Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)

Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)

قُلْ إِن كُنتُمْ تُحِبُّونَ اللَّهَ فَاتَّبِعُونِي يُحْبِبْكُمُ اللَّهُ وَيَغْفِرْ لَكُمْ ذُنُوبَكُمْ ۗ (3:31) وَاللَّهُ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ Say: "If ye do love Allah, Follow me: Allah will love you and forgive you your sins: For Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful."

Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)
Muhammad it means praised one or praising one. As-Saddiq (the Truthful) Al-Amin (the Trustworthy) Defender of the orphans Ordered men to "provide and protect" women Taught people how to deal with the most extreme difficulties and tests

Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) HIS EXEMPLARY CHARACTER
1. Most examplary character (33:21) (68:4) 2. Sadiq (Truthful) (33:22) 3. Final judge and arbiter (4:65) (24:51) 4. Honoured, Noble (69: 40) 5. Forgiving (7:199) 6. He is Burhan (Clear Proof) (4:174) 7. Brave: Commands Muslims in battle (3:121)

Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) HIS EXALTED STATUS
1. He is Nur (Sacred Light) (5:15) 2. Allah blesses him (33:56) 3. Mercy for all the worlds (21:107) 4. His name is Muhammad (Meaning the Most Praised One) (47:2) 5. Allah has exalted his Zikr (remembrance) (94:1-4) 6. His exaltation on the Night of Mi’raj: his heavenly ascent (53:8-9) 7. His Station of Praise (Al-Maqam al-Mahmud) (17:79)

Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) THE BELOVED OF ALLAH
1. If you want to gain the love of Allah, follow him (3:31) 2. Allah addresses him with love and affection (20:1) (36:1) (73:1) (74:1) 3. Allah says: Realize that My Prophetic Messenger himself is with you (49:7) 4. Allah describes him with His Own Attributes of Rauf (Most Kind) and Rahim (Merciful) (9:128) 5. Allah Himself praises him (33:45-47) 6. Possessor of Allah’s Grace (4:113) 7. He is a special favour of Allah (Sub’hanahu wa Ta’ala) (3:164) 8. Allah does not punish people if he is in their midst (8:33) 9. Allegiance to him is allegiance to Allah (48:10)

Arab Peninsula West - Red Sea and Sinai East – Arabian Gulf
South – Arabian Sea North – Old Syria (Sham) and parts of Iraq Environment Mostly Deserts & Sandy Places Inaccesible to foreigners and invaders Great Empires let it be…

Arab History Originated from Yemen Sheba oldest known pure Arab
Crowned Kings and Head of Tribes 25 century B.C. 1300 to 650 B.C. nation of Mainiyah (King Makrib Sheba) Capital Sarwah (Kharaibah) Dam Marib B.C. (Sheba removing Makrib as capital to Marib) Marib Dam destroyed so Arab began to migrate to fertile land 115 B.C. – 300 C.E. (Common Era) Nation changed from Sheba to Himyariyah the first capital Redan (Zifar) 300 C.E. – Until Islam Himyariyah the Second increasing the disorder and turmoil Civil Rebellion Romans conquered with the help of the Abyssinians Dhu Nawas (Jews) forced people to convert to Judaism) 575 C.E. Elephent Incident

Who were the Arab? Arab – Deserts and barren land without water and vegetation Tribes Each of them was a separate king and no unity Lanuage Acommplishments? Medicine? Agriculture? Science? Engineering? Art?

History of Arab Tribes Perished Arabs – Ad, Thamud, Tasim, Jadis, Emlaq, and others Pure Arabs – Progeny of Ya’rub bin Yashjub bin Qahtan. Qahtanian Arabs Arabized Arabs – Originated from the progeny of Ismael. Called Adnanian Arabs. Ibrahim is from the area called Ar near Kufah on the Euphrates river in Iraq – Harran – Palestine – Egpyt Pure Arabs lived in Yemen (2 famous tribes) Himyar: Ancestors were Zaid Al-Jamhur, Quda’ah, and Sakasic Kahlan: Ancestors were Hamdan, Anmer, Tai (Setteled Northwards Mountainous area called Aja and Salma), Mudhij, Kindah (Settled in Najd), Lakhmi, Judhum, and Azd (Descendent are Aws and Khazraj eventually become Khuzaah who take over Mecca from Jurhum. Also went to Oman and later Syria to form the Kindom of Syria (Ghassan) after a spring.)

