2. The Fat-Soluble Vitamins A, D, E, and K

3. The Fat-Soluble Vitamins

4. Vitamin A And Beta-Carotene Retinoids and carotenoids –Vitamin A activity

5. Vitamin A And Beta-Carotene

6. Retinol-binding protein (RBP)

7. Vitamin A And Beta-Carotene Roles in the body –Vitamin A in vision

8. Roles in the body –Vitamin A in protein synthesis and cell differentiation

9. Vitamin A And Beta-Carotene Roles in the body –Vitamin A in reproduction and growth –Beta-carotene as an antioxidant

10. Vitamin A And Beta-Carotene Recommendations –Retinol activity equivalents (RAE)

11. Vitamin A And Beta-Carotene Vitamin A in foods –The colors of vitamin A foods –Vitamin A-poor fast foods –Vitamin A-rich liver

12. In Summary Other names –Retinol –Retinal –Retinoic acid –Precursors are carotenoids such as beta-carotene 2001 RDA –Men: 900 g RAE/day –Women: 700 g RAE/day

13. In Summary Upper level for adults: 3000 g/day Chief functions in the body –Vision –Maintenance of cornea, epithelial cells, mucous membranes, skin –Bone and tooth growth –Reproduction –Immunity

14. In Summary Significant sources –Retinol: fortified milk, cheese, cream, butter, fortified margarine, eggs, liver –Beta-carotene: spinach and other dark leafy greens; broccoli, deep orange fruits (apricots, cantaloupe) and vegetables (squash, carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkin)

15. In Summary Deficiency disease: hypovitaminosis A Deficiency symptoms –Night blindness, corneal drying (xerosis), triangular gray spots on eye (Bitot’s spots), softening of the cornea (keratomalacia), and corneal degeneration and blindness (xerophthalmia)

16. In Summary Deficiency symptoms (continued) –Impaired immunity (infections) –Plugging of hair follicles with keratin, forming white lumps (hyperkeratosis)

17. Deficiency Symptom: Keratinization

18. In Summary Toxicity disease: hypervitaminosis A Chronic toxicity symptoms –Increased activity of osteoclasts causing reduced bone density –Liver abnormalities –Birth defects

19. In Summary Acute toxicity symptoms –Blurred vision –Nausea, vomiting, vertigo –Increase of pressure inside skull, mimicking brain tumor –Headaches

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21. Vitamin D Other names –Calciferol –1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D (calcitriol) –Animal version: vitamin D 3 or cholecalciferol –Plant version: vitamin D 2 or ergocalciferol –Precursor is the body’s own cholesterol

22. Vitamin D 1997 adequate intake (AI) –19-50 years: 5 g/day –51-70 years: 10 g/day –more than 70 years: 15 g/day Upper level for adults: 50 g/day

23. Vitamin D Chief functions in the body –Mineralization of bones (raises blood calcium and phosphorus by increasing absorption from digestive tract, withdrawing calcium from bones, stimulating retention by kidneys)

24. Vitamin D Significant sources –Synthesized in the body with the help of sunlight –Fortified milk, margarine, butter, cereals, and chocolate mixes –Veal, beef, egg yolks, liver, fatty fish (herring, salmon, sardines) and their oils

26. Vitamin D Deficiency diseases –Rickets –Osteomalacia

27. Vitamin D Deficiency symptoms: rickets in children –Inadequate calcification, resulting in misshapen bones (bowing of legs) –Enlargement of ends of long bones (knees, wrists) –Deformities of ribs (bowed, with beads or knobs)

28. Vitamin D Deficiency symptoms: rickets in children (continued) –Delayed closing of fontanel, resulting in rapid enlargement of head

29. Vitamin D Deficiency symptoms: rickets in children (continued) –Lax muscles resulting in protrusion of abdomen –Muscle spasms Deficiency symptoms: osteomalacia in adults –Loss of calcium, resulting in soft, flexible, brittle, and deformed bones

30. Vitamin D Deficiency symptoms: osteomalacia in adults (cont.) –Progressive weakness –Pain in pelvis, lower back, and legs Toxicity disease: hypervitaminosis D

31. Vitamin D Toxicity symptoms –Elevated blood calcium –Calcification of soft tissues (blood vessels, kidneys, heart, lungs, tissues around joints) –Frequent urination

32. Vitamin E Other name: alpha-tocopherol 2000 RDA –Adults: 15 mg/day Upper level for adults: 1000 mg/day Chief function in the body –Antioxidant (stabilization of cell membranes, regulation of oxidation reactions, protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A)

33. Vitamin E

34. Significant sources –Polyunsaturated plant oils (margarine, salad dressings, shortenings) –Leafy green vegetables, wheat germ, whole grains, liver, egg yolks, nuts, seeds

35. Vitamin E Easily destroyed by heat and oxygen Deficiency symptoms –Red blood cell breakage –Nerve damage Toxicity symptoms –Augments the effects of anticlotting medication

36. Vitamin K Other names –Phylloquinone –Menaquinone –Menadione –Naphthoquinone 2001 AI –Men: 120 g/day –Women: 90 g/day

37. Vitamin K Chief functions in the body –Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and bone proteins that regulate blood calcium

38. Vitamin K Significant sources –Bacterial synthesis in the digestive tract –Liver –Leafy green vegetables, cabbage-type vegetables –Milk

39. Vitamin K Deficiency symptoms –Hemorrhaging Toxicity symptoms –None known

40. The Fat-Soluble Vitamins - In Summary Interactions with each other Interactions with minerals

41. Antioxidant Nutrients In Disease Prevention Free radicals and disease –Oxidative stress Defending against free radicals –Oxidants and antioxidants

42. Antioxidant Nutrients In Disease Prevention

44. Defending against cancer Defending against cardiovascular disease

45. Antioxidant Nutrients In Disease Prevention Foods, supplements, or both? –Prooxidants