1. The Cold War Around the World

2. Nuclear Age ► hydrogen bomb (H-bomb): the fusion of hydrogen atoms created a nuclear weapon 150x more powerful than the atom bomb ► gave the US the edge over the USSR for about a year ► nuclear weapons scared civilians into developing nuclear shelters and practicing air raid drills ► brinkmanship: policy of Secretary of State, John Dulles, to go to the brink of war; keep the peace with any and all weapons necessary

3. Thermonuclear Age

4. Students practiced an air raid drill at school

5. Private (home) shelter

6. Public fallout shelters

7. Third World Nationalism ► the US started to think of the globe as a division of 3 parts (worlds) 1 st world: western democracies such as the US, GB, & France & France 2 nd world: communist nations such as the USSR, China, & the satellites the USSR, China, & the satellites 3 rd world: remaining small countries that were highly agrarian, widely illiterate, highly agrarian, widely illiterate, impoverished, and had a history of colonial impoverished, and had a history of colonial rule rule ► several small countries in Africa and Asia emerged as colonial powers lost the ability to control territory

9. ► 3 rd world nations became the battleground for the cold war as 1 st and 2 nd world nations saw areas susceptible to their political beliefs ► the Middle East was an area of high debate due to its proximity to Asia, Europe, and Africa; also because of its oil

10. Middle Eastern nations in green

11. The Suez War ► Egypt had gained full independence from GB in 1936; GB remained to protect the Suez Canal ► Suez Canal: waterway from the Middle East to Europe ► Egypt demanded the withdrawal of GB; the US backed Egypt and GB withdrew

13. ► US made friendly relations with the leader, Nasser, until it was discovered he was receiving help from the US and the USSR- the US withdrew help ► Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal and denied Israeli ships the right to use it ► October 1956: Israel invaded Egypt; GB & France “helped” Egypt by occupying canal zone ► US condemned the help; a resolution was passed and troops were withdrawn from Egypt

14. Nasser & Khrushchev Nasser Naguib (1 st president of Egypt) with Nasser (2 nd president of Egypt)

15. Uprising in Hungary ► Hungary had been controlled by the USSR after WWII; October 1956 the Hungarians revolted ► Eisenhower was nervous about helping Hungary; the US didn’t help, and Hungary fell back to Soviet control ► communist suppression was not seen as a policy that was acted upon

16. Refugees fleeing Hungary after the revolution was stopped Hungarians inspected Soviet tanks; Hungarian revolutionary

17. Relations with the USSR ► the US and USSR were locked in a nuclear arms race ► 1953: Stalin died and hope emerged as Nikita Khrushchev came to power ► Khrushchev publicly denounced Stalin’s murderous ways, met with VP Nixon, and visited the US ► arranged for a summit conference to settle international difference

19. The U2 Incident ► May 1960: an American spy plane was shot down over Soviet territory ; pilot Gary Powers parachuted and was captured ► U2s had flown over the USSR to photograph troop movements and missile sites ► Eisenhower denied spying, but evidence proved he lied; the USSR demanded an apology

20. ► Eisenhower agreed to stop the U2 flights but refused to apologize; the summit was cancelled and cold war tensions returned

21. Francis Gary Powers

22. Powers’s wrecked U2

23. Powers’s trial; he was convicted of espionage against the USSR (sentenced to 3 years prison & 7 years labor) but later released in a prisoner exchange