Prophet Ismael Mecca founders ZamZam – Kaaba 12 Children 2 Tribes Nabet: Established civilization North of Hijaz (Petra was the capital) Roman eventually destroyed it. Qidar: Lived long time in Mecca. Among his sons Adnan 40 fathers between Adnan and Ibrahim Quraish branched out into the following tribes: Jumah – Sahm-Adi-Makhzum - Tayim – Zahrah - Qusai bin Kilab Qusai bin Kilab offspring was Abdul-Dar, Qusa bin Abdul-Uzza, and Abd Manaf Abd Manaf divided into 4 tribes: Abd Shams, Nawfal, Muttalib, and Hashim (Tribe of Prophet Muhammed PBUH)

Economy Land was mostly dessert terrain Trade Slavery War Booty
Agriculture (Yathrib) Religion (Hajj)

Religions Worshipping Allah Idol worshipping Jewish Christianity

Negative Aspects of Arab Society
Alcoholism Gambling Masser Constant fighting amongst tribes Women treatment A man’s wife was inherited No inheritance No politics

Positive Aspects of Arab Society
Shareef Arabic language and poetry was grand entertainment Nakhwa (Courageous Behavior) Azza (Pride) Amazing horseman Rarely lied Stealing was rare Their wives would not fornicate Fornication was done only with slavery Karam – Generosity and Hospitality Best tribe was Quraish

Quraish Jurhum Arab tribe saw the birds over Mecca after ZamZam was found. Requested to live with Hajjar and Ismael Ismael and Jurhum was the start of the tribe of Quraish Ismael learned the Arabic language and became and Arabized Arab. Recognized the Kaaba Religion was the worship of One God Idol worship was not rampant until the arrival of Amr Ibn Laha

Amr bin Luhai Strong leader of his tribe Khuzza considered the Syed
Known for his righteousness, charity and reverence for religion, and was granted unreserved love and obedience by his tribesmen He wanted the honor of being the protector of the Kaaba instead of Quraish so he fought with Quraish Tribe of Jurhum started to destroy Mecca and hid the well of ZamZam Khuzza took over Mecca for 500 years Amr bin Luhai’s actions were never questioned or challenged

Amr bin Luhai introduces Idol worshiping
Amlak worshipped idols Travelled to Syria on business He was amazed by the worship and started to ask questions Provide us with Water - Feed Us – Win our Battles He figured since he lost ZamZam than he could take an idol back and asked for one and they gave him Hubal. He considered this a good innovation in religion First Idol to be worshipped in Quraish was Hubbal. He commanded them and they obliged blindly But they still worshipped Allah

Rampant worship of Idols
Began to push worship of idols by taking rocks from Mecca to other Arab tribes across Arabia to continue the practices of Hajj in their villages Muhammad (PBUH) said he saw Amr bin Luhai in hellfire dragging the idols Devoting themselves completely to the idols, seeking refuge with them, acclaiming their names, beseeching their help in hardship and supplication to them for fulfillment of wishes, hoping that the idols (i.e. pagan gods) would mediate with Allaah for the fulfillment of their wishes. Performing pilgrimage to the idols, circumambulating around them, self-abasement and even prostrating themselves before them. Seeking the favor of idols through various kinds of sacrifices and immolations. Consecration of certain portions of food, drink, cattle and crops to idols. Surprisingly enough, portions were also consecrated to Allaah Himself, but the misguided people often found reasons to transfer parts of Allaah’s portion to idols, but never did the opposite.

