1. Sustainable Production and Consumption - - EU’s Integrated Product Policy Ireneusz Zbicinski, Barbara Kozlowska Lodz, Technical University SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 Ireneusz Zbiciński Barbara Kozlowska

2. ...consumption is based one the economic understanding that all products are produced to meet the demands of consumers.... resources consumption is attributed to the final user, whose demand stimulated the production. Consumption determins the total amount of resources extracted from the environment. DEFINITIONS SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 Ireneusz Zbiciński Sustainable Production and Consumption

3. 'Sustainable consumption' is still too often interpreted as meaning sustaining resource use at existing levels, rather than redefining needs and wants and 'downshifting' our material intake according to a new ethic of ecological restraint. Issue Definition Agenda 21 states that: the major cause of the continued deterioration of the global environment is the unsustainable pattern of consumption and production, particularly in industrialized countries, which is a mater of grave concern, aggravating poverty and imbalances" SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 Ireneusz Zbiciński Sustainable Production and Consumption

4. Consumption in the world In the year 2050 the population will reach over 9 billion. The amount of wastes disposed by an inhabitant of a developed country doubled, during the last 40 lat. SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 Ireneusz Zbiciński Sustainable Production and Consumption

5. Consumption in the world Crude oil consumption increased 7 times during the last 50 years Total fuel consumption increased by 10% during the last 10 years. SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 Ireneusz Zbiciński Sustainable Production and Consumption

6. Consumption in the world Total emission of carbon compounds doubled during the last 40 years. SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 Ireneusz Zbiciński Sustainable Production and Consumption

7. Consumption in the world Water consumption in the last century – increased by six times. The amount of meat, fish catches grew at least four times. SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 Ireneusz Zbiciński Sustainable Production and Consumption

8. Environmental consequences of resource flows - Global warming caused by accumulation of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel combustion in the atmosphere - Eutrophication due to accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorous from agriculture in water - Acidification of forests and lakes due emission of sulphur oxides from combustion of fossil fuels - Toxic effects of metals accumulating in the environment, e.g. mercury, and lead - Toxic effects of man-made substances accumulating in the environment, such as PCB SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 Ireneusz Zbiciński Sustainable Production and Consumption

9. Process tree REDUCE THE FLOW ! SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 Ireneusz Zbiciński Sustainable Production and Consumption

10. The Ecological Footprint Accounts provide evidence that our demand has exceeded nature's regenerative capacity since at least the late 1970s. While humanity's load corresponded to 70% of the biosphere's capacity in 1961, it grew to 135% in 1998. In other words, this 35 percent overshoot means that it would take 1.35 years to regenerate what humanity used in that single year. Humanity is using at least 35 percent more than the "interest" that nature provides. Consumption in the world SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 Ireneusz Zbiciński Sustainable Production and Consumption

11. FACTOR 10 Consumption in the world ? „call for industrialized countries to increase, by a factor of 10, their current level of resource productivity - and presumably therefore also to decrease by a similar magnitude their resource consumption. The issue is of particular concern to industrialized countries because their inhabitants typically consume 20 to 30 times more than do their counterparts in non-industrialized countries” SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 Ireneusz Zbiciński Sustainable Production and Consumption

12. Consumption in the world Reduction of material flow: 1.Reducing the flow - use less material for a service: use the material more efficiently - increase the quality of the material - miniaturization - use a smaller equipment. 2.Multi-functionality - Let the equipment serve several purposes: - Slowing down the flow - make the material last longer - Improve the quality to make the equipment last longer. - Protect the material in the equipment better. Better maintenance Reparability - Make the equipment more easy to repair SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 Ireneusz Zbiciński Sustainable Production and Consumption

13. Consumption in the world Reduction of material flow: 3. Closing the flow - use the material again: - Reuse the goods itself. - Recycle materials in production processes. - Recycle materials in consumer goods - true recycling. - Cascading or down-cycling of materials. 4. Substitute the flow - Use a different, less harmful, material: - Substitute a harmful material for a less harmful one. - Substitute a scarce material for a less scarce one. Substitute a non-renewable material for a renewable one. SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 Ireneusz Zbiciński Sustainable Production and Consumption

14. AT HOME WE CAN Start composting use more energy-efficient devices, light bulbs, etc switch to forms of recreation and tourism which have a low impact on the environment grow some of our own food live closer to work (or the other way around) use bicycles and public transport rather than cars buy items made or grown locally rather than far away ??? SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 Ireneusz Zbiciński Sustainable Production and Consumption

15. „agenda to create a 'dematerialized economy' include: new cultural and economic priorities, a different vision for the role of work, and greentax reform” FACTOR 10 Consumption in the world SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 Ireneusz Zbiciński Sustainable Production and Consumption

