has a ring of muscle called the cervix.
It leads to a muscular tube called the vagina that opens to the outside of the body.
The opening from the vagina into the womb allows menstrual blood exit and sperm in. .

19. Cervix

20. Bladder and Urethra

21. Vagina
During live birth, the vagina provides the route to deliver the fetus from the uterus to its independent life outside the body of the mother. During birth, the vagina is often referred to as the birth canal.

22. Vulva
The external genital organs of the female are collectively known as the vulva.
In human beings this consists of the labia majora and labia minora clitoris, opening of the urethra, and the opening of the vagina.

23. Clitoris
The clitoris is a female sexual organ. In humans, the visible knob-like portion is located above the opening of the vagina. The clitoris functions solely to induce sexual pleasure.

24. Questions What is a zygote? What another word for womb?
What is the cervix?
What is the vagina also referred to?
What is a foetus?
What is the vulva?
What is the function of the clitoris?
Where does the urethra originate from?
What is the hair on the genitals called?

25. Sexual reproduction

26. Sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction is the production of offspring from two parents using gametes. The cells of the offspring have two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent), so are diploid. Sexual reproduction involves two stages:
Meiosis- the special cell division that makes haploid gametes
Fertilisation- the fusion of two gametes to form a diploid zygote

27. Basic lifecycle of sexually reproducing organisms
All sexually-reproducing species have the basic life cycle shown on the right, alternating between diploid and haploid forms. In addition, they will also use mitosis to grow into adult organisms, the details vary with different organisms
In the animal kingdom (including humans), and in flowering plants the dominant, long-lived adult form is diploid, and the haploid gamete cells are only formed briefly.

28. Meiosis to make gametes
Meiosis & mitosis
Meiosis to make gametes
sperm & egg(ovum)
Mitosis to make copies of cells
growth
repair
development

29. Sexual reproduction lifecycle
2 copies
diploid 2n
1 copy
haploid 1n
1 copy
haploid 1n
fertilization
meiosis
We’re mixing
things up here!
A good thing?

30. Putting it all together…
meiosis  fertilization  mitosis + development
gametes 46 23 46 23 46 46 46 46 46 23
meiosis 46 46
egg 46 46 23
zygote
fertilization
mitosis & development
mitosis
sperm

31. Female gametes
Female gametes (ova or eggs in animals, ovules in plants)
Fairly small numbers.
Human females for example release about 500 ova in a lifetime.
Larger
Stationary
They often contain food reserves (lipids, proteins, carbohydrates) to nourish the embryo after fertilisation

32. Male gametes Male gametes, very large numbers
100 million sperm per ejaculation
smaller
Motile (if they can propel themselves, mobile if they can be easily moved)

33. Fertilisation Fusion of gametes to produce zygote
In humans this takes place near the top of the oviduct. Hundreds of sperm reach the egg (shown in this photo). When a sperm reaches the ovum cell the two membranes fuse and the sperm nucleus enters the cytoplasm of the ovum. This triggers a series of reactions in the ovum that cause the jelly coat to thicken and harden, preventing any other sperm from entering the ovum. The sperm and egg nuclei then fuse, forming a diploid zygote.
In plants fertilisation takes place in the ovary at the base of the carpel. The haploid male nuclei travel down the pollen tube from the pollen grain on the stigma to the ovules in the ovary. In the ovule two fusions between male and female nuclei take place: one forms the zygote (which will become the embryo) while the other forms the endosperm (which will become the food store in the seed). This double fertilisation is unique to flowering plants

34. Male Reproductive System
Meiosis in males is called spermatogenesis
Sperm cells are produced in the 2 testis in the scrotum sac. 2n n

35. Female Reproductive System
Meiosis in females is called oogenesis.
Egg (ova) cells are produced in the ovaries.
Estrogen & Progesterone are the female sex hormones.
Only one egg develops

36. Questions What are the two stages of sexual reproduction?
What do we call sex cells?
What are male gametes called and what are female gametes called?
What is meiosis?
What is the function of meiosis?
What is the function of mitosis?
What is fertilization?
How many chromosomes do humans have?
How many chromosomes do sperm have?

37. Questions How many chromosomes does a zygote have?
How many ova does a female produce in her lifetime?
How much sperm a male release during ejaculation?
Which gametes are bigger in size?
Which gametes are motile?
Which gametes are larger in number?
What do we meiosis in males?
What do we meiosis in females?