Story of Issaf and Nailah
Both wanted to marry but tribe rejected Committed fornication in Mecca Allah punished them by turning them into stone Eventually Amr bin Luhai commanded that they be worshiped

Omar Ibn Al Khatab Remember Jahaliyah he would cry and laugh. People asked why are you crying and laughing?

Other Religions Jews (Yathrib-Khayber-Yemen) Christians (Najran)
Jews Migrated to Khayber and Yathrib from Syria. The adopted the Arab language and culture but stayed Jews.

Entry of Judaism into Yemen
A great Yemen leader Rabi Ibn Nasr Dream that Habasha would be under the control of the Christians. Moved his children to Hera When he died his son Tuba (King) Tabaan Assad became a great king and was very generous in Yemen. On one of his travels, he left one of his sons in Yathrib when he returned he found that his son was killed. Tabaan fought with Yathrib Two Jews went to Tabaan and talked to him about Judaism. He was impressed with their wisdom and knowledge and accepted their religion On the way back, a group that dislike Quraish convinced Tabaan to destroy the Kaaba Jews told him not too because this city was great and instead he should do pilgrimage

Kiswa Pilgrimage Dream
Tabaa Assad the first to cover the Kaaba with the Kiswa

Yemen accepted Judaism
Worshipped Fire Challenge House of Fire worship Jews won the challenge

Son of Tabaan Hassan the son of Tabaan Who is the greatest superpower?
Persians Decided to attack the Persians so they could be the greatest superpower Mutiny by his brother Omar Omar became depressed and Yemen went into internal conflict

Khano De Shanatar Oppresor Tyrant People were disgusted with him
Dhun Was killed Khano and Jews continued to control Yemen

Fimion Christian Priest who was a missionary in Africa
He preached Tawheed Gang took him as a slave and sold him to the Arab to Yemen The master was impressed with him and amazed. He told him that he believed in one God Najran used to believe in a tree. Fimion couldn’t believe that they worshipped the tree

Challenge Fimion started praying to destroy the tree so the people can be guided Allah loves prayer from a good servant. Lightning destroyed the tree and people began to have faith in waves People of Najran entered into Christianity

Abdullah bun Samar (Christian)
Travelled to Yemen Jews disliked the Christians When the Christians entered Yemen they were not happy Began to worship Christianity in Secret Dhu Nawas had a magician who became sick and before he dies he wanted to teach someone magic King selected a youth to learn the magic. Sahih Muslim

Ghulam He heard the injel (Bible) and started to learn
Magician got upset with the Gulam because he was late and was beaten up Priest told him that he should blame his parents and if his parents question than blame the magician Ghulam really learned a lot and started to bless people with the grace of Allah Healing the people. Dabi entered the village. The Ghulam said that in the name of God. He told the preacher how he killed the Dabi and said this is great but you will be tested. Don’t tell anyone about me.

Blind Servant of the King
Ghulam said he doesn’t heal Allah heals If you believe than I will pray to Allah to heal. Servant believed and he was healed King noticed that his servant can see. He said who healed you he said my God. Who is my God? King said you are doing great magic heal the sick and blind. Ghulam said I am not doing magic it is my faith in God. He beat the Ghulam and asked him who taught you this faith. He told him the priest. He took the saw and cut his head in half. (Hadith) King commanded his servant to return to his faith and he rejected.

Punish the Ghulam The magician position was know in the society
So the king decided to publicly kill the ghulam. Took him to the top of the mountain to kill him the soldiers. He prayed that Allah take care of them Soldiers fell from the mountain. King feared for losing power. They took him in the ship to drown him The ship shook and he returned without the soldiers.

