1. TEM in geological science polymorphism, polytypism, polysomatism F. Nieto Dto. de Mineralogía y Petrología Instituto Ándaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra Universidad de Granada-CSIC

2. Tectonic plate Geological map Outcrop Hand sample Optical microscopy SEM TEM HRTEM –Megam –km –m –mm –  m –0.1  m –10 nm –Å

3. Electron diffraction identification, orientation and cell parameters of minerals Images (low or high resolution) Mosaic crystal, twins, dislocations, strain, polytypism, polysomatism, phase transformation, antiphase domains, nanotextures, nanocrystals, exsolution, non- stoichiometry. Analytical electron microscopy Quick mineral identification, high-spatial resolution quantitative analysis. The occurrence of a given microstructure mainly depends on the nucleation conditions and/or on the post-crystallization sub-solidus evolution. They may be important indicators of the thermobaric evolution of minerals and rocks. MICROSTRUCTURE Defects of various types and origins inside a monomineral grain (definable as real structure in a strict sense) or the diverse associations of several minerals in a polyphasic grain, homogeneous on a macroscopic scale ( Mellini, 1985 )

4. Polymorphic transformations Reconstructive transformations Displacive transformations Order-disorder transformations Polytypism Polysomatism

5. Polymorphic transformations Reconstructive transformations Displacive transformations Order-disorder transformations

6. Banfield et al ( 1991 ) Seven known polymorphs of TiO 2 Rutile, anatase and brookite have been previously found in nature An anatase crystal in the [010] projection containing lamellae of a second mineral (X)

7. Banfield et al ( 1991 ) The lamellae make up less than 1% of the sample. They range from a few nm to hundreds of nm across Well-defined orientation relationship The interplanar spacings of lattice parallel to the interphase are not exactly equal. [010][311]

8. Banfield et al ( 1991 ) HR electron micrographs interpreted to determine the positions of columns of Ti cations within the unit cell (measured by electron diffraction) Model structure tested by comparing computer-generated images with experimental micrographs. refined to adjust interatomic distances to those in anatase and rutile. Polyhedral representation of the structure of anatase, TiO 2 (B), and their boundaries Black dots - Ti atoms This unnamed mineral has been reported previously as the synthetic polymorph TiO 2 (B)

9. Banfield et al ( 1991 ) A strip of anatase has replaced the TiO 2 (B) over a wide front Steps of anatase approximately 0.5 nm high were observed growing along the interface at high temperature. HR heating experiments carried out with the electron microscope show that TiO 2 (B) is converted to anatase at a furnace temperature of ~ 700 ºC (~ 100 ºC below the anatase-rutile transformation)

10. Wu et al ( 2005 ) depth of more than 200 kilometers (7 Gpa) α-PbO 2 -type TiO 2 could be an extremely useful index mineral for ultrahigh pressure natural high-pressure phase of titanium oxide with α-PbO 2 -structure it occurs as (<2 nm) lamellae between multiple twinned rutile crystals coesite-bearing eclogite at Shima in the Dabie Mountains, China orthorhombic lattice, corresponding to α-PbO 2 - type TiO 2 with space group Pbcn. Rutile is the most common form of TiO 2 in nature. It is an important accessory mineral in metamorphic rocks, particularly high-pressure ones

11. Polymorphic transformations Reconstructive transformations Displacive transformations Order-disorder transformations

12. Putnis ( 1992 ) High pigeonite has symmetrically equivalent chains. In low pigeonite there are two symmetrically distinct Si-O tetrahedral chains, each with a different degree and sense of rotation. With a decrease in temperature, the polymorphic change produces the two types of chains, but…the change does not match up in the different areas of the mineral.

13. Moore et al ( 2001 ) Therefore, when viewed on the [010] zone axis, there are (100) layers that consist of A chains and (100) layers that consist of B chains (P2 1 /n).

14. Polymorphic transformations Reconstructive transformations Displacive transformations Order-disorder transformations

15. In omphacites (and in many other minerals) two cations (or more) share a site. With a decrease in temperature, each cation “chooses” its own exclusive site. High temperature Such a differentiation of crystallographic sites may even produce a change in the space group. low-temperature polymorph -- sub-group of symmetry of the high-temperature one. Low temperature High temperature The order-disorder transformations can also produce antiphase domains

16. Dark field electron micrographs using reflections of the type h+k = odd (present in P2/n but absent in C2/c). Brenker et al ( 2003 ) The mean antiphase domain size depends on peak temperature duration of peak metamorphism cooling rate composition

17. Structural varieties based only on the way in which basic layers pile up (not unique to, but very typical of phyllosilicates) Kogure and Inoue ( 2005 ) Polytypes

18. simulated HRTEM contrasts with various layer orientations (S) in kaolin minerals Kogure and Inoue ( 2005 ) Regular polytype

19. Simulated HRTEM contrasts for dickite recorded down [100] as a function of the defocus value (nm). (specimen thickness 2.5 nm) Kogure and Inoue ( 2005 ) Selected-area diffraction patterns from a disordered kaolin domain

20. Polysomatism

21. Serpentinites result from the hydration of the oceanic upper mantle from ocean-floor spreading or a wedge above the subducting lithosphere It is a well-known building stone

22. The antigorite structure results from a structural modulation of the serpentine layers along the a direction Baronnet and Devouard (2005) serpentine layers present partially different dimensions along the a and b directions; different mechanisms provide solutions to their fitting rolled microstructure

23. A selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern consists of the main diffraction spots from the subcell, which are surrounded by satellite diffraction spots from the modulated structure of antigorite The m-values, which express the modulation wavelength, range from 13 to 50 Antigorite microstructures vary from highly ordered to lower periodic structures in the c direction Auzende et al., 2006

24. an antigorite monocrystal affected by a microfault grain boundary with intense antigorite recrystallization shearing is caused by brittle and/or ductile deformation mechanisms fractured at different scales (cm to nm) With increasing metamorphic grade, the brittle behaviour gives way to pressure-solution Auzende et al., 2006

25. Serpentine microstructures can potentially preserve information on metamorphic conditions Once the partial dehydration reaction is reached, antigorite may recrystallize mainly by a pressure-solution mechanism. The required fluids would be derived from the progressive dehydration of antigorite. When pore pressure becomes too high, a major fracturing event may occur (Dobson et al., 2002) Embrittlement accounts for deep earthquakes within the subducting lithosphere (e.g. Jung et al., 2003) Pressure solution is the most effective mechanism to accommodate deformation; its recurrent association with eclogite facies rocks in paleo- subduction zones (the Alps, the Himalayas and the Caribbean) is consistent with the possible role of antigorite serpentinites in the preservation and exhumation of HP-LT rocks Serpentinites can localize the deformation within a subduction/exhumation channel, thus making it possible to preserve eclogites from depths of about 100 km below the Earth’s surface.

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