1. Mrs. Maxima B. Ong, RN, MAN 1 PROFESSIONAL AND PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT

2. OVERVIEW: 2 Few years ago a lot of universities and schools in Metro Manila increased their enrollees for the nursing profession. This is due to the open recruitment in the USA. A lot of students were second courser who was motivated by their relatives, parents, and friends to enroll into the nursing profession? Do they really belong to this profession?

3. OVERVIEW: 3 Perhaps you have heard many people say that nursing is a vocation. Webster defines a profession as “an occupation or calling requiring advanced training and experience in some specific or specialized body of knowledge which provides service to society in that special field. It is an occupation requiring a unique body of knowledge and skills.

4. OBJECTIVES: 4 Utilize the ethico-moral principles as guide in the resolution of problems and issues in nursing practice.

5. A. ETHICO-MORAL ASPECT OF NURSING 5 Code of Ethics for Nurses in the Philippines The Code of Nursing Ethics in the Philippines was adapted from the ICN Code of Ethics. It is embodies in the Professional Regulation Commission’s Board of Nursing Resolution No. 633 series of 1984.

6. 6 1. Ethical Concepts Applied to Nursing 5-fold fundamental responsibilities of the nurse a. To promote b. To prevent illness c. To restore health d. To alleviate suffering e. To promote the spiritual environment of the patient. A. ETHICO-MORAL ASPECT OF NURSING

7. 7 2. The need for nursing is universal. Inherent in nursing is: Respect for life Respect for dignity and rights of man It is unrestricted by consideration of nationality, race, creed, color, age, sex, politics or social status.

8. A. ETHICO-MORAL ASPECT OF NURSING 8 3. Nurses render health services to the individual, family and community and coordinate their services with those of related groups.

9. B. THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR NURSES 9 The ICN is the organization through which nurses all over the world collaborate in strengthening nursing practice service, nursing education and professional ethics. It is composed of national nursing association from each member country.

10. B. THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR NURSES 10  The Philippine Nurses Association became a member in 1929 at the ICN’s congress in Montreal, Canada.  ICN was organized in July 1, 1899. Nurses from England, USA, Canada, New Zealand, Australia and Denmark were the founding members.

11. B. THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR NURSES 11 Purpose: (ICN) To provide a medium through which national nurses association may share their common interests working together to develop the contributor of nursing to the promotion of health of the people and the care of the sick.

12. B. THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR NURSES 12 Function: (ICN) 1) Promote the organization of national nurses association and advise them in their continued development. 2)To assist national nurses associations to play their part in developing and improving the health services for the public, the practice of nursing, the social and economic welfare of nurses.

13. B. THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR NURSES 13 Function: (ICN) 3) To provide means of communication between nurses throughout the world for mutual understanding and cooperation. 4) To establish and maintain liaison and cooperation with other international organizations and to serve as representative and spokesman of nurses at the international level.

14. B. THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR NURSES 14 Function: (ICN) 5) To receive and manage funds and trusts which contribute to the advancement of nursing or for the benefit of nurses. 6) To do all such as things as may be incidental or conducive to the attainment of the objectives of the ICN.

15. B. THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR NURSES 15  The INC meets every four (4) years.  The official organ is the International Nursing Review published quarterly.  Headquarters: 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland.

16. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 16 1) Nurses and the Profession Nurse plays the major role in determining and implementing desirable standards of nursing practice and nursing education. Nurse is active in developing a core of professional knowledge.

17. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 17 1) Nurses and the Profession Nurse, acting through the professional organizations, participate in establishing and maintaining equitable social and economic working conditions in nursing.

18. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 18 Supplementing the above Code of Ethics, the following rules are adopted and promulgated: 1) Nurses shall perform their professional duties in conformity with existing laws and generally accepted principles of moral conduct and proper decorum.

19. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 19 Supplementing the above Code of Ethics, the following rules are adopted and promulgated: 2) The nurse must know their responsibilities in the practice of their profession. They must acquire and develop the necessary knowledge, competence and skills and attitude to effectively render proper nursing services. He/she is responsible for negligence, malpractice, and wrongful act or omission in the performance of the said responsibilities.

20. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 20 Supplementing the above Code of Ethics, the following rules are adopted and promulgated: 3) Solicitation, direct or indirect of patient is repugnant to the honor and dignity of the nursing profession and constitutes an ethical conduct. 4) Nurse shall not allow the use of their names in the promotion of any commercial product or services.

21. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 21 The Philippine Nurses Association Code for Nurses was produced by a Special Committee on the Code of Ethics headed by Dean Julita V. Sotejo adopted by the PNA House of Delegates on October 27, 1982 and the PNA members during the annual meeting on October 22, 1982. It reads:

22. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 22 Fundamental Concepts: Health is the fundamental right of every individual. Therefore, the nurses’ primary responsibility is to preserve health at all costs. This responsibility encompasses promotion of health, prevention of illness, alleviation of suffering and restoration of health.

23. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 23 Fundamental Concepts:  Standards of practice vary in different settings.  Society is ever-changing and the nurse responds to changes.  Respects for the rights and dignity of individuals is basic to the practice of the profession.

24. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 24 2) Nurses and People Values, customs and spiritual beliefs held by individuals are to be respected. Nurses hold in strict confidence personal information acquired in the process of giving nursing care. They use discriminative judgment in sharing these.

25. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 25 3) Nurses and Practice Nurses are the advocate of the patients. Take appropriate steps to safeguard the patients’ rights and privileges. Nurses are aware that their nursing actions have professional, ethical, moral and legal dimensions. They strive to perform their work in the best interest of all concerned. Nurses observe personal and professional decorum at all times.

26. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 26 4) Nurses and Co-Workers Maintain collaborative working relationships with their co- workers and other members of the health team. Recognize their capabilities and limitations accepting responsibilities and those of their co-workers when delegating responsibilities to them.

27. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 27 5) Nurses and Society Contributing members of society. Assume responsibilities inherent in being a member and citizen of the community/society in which they live/work. Recognize the need for change and initiates, participates and supports activities to meet the health and social needs of the people.

28. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 28 INTERPRETATIVE STATEMENTS: To fully appreciate and understand the Code of Ethics interpretative statements hereby follow:

29. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 29 INTERPRETATIVE STATEMENTS: a) The primary responsibility of the nurse to patient is to give him the kind of care his conditions needs regardless of his race, color, nationality or status: The patient care shall be based on the physician orders and his ailment, and shall involve the patients and his family so they can participate in his care.

30. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 30 INTERPRETATIVE STATEMENTS: b) Nurses are advised to become familiar with the Patients’ Bill of Rights (12 Bill of Rights). c) The patient and his family are entitled to know information or facts within the limits determined by the physician. If the patient insists on knowing what his diagnosis is.

31. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 31 INTERPRETATIVE STATEMENTS: d) Any information gathered by the nurse during the course of care to the patients should always be treated confidential.

32. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 32 INTERPRETATIVE STATEMENTS: This duty extends even after the patient’s death. Confidential information may be revealed only when: 1) The patient himself permits such revelation as in the case of claims for hospitalization, insurance benefits, etc.

33. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 33 INTERPRETATIVE STATEMENTS: This duty extends even after the patient’s death. Confidential information may be revealed only when: 2) The case of medico-legal such as attempted suicides, gunshot wounds which has to be reported to the local police or NBI or constabulary. 3) The patient is ill of communicable disease where public safety may be jeopardized.

34. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 34 INTERPRETATIVE STATEMENTS: This duty extends even after the patient’s death. Confidential information may be revealed only when: 4) To members of the health team if information is relevant to his care.

35. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 35 CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION is only revealed as provided for by law Article IV, Section 4 (1) of the New Constitution which states that: “The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon lawful order of the court or when public safety and order require otherwise.”

36. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 36 INTERPRETATIVE STATEMENTS: e) Nurses should not accept tips or expensive gifts that may induce them to give more care to favored patients and neglect those who cannot give. Nurses should not treat patients in a manner that would show concern whether the patient is rich or poor.

37. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 37 INTERPRETATIVE STATEMENTS: f) When a nurse is engaged by a patient or any agency, he/she should complete the service for the length of time stipulated by the contract. He/she may not leave a patient or an agency without proper permission or resignation or without relief and can be sued for breach of contract or abandonment of duty if they do so.

38. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 38 INTERPRETATIVE STATEMENTS: g) Responsibilities of the nurses towards THEMSELVES: 1) Maintain competence by continued learning, it is expected that every possible means shall be utilized by them to develop their skills.

39. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 39 INTERPRETATIVE STATEMENTS: g) Responsibilities of the nurses towards THEMSELVES: 2) Conduct should be such that would bring credit to the profession. Nurses are looked upon with respect in the community and therefore should endeavor to live a life that would uphold their self respect.

40. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 40 INTERPRETATIVE STATEMENTS: g) Responsibilities of the nurses towards THEMSELVES: 3) Nurses on duty should look neat and clean, use moderate make-up. Clean uniforms and clean bodies tend to enhance the image of nurses. - Male nurses are likewise advised to be clean shaven.

41. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 41 INTERPRETATIVE STATEMENTS: g) Responsibilities of the nurses towards THEMSELVES: Dining in public, shopping or going to the market while in uniform is discouraged. Caps are worn only while on duty. * Jewelry such as earrings, necklaces or bracelets are not worn while on duty. However, wedding rings, school rings or school pins may be worn.

42. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 42 INTERPRETATIVE STATEMENTS: h) Moral and Spiritual Responsibilities of Nurses When a nurse is confronted with situations where moral judgment is necessary, the nurse may be guided by the following principles or rules:

43. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 43 INTERPRETATIVE STATEMENTS: h) Moral and Spiritual Responsibilities of Nurses 1) The Golden Rule – God said “Do unto others what you would like others to do unto you.”

44. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 44 INTERPRETATIVE STATEMENTS: h) Moral and Spiritual Responsibilities of Nurses 2) The Two-Fold Effect: When a nurse faces a situation which may have a good and bad effect, how shall she choose which one to follow? The basis of action may be on the following: a) The action must be morally good.

45. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 45 INTERPRETATIVE STATEMENTS: h) Moral and Spiritual Responsibilities of Nurses 2) The Two-Fold Effect: b) The good effect must be willed and the bad effect merely allowed. c) The good effect must not come from the evil action but must come from the initial action itself directly. d) The good effect must have a greater effect than the bad effect.

46. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 46 INTERPRETATIVE STATEMENTS: h) Moral and Spiritual Responsibilities of Nurses 3) The Principle of Totality – the whole is greater than any of its parts. i.e. Suppose a man’s foot is gangrenous, should he consent to an amputation?

47. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 47 INTERPRETATIVE STATEMENTS: h) Moral and Spiritual Responsibilities of Nurses 4) Epikia – “Exception to the general rule” It is a reasonable presumption that the authority making the law would not wish to bind a person in some particular case, even though the case is covered by the letter of the law, i.e. allowing a relative to see a seriously ill patient who expresses the desire to see the former although it is not yet visiting hours.

48. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 48 INTERPRETATIVE STATEMENTS: h) Moral and Spiritual Responsibilities of Nurses 5) One who acts through an agent is himself responsible. i.e. a patient wants to have an abortion. Although the nurse did not perform the abortion but if she recommended a doctor who performs it, she then is liable as an accomplice.

49. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 49 INTERPRETATIVE STATEMENTS: h) Moral and Spiritual Responsibilities of Nurses 6) No one is obliged to betray himself. In testifying before a court no one can force a person to answer a question if such will incriminate him/her. 7) The end does not justify the means. i.e. giving a sleeping pills to a chronically ill person so she can die in peace is morally wrong.

50. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 50 INTERPRETATIVE STATEMENTS: h) Moral and Spiritual Responsibilities of Nurses 8) Defects of nature may be corrected. i.e. patients with a harelip or cleft palate may have their defects corrected by plastic surgery.

51. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 51 INTERPRETATIVE STATEMENTS: h) Moral and Spiritual Responsibilities of Nurses 9) If one is willing to cooperate in an act, no justice is done to him. i.e. a patient subject himself willingly to an experimental drug and he has explained the possible effects of the drug, he is of right age, and he is sane, there is no violation of human rights.

52. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 52 INTERPRETATIVE STATEMENTS: h) Moral and Spiritual Responsibilities of Nurses 10) A little more or less does not change the substance of an act. i.e. If a nurse gets medicine without permission from a hospital stock, she will be guilty of theft if she get only one table of the same.

53. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 53 INTERPRETATIVE STATEMENTS: h) Moral and Spiritual Responsibilities of Nurses 11) The morality of cooperation i.e. Formal cooperation in an evil act is never allowed. Immoral operations such as abortion should not be participated upon by nurses even if the doctor commands it.

54. C. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN NURSING 54 INTERPRETATIVE STATEMENTS: h) Moral and Spiritual Responsibilities of Nurses 12) Principle relating to the origin and destruction of life. The owner of life is man, but it is God who gave life to man and therefore, no one has the right to take life except God.

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