16. Reduction of material consumption: Consumption in the world Change of the character and structure of demands, Change of habits, Change of structure and forms of production, Lesser access to "hazardous" material goods, Higher standard of public services. Islamic countries? Japan ? SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 Ireneusz Zbiciński Sustainable Production and Consumption

17. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is defined as a method for analysing and determining the environmental impact along the product chain of (technical) systems. Life Cycle Assessment How to assess sustainability of product or service? SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 Ireneusz Zbiciński Sustainable Production and Consumption

18. Eco-indicator Human Health Ecosystem Quality Resources Life Cycle Assessment SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 Ireneusz Zbiciński Sustainable Production and Consumption

19. ferrules are imported from Austria (via Czekanow in Poland) panes manufactured in Sandomierz (Poland) and integrated in Czestochowa (Poland) Metalplast-Bielsko Co. in Bielsko-Biala (Poland) Life Cycle Assessment (inventory analysis) SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 Ireneusz Zbiciński Sustainable Production and Consumption

20. Life Cycle Assessment Final scores for the life cycle of an aluminum window for damage categories SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 Ireneusz Zbiciński Sustainable Production and Consumption

21. Politicians (MPs, MLAs, City Councillors, etc), who can initiate or support sustainability programs and projects, particularly at the infrastructure level, persuade their parties to develop sustainability strategies, involve the public, and discuss the dilemmas being faced. Administrators and planners, who can help politicians write, appropriate legislation and ensure that existing policies are followed, involve the public, present them with the dilemmas and invite input. The general public, which is all of us - the most important group! Let us work on the new consumption pattern ! SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 Ireneusz Zbiciński Sustainable Production and Consumption

22. GROSS PRODUCTION VS. GENUINE PROGRESS, 1950 to 1999 In 1996 Dollars Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) subtracts factors such as pollution, crime, family breakdown, bankrupcy, etc. SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 Ireneusz Zbiciński Sustainable Production and Consumption

23. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I appreciate help of Miss Katarzyna Żykwinska to collect materials for this lecture SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 Ireneusz Zbiciński Sustainable Production and Consumption

24. Footprint QUIZ http://www.earthday.net/footprint/index.asp SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 Ireneusz Zbiciński Sustainable Production and Consumption

25. SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 Barbara Kozlowska EU’s Integrated Product Policy, IPP

26. Barbara Kozlowska SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 EU’s Integrated Product Policy, IPP What is Integrated Product Policy ? All products cause environmental degradation in some way, whether from their manufacturing, use or disposal. Integrated Product Policy (IPP) seeks to minimise these by looking at all phases of a products' life-cycle and taking action where it is most effective.

27. Barbara Kozlowska SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 EU’s Integrated Product Policy, IPP IPP in the EU Beside the actions that integrate the environmental policy of member countries within joint principles and targets of the Union and include it into other fields of politics in the frame of creation of stable and sustainable development, in recent years a tendency is observed to extend the inner integration of environmental policy.

28. Barbara Kozlowska SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 EU’s Integrated Product Policy, IPP IPP in the EU Work on formulation of the Integrated Product Policy (IPP) on the level of EU were initiated by the General Directorate of XI European Commission in 1997. IPP is to promote the integration of environmental problems in different areas in view of the implementation of the Amsterdam Treaty, particularly in reference to common market-oriented industry.

29. Barbara Kozlowska SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 EU’s Integrated Product Policy, IPP IPP in the EU In mid 2000, the Commission published the Green Paper on a Strategy for IPP. Joint actions will enhance also finding of adequate solutions in reaching a higher level of environmental protection in individual countries and the whole Union.

30. Barbara Kozlowska SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 EU’s Integrated Product Policy, IPP IPP objectives and definitions IPP should be treated as an element of the integrated environmental policy In a broader sense, the aim of IPP is “to decrease environmental impacts and consumption of resources while meeting human demands by a continuous improvement of functioning of the system of products and services” Result in “the growth of a general eco-efficiency of societies” A higher-rank aim is to reach sustainable production and consumption, and through this to contribute to sustainable development

31. Barbara Kozlowska SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 EU’s Integrated Product Policy, IPP Main assumptions of IPP Horizontal, consisting in an integrated control of environmental impacts on a given stage of life cycle, to avoid dislocation of pollutants between particular components of the environment (as for instance it is stated in the Directive on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control – IPPC and based on BAT – Best Available Techniques); What is it BAT?

32. Barbara Kozlowska SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 EU’s Integrated Product Policy, IPP Directive on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control - IPPC waste Raw materials SO2 CO2 Hg BOD water energy VOCs noise odour dioxins

33. Barbara Kozlowska SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 EU’s Integrated Product Policy, IPP Main assumptions of IPP Vertical, approaching environmental impacts that are formed in the whole chain of a product life cycle; S ystemic, that considers alternative methods of satisfying the demand for goods and services; Political functional integration, that consists in including environmental aspects to other areas of policy, such as planning, agriculture, industry, transport, tourism, etc.