Final way to kill him Ghulam said the only way to kill me is too tie me to a tree and kill me with in arrow than say Bismillah Rub Alghulam The king did so and the people saw this and 20,000 entered the religion. The believer is like a candle who will burn himself so people will have faith King was outraged that others were not worshipping based on his religion. Dug holes and filled them with fire and began to kill them Prophet Muhammad said in a hadith that a child told his mother throw yourself we are on the straight path Quran mentions this incident Kutaba Ashab al Ekdoud Christians were killed

Persecution Usually the believers will have victory
This story the faithful were destroyed Victory of the Earth is not always for the believers. But in the hereafter the victory is always for the faithful Allah is the most wise Dhaws escaped from the king so he fled and decided to go to Caesar and told him what happened to the Christians He was angered and told him that Arabia is very far but I will send a message to Najjashi Najjashi moved his military to defend his religion unlike today the way Muslims are today Ariad moved his ships and military in the direction of Yemen with a General named Abrhah

Yemen Ariad fought with Dhun Was
Habashi defeated Dhun Was. Dhun died at sea Ariad became very difficult. Abrha the general gathered the soldiers and they tried to take the military from Ariad. Ariad Vs Abrhah Abrhah defeated Ariad Najjashi found out about the mutiny and said that he would walk on the sands of Yemen and cut the hair of Abrhah Abrhah found out that Najjashi was angered so he sent his hair and sand to Najjashi as a sign of his respect and that he is her servant. Abrhah build a gigantic Church called Qulais so people would come to worship Christianity

Story of the Elephant Nobody came to Qulais
Abrahah came up with the idea of destroying the Kaaba Nase (Delay) are people who would switch months of war. Playing with the religion of Allah Heard that they planned to destroy the Kaaba he went into Qulais he took care of business and left it in Qulais. Abrahah found out that these people honored the Kaaba so he moved his army in the direction of the Kaaba Took the Elephant Mahmoud He didn’t know the direction. He asked the Taif. They said its not our business. Aburughal said he would guide them the direction of Kaaba and became a sign of treason

Family of Prophet Muhammad
First Lineage Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Abdul-Mutalib (Shaibah) bin Hashim (Amr) bin Abd Manaf (Al-Mughirah) bin Qusai (Zaid) bin Kilab bin Murrah bin Ka’b bin Lo’I bin Ghalib bin Fihr (Quraish) bin Malik bin An-Nadr bin Kinanah bin Khuzaimah bin Mudrikah (Amir) bin Elias bin Mudar bin Nizar bin Ma’d bin Adnan Second Lineage Adnan bin Add bin Humaisi bin Salaman bin Aws bin Buz bin Qmwal bin Ubai bin Awwam bin Nashid bin Haza bin Bildas bin Yadlaf bin Tabikh bin Jahim bin Nahish bin Makhi bin Aid bin Abqar bin Ubaid bin Ad-Daa bin Hamdan bin Sanbir bin Yathrabi bin Yahzin bin Yalhan bin Ar’rawi bin Aid bin Deshan bin Aisar bin Afnad bin Aiham bin Muksar bin Nahith bin Zarih bin Sami bin Mazzi bin Awdah bin Aram bin Qaider bin Ismael son of Ibrahim

Prophetic Family Hashim
Responsible for giving food and water to the pilgrims Prophet’s Grandfather Hashim bin Abd Manaf Started the 2 journey’s of summer & winter Married from Medinah (Salma from bani abd-najjar He died in Palestine leaving his wife behind in Medinah His wife gave birth to Shaibah or Abdul-Mutalib Hashim had 4 sons Asad, Abu Saifi, Nadlah, and Al-Mutalib and 5 daughters After the death of Hashim the resposnibility of the food and water to the pilgrims went to his brother Al-Muttalib

Abdul-Muttalib Uncle Al-Muttalib heard of him when he was a boy and went to Madinah to bring him to Mecca Digging of the Well of Zam Zam Elephant Incident Ten Sons: Al-Harith, Az-Zubair, Abu Talib, Abdullah, Hamzah, Abu Lahab, Al Ghidaq, Maqwam, Safar, and Al-Abbas Six Daughters: Ummul-Hakim (Al-Bayda), Barrah, Atikah, Safiyah, Arwa, and Umaimah

