1. TRANSPORT MODES - COMPARISON from the Presentation Series „Basics of Inland Navigation“

2. Freight Transport price and quality effective service provision essential higher transport costs = higher consumer prices transport - quality improvement and cost reduction by:  using modern communication and information technologies (for Austrian inland navigation: DoRIS);  efficient transhipment modes (cranes, pumping equipment,....);  optimized storage;  groupage;  combining different transport modes = multimodal transport 2

3. Freight Transport right choice of transport mode as factor of economic success suitable transport mode depending on the products characteristics situation-related transport planning required key indicators:  transport time  capacity  punctuality  safety 3  infrastructure  costs  environmental aspects

4. Transport Modes - comparison 4 indicatorstrucktraininland vessel transport timemost shorter ( often door-to-door-delivery) without siding usually longer usually longer (transhipment, pre-,end-haulage) capacity280 trucks= 175 railway wagons = 1 convoy with 4 pushed lighters (7.000 net tons) punctuality aspectstraffic jams, accidents + weather weather, accidents, construction sites high-/lowwater, ice formation safetyhighest risk of accidents nearly no risk of accidents hardly any accidents infrastructurebest infrastructurelimited to railway network limited to navigable inland waterways costsdepending on amount, distance + planning (advantage inland vessel: highest transport capacity per unit) environmental aspects highest energy consumption and Co2-emissions low energy consumption (compared to transport quantity) lowest Co2-emissions + energy consumption (compared to transport quantity)

5. Transport Modes - comparison transport capacity 5 transport capacity : 1 pushed convoy with 4 pushed lighter = 175 railway wagons = 280 trucks = 20 km convoy of trucks

6. Transport Modes - comparison energy consumption 6 specific energy use: an inland vessel is able to transport one ton of cargo almost four times further than a truck using the same consumption of energy

7. Transport Modes - comparison external costs 7 inland vessels cause the lowest costs of accidents, noise, air pollution and climate

8. Transport Modes - comparison safety, availability, infrastructure costs inland vessels as safest transport mode:  only 29 traffic accidents on the Austrian-Danube in 2014 (no cases of death  in comparison: 1117 accidents with trucks (>3,5 tons) in Austria in 2014 availability around the clock: no bans on weekend- and night driving low infrastructure costs: natural infrastructure is usually available -> low costs: 8 improving the complete infrastructure of the Danube waterway would require an investment of 1.2 billion €. This corresponds roughly with the cost of constructing 50 km of road or rail infrastructure.

9. Transport Modes - comparison time and costs 9 balance between time and money -> low transport costs can often compensate longer transport times from Austria to Romania (port-port-traffic)duration price of transport compared with other transport modes (basis = inland vessel) inland vessel6 days1 train3-5 days2,5 truck2-3 days5,5

10. Transport Modes - comparison modal split EU 2014: road transport used for around 75% of freight transport forecast EU 2030: +80 % freight transport between 2000 and 2030 proportion of different transport modes 10

11. Inland Navigation - facts and figures 2013 EU-wide 6.9 % of modal split  percentage strongly differs among the European countries about 500 million tons of goods/year were transported on the inland waterways of the European Union 11

12. Inland Navigation - facts and figures Austria in Austria: 5 % share of modal split (12 % in the Austrian Danube corridor) transport of 9 to 12 million tons of goods at the Austrian Danube every year more than 1.1 million passengers travelled on the Austrian Danube (2014) transport of 9 – 12 million tons of goods/year  1/3 ore und metal waste  1/5 each petroleum products, agricultural and forestry products 12

13. Strengths/Weaknesses of inland navigation low transportation costs ability to convey large quantity of goods per unit environmental friendliness safety availability around the clock low infrastructure costs dependence on variable fairway conditions low transport velocity low network density, often requiring pre- and end- haulage inland waterway logistics requires more knowledge than truck transportation 13

14. Opportunities/Threats of inland navigation spare capacity of the waterway rising demand for environmentally friendly transport modes modern and harmonised cross- border information services (RIS) cooperation activities with road and rail international development initiatives (e.g. NAIADES, Strategy for the Danube Region) inadequate maintenance of the waterway in some Danube riparian countries high requirement for modernisation of ports and fleets 14

15. Cargo Suitable for Shipping inland water vessels are not suitable for all type of goods (e.g. not for perishable goods such as fruits, vegetables,…) ideally suited to transport bulk cargo (e.g. waste, raw material,…) high and heavy goods mainly large quantities of cargo of low-value goods but also for high-value cargo (e.g. cars) ideal planning can save time, money and reduces pre- and end-haulage 15

16. Conclusion the Danube, as an international waterway, has the potential to relieve freight traffic in the Danube-Corridor significantly -> high amount of free capacity (utilization only by about 10-15%) compared with other transport modes, inland navigation shows the lowest external costs, the lowest specific energy use and the highest bulk freight capacity 16

17. Sources viadonau (2013): Manual on Danube Navigation, Vienna. Order: http://www.viadonau.org/en/newsroom/publications/manual-on-danube-navigation/ http://www.viadonau.org/en/newsroom/publications/manual-on-danube-navigation/ viadonau (2015): Danube Navigation in Austria– Annual Report 2014, Vienna. Download : http://www.viadonau.org/en/newsroom/publications/folders/ http://www.viadonau.org/en/newsroom/publications/folders/ INeS Danube information platform on intermodal inland navigation Homepage : http://www.ines-danube.info/?lang=enhttp://www.ines-danube.info/?lang=en Posset, Gierlinger, Gronalt, Peherstorfer, Pripfl, Starkl (2014): Intermodaler Verkehr Europa, Wien. Bestellen: http://www.logistikum.at/forschung/verkehrslogistik/intermodaler-verkehr-in- europa/kontaktbestellung.htmlhttp://www.logistikum.at/forschung/verkehrslogistik/intermodaler-verkehr-in- europa/kontaktbestellung.html 17

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