34. Barbara Kozlowska SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 EU’s Integrated Product Policy, IPP The IPP covers 5 packages of actions directed towards: 1: Waste reduction by an increase of the efficiency of resources and waste management depending on its nature: total prohibition or limitation of using stable substances accumulating in the environment, that cannot be recovered (e.g. solvents and chemical fertilisers), and in the case of utilisable and recyclable waste the following hierarchy should be applied: prevention, recycling, utilisation (e.g. by incineration or composting), disposal;

35. Barbara Kozlowska SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 EU’s Integrated Product Policy, IPP The IPP covers 5 packages of actions directed towards: 2: Stimulation of innovations in the area of environmentally safer products not only by development of cleaner technologies, but to a greater extent of cleaner products, by popularisation of the approach based on life cycle, with particular reference to the stage of designing;

36. Barbara Kozlowska SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 EU’s Integrated Product Policy, IPP The IPP covers 5 packages of actions directed towards: 3: Creation and support of markets for more environmentally friendly products by a preference price and tax policy, public order policy, greater involvement of electronic media in informing about products and commerce:

37. Barbara Kozlowska SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 EU’s Integrated Product Policy, IPP The IPP covers 5 packages of actions directed towards: 4: Supporting the information transfer upwards and downwards the product life cycle chain with environmental impacts and their costs as well as between experts in various areas, involving governmental agencies, and also retail trade for more general recognition of environmental values in decision-making processes by consumers:

38. Barbara Kozlowska SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 EU’s Integrated Product Policy, IPP The IPP covers 5 packages of actions directed towards: 5: Determination of responsibility for product environmental impacts (“extended" responsibility usually assigns it to the final product manufacturer, “shared" responsibility that is distributed onto all participants of the life cycle.

39. Barbara Kozlowska SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 EU’s Integrated Product Policy, IPP Instruments and tools for implementing IPP 1: In democratic societies, the independence of consumers’ decisions on the right for selecting products because of their ecological features can be limited only when society generally accepts the hazards that may occur as a result of using these products or services; a direct intervention of the state may be limited here, which is a result of legislation concerning goods hazardous for human life and safety;

40. Barbara Kozlowska SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 EU’s Integrated Product Policy, IPP Instruments and tools for implementing IPP 2: A great number of products makes that it is practically infeasible to fully record, test and certify them; 3: A diversity and great number of participants of the product life cycle hampers their identification and direct influence on their behaviour;

41. Barbara Kozlowska SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 EU’s Integrated Product Policy, IPP Instruments and tools for implementing IPP 4: Global range of products reflected by an international origin of raw materials, international scale of production and availability on the world market, makes it impossible to carry out such product policy that is based on its ecological features, that could be considered as discriminating some goods, particularly imported ones:

42. Barbara Kozlowska SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 EU’s Integrated Product Policy, IPP Instruments and tools for implementing IPP 5: Difficulties in determining environmental load of products resulting from very complex interactions between products and the environment cause that such interactions can be estimated only in approximation, and so they cannot be approached in a clear way in legal regulations.

43. Barbara Kozlowska SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 EU’s Integrated Product Policy, IPP Integrated Product Policy instruments 1: Voluntary instruments Voluntary agreements Sef-commitments Industry awards 2: Voluntary information Instruments Eco-labels Product profiles Product declarations

44. Barbara Kozlowska SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 EU’s Integrated Product Policy, IPP Integrated Product Policy instruments 3: Compulsory Information Instruments Warning labels Information responsibility Reporting requirements 4: Economic instruments Product taxes and charges Subsidies Deposit/refund schemes Financial responsibility

45. Barbara Kozlowska SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 EU’s Integrated Product Policy, IPP Integrated Product Policy instruments 5: Regulatory Instruments Bans/phase-outs Product requirements Mandatory take-back

46. Barbara Kozlowska SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 EU’s Integrated Product Policy, IPP Integrated Product Policy: a different perspective The debate on IPP is new and evolving, and DGXI has been seeking input from stakeholders for discussion on the further development of IPP.

47. Barbara Kozlowska SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 EU’s Integrated Product Policy, IPP The Centre for Sustainable Design (CfSD) has evolved a much simpler perspective on IPP compared with the current European Commission Directorate General for Environment approach. CfSD defines IPP as 'public policy aiming at greening the marketplace through the integrated use of supply and demand side tools'. In this context, and based on the principles of a life-cycle perspective and stakeholder involvement, the key building blocks are: · Green(er) consumption · Green(er) product development

48. Barbara Kozlowska SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 Thank you for your attention EU’s Integrated Product Policy, IPP Any guestions?

49. Barbara Kozlowska SBR Teachers conference Kazimierz Dolny, 8-12 December, 2004 EU’s Integrated Product Policy, IPP Merry Christmas and Happy New Year