ZamZam Returns Dream to dig ZamZam
He found the arms and gold/jewelery and the well of ZamZam Water of ZamZam gushed Abdul-Mutalib made a pledge he would sacrifice 1 of his 10 sons if he had ten

Elephant Incident 60,000 warriors 9-13 elephants
Reached the Muhassir Valley between Muzdalifah and Mina Elephants refused to move forward Allah sent birds with stones like baked clay like scattered chaff. 3 stones Stones cut their limbs Abrahah had an infection and died after his return to Yemen The month of Al-Muharram days before the birth of Prophet Muhammad PBUH

Abdullah Abdullah’s Mother was Fatimah daughter of Amr bin Aidah bin Imran bin Makhzum bin Yaqzah bin Murrah Smartest and most loved of Abdul-Mutallib’s children Child that was pointed divination by arrow to be slaughtered to Hubal Finally the Quraish said he should find a woman diviner for advice Drawing lots and if his name comes up 10 camels should be sacrificed. They continued this process until they decided to sacrifice 100 camels Muhammad (PBUH) is the son of slaughtered two (Ismael and Abdullah) Abdul-Mutalib chose Aminah, daughter of Wahb bin Abd Manaf bin Zuhran bin Kilab as wife for Abdullah Abdul-Mutalib sent his son Abdullah to buy dates in Madinah where he died at the age of 25 2 months before the birth of Muhammad PBUH Abdullah left very little wealth – five camels, small number of goats, a she-servant called Barak (Umm Aiman)

The Weaning of the Babe Standard for newborn Qurayshi boys to spend early childhood in the desert Halima adopted Muhammad, hoping from some blessings from him Blessings were showered down as soon as they were returning home. Her husband told her on the way back home, ‘By God, Halimah, it is a blessed creature that thou has taken!’ ‘That was indeed my hope,’ she replied. He grew well and when she returned him to Mecca after 2 years she insisted that she keep him longer. Amina obliged Two angels operated open heart surgery on young Rasul Allah. This scared Halima and she anxiously returned him back to Mecca

The Two Bereavements Came back to live with his mother for 3 years, winning affection of grandfather and uncles/ aunts, especially Hamza and Safiyya At 6 years old he takes a vacation to Amina’s family in Yathrib and he learns to swim and fly kites. On the return journey, Amina passes and Muhammad is left orphaned at Abwa’. Abd al Mutallib’s love for Abdullah transferred to Muhammad and would take him everywhere. When during the Assembly of elders, some would insist that Muhammad leave but Abd al Mutallib insisted; ‘Let my son be. For by God, a great future is his.’ He often sought Muhammad’s counsel and respected his opinions on things. Two years after the death of his mother, Abd al Mutallib dies, leaving himself to his father’s brother- Abu Talib.

Abu Talib Cherished & Raised him for 40 years
Drought Abu Talib & Muhammad as a child prayed for rain by the Kaaba

Bahira the Monk Bahira, a Christian, was a monk nestled in the sanctuary at Bostra and would always notice Meccan caravans passing. One day he was looking and saw a small, low cloud moving with the caravan, seemingly always shading one person in it. When stopped at a tree, it extended its branches- offering double the shade. Bahira knew the prophecies of the great Ahmad to come Invited the gathering to his home for dinner and when Muhammad was finally brought, he tested him. He knew him exactly by his looks and kept staring at him during dinner. Asked him questions about life and swore by Lat, where Rasul Allah said , ‘I do not like that name’. Showed him his Seal and Bahira warned Abu Talib to hide him from the Jews, as they would seek to kill him if they had knowledge of who he was.

