1. B. Grobéty

2. Mineralogy and Cristallography Mineralogy: study of naturally occuring crystalline solids = minerals Cristallography: study of crystalline solids Both deal with:- macroscopic geometry (morphology) of crystals - microscopic build up of crystals - chemical properties of crystal - physical properties of crystals Gem quality grossular garnet Polyhedral representation of the garnet structure Optical absorption spectrum of a grossular garnet

3. References The course will be presented mainly with help of powerpoint presentations, available under Moodle. Textbooks A. Putnis An Introduction to Mineral Sciences Cambridge University Press, 1992 ISBN: 0-521-42947-1 C. Klein Mineral Science John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2002 ISBN: 0-471-25177-1 Moodle adress: http://moodle.unifr.ch

4. Course organisation Teacher: Bernard Grobéty Office No. 3.304 Tel. 8936 e-mail: bernard.grobety@unifr.ch Schedule and location: Lecture: Monday 15 15 - 17 00 Auditoire 2ème étage

5. Why is Mineralogy/Crystallography important? - Earth, interior planets: 60 - 70 Vol% solid, consisting of minerals - Processes affecting the Earth’s surface and interior depend on the properties of the solid constituents. - 70 - 80 elements used by mankind are extracted from minerals - The properties of minerals (and all other materials) depend, among others, on the microscopic build- up (= crystal structures) of the constituent phases. - Important technologies used by modern society is based on specific poperties of solids: - Information technology: optical properties of ruby, piezoelectric properties of quartz (laser telephone, electronic devices). - Computer: electrical properties of silicium and siliciumdioxide (= quartz) (processsors), magnetic properties of ferrites (memory) - Energy production: radioactive properties of uraniumoxide - Biology:structure and function of biological molecules (proteins, enzymes etc.) are obtained from “solidified” versions of these molecules

6. Content of part I (WS) 1.Introduction 2.Symmetry - Symmetry in daily life and art - Symmetry operations - Point groups 3. Crystal morphology - Morphology, habitus - Crystal axes - Miller indices - Forms - Zones 4. Stereographic Projection 5. Point groups - Monoclinic point groups - Tetragonal point groups - Cubic point groups 6.Ionic bonds - Atom models - Ionization - Ionic bonding 7.Paulings model - Coordination - Pauling rules - Halite, fluorite and perovskite structures 8. Periodic patterns - Translations, unit cell - Glide mirrors - Plane groups 9. Space groups - Glide mirrors - Screw axes - Space groups - Hermann-Maugin notation - Halite and andalusite structure 10.Energetics of minerals - Enthalpy - Entropy - Gibbs Free energy 11.Point defects and diffusion - Point defects - Diffusion - Solid solutions

7. 12. Analytical methods - Diffraction techniques - Spectroscopic methods - Electronmicroscopy 13. Color of minerals - Color - Crystal field splitting - Color of ruby - Electron transfer 14. Radioactivity - Alpha decay - Spontaneous fission - Metamictization - Fission tracks - Decay law 15. Line and planar defects - Edge and screw dislocation - Line defects and deformation - Twinning - Stacking faults - Antiphase boundaries Content of part II (SS) 16. Polytypism and polysomatism - Phyllosilicate structures - Inosilicate structures - Mica polytypes - Biopyriboles 17. Mineral reactions - Displacive phase transitions - Reconstructive phase transitions - Order - disorder transitions - Exsolution - Heterogeneous reactions

8. Minerals are the "elementary" components of rocks igneous, polymineralic rock granite marblethin section: marble is made up of calcite crystals thin section: granite is made of different minerals metamorphic, monomineralic rock

9. Mineralogy/Crystallography: Related Fields Mineralogical/crystallographic information is needed in: PetrographyPetrologyExperimental PetrologySedimentpetrography GeologySedimentologyStratigraphy Paleontology Solid state chemistry, physicsSpectroscopyProtein crystallography Material science: Metallurgy, Ceramics Special fields in Mineralogy: Ore Mineralogy Biomineralogy Mineralsystematics Mineralphysics:Optical Mineralogy Mineral Spectroscopy High pressure and temperature (mineral) physics Technical (Applied) Mineralogy Refractory Materials

10. Stability Field (T, P, fO 2, pH 2 O, pCO 2, etc.) A Happy Stable Mineral! Chemical composition (what elements are present) Crystal structure (how they are arranged) Phase transformation! (change in structure and/or change in way elements are distributed in structure) Change in physical properties (e.g. change in elastic properties changes speed of seismic waves) Microstructure (records history of phase transformations - use to work out what conditions rock has experienced) Principles of mineral behaviour Physical and chemical properties: mechanincal, optical,electrical etc. behavior