A Pact of Chivalry In the upcoming years, many little battles and skirmishes arose. The main one being the sacrilegious war (started in one of the sacred months). Prophet Muhammad assisted but didn’t fight A criminal of Kinanah killed a man of Amir, one of the Najdi tribes, and hid in the Khaybar fortress. Quraish got dragged into it and became full tribal war. After 3-4 years of fighting ended, a few weeks pass and another scandal happens. A Yemeni merchant (Zubaid) was cheated by a As-Shami and appealed to Quraysh for justice. Divisions ensued. The two branches of Qusayy, which the battle was centered, came together at Abd Allah ibn Jud’an, of the Taymi clan. They agreed to pour water over the Black Stone and all drink the water in agreement to order and peace. Abu Quhafah was the chief’s cousin and his son Abu Bakr was there- who became very good friends with Rasul Allah. Years later, Rasul Allah commented on how excellent the pact was and how if he could he would do it again. Pact agreed to suppress violence-injustice-Protect rights of poor and weak Banu Hashim-Banu Al-Mutalib-Asad bin Abdul-Uzza-Zahra bin kilab and Taim bin Murrah

Muhammad (PBUH) Early Career
Shepard for Bani Saad Wages Attended a wedding ended up going into deep sleep

Muhammad (PBUH) Characteristics
Modesty Virtuous Behaviour Graceful Manner Spotless Character Obliging to Compatriots Most Honest Mildest in Temper Gentle Hearted Chaste Hospitable Best to keep covenant Family Relations

Marriage The Prophet grew up with Fakhitah (Umm Hani) bint Abu Talib and when Rasul Allah asked for her, his uncle refused and gave her off to a poet of Bani Makhzum. He would later be known for his noble qualities and was asked by Khadijah of Asad to manage her goods to Syria. She paid him double the rate and he agreed. This paid off well because he came back with 100% profit, pleasing her. Khadijah sent a servant, Maysarah, with Muhammad and he met with Nestor at Bostra and witnessed miracles at the blessed tree. Nestor mentions the Shiloh Khadijah was impressed with Rasul Allah and asked her friend Nufaysah to go ask Muhammad for marriage. He agreed and soon later he took his uncle/ friend Hamza with him and asked for her hand.

Establishment of the Household
So the development of the Prophetic household began. With Khadijah, she would bear him 6 children- 2 boys and 4 girls. Only the girls survived- Zaynab, Ruqayyah, Um Kulthum, and Fatimah. Qasim was the first son and died before second birthday- Rasul Allah also known as Abul Qasim. On their wedding day, Rasul Allah freed Barakah and Khadijah gave him Zayd. When his family came looking for him, Zayd would insisted on staying with his new master, refusing to go back to the north with his father and uncle. Muhammad that day adopted him as a son. Because of financial troubles, Abbas took Jafar and Muhammad took Ali as caretakers. Abu Lahab noticed Rasul Allah’s prominence and wanted in, offering his sons for Muhammad’s daughters. He obliged for his cousins.

The Rebuilding of the Kaaba
At Rasul Allah’s 35 birthday, Quraysh decided to rebuild the Holy House Walid al Makhzumi was the first to strike it and they waited a night to make sure he wasn’t dead before continuing. Found ancient Syriac manuscripts under the Black Stone Found the footprint of Sayyidna Ibrahim under his Hijr. Disagreement over final stages of construction Rasul Allah in his genius was able to calm the situation and join all the clans in shared honor. He, in a beautiful and incredibly ironic destiny, set the stone in place himself. Him the descendent of Ibrahim.

Prophet hood Timeline Makkan Period (13 Years)
3 Years in Secret 9 Years in Public Madinian Period (10 Years)

Cave size 4 arm-length by 1.75 arm-length wide
Cave of Hira Mount of Noor 2 Miles from Mecca Cave size 4 arm-length by 1.75 arm-length wide

Prophet Muhammad Reflection
Reflection of Society Idolatry Moral Evils Privacy lasted 3 years Ramadan

First Revelation Age of 40 Lunar Years 6 mo 12 days
Age of 39 Gregorian 3 mo 22 days Premonition of Revelation Stones greet Dreams become reality Monday 21st of Ramadan August 10, 610 CE

Revelation Angel came and said “Recite”
Prophet Muhammad “I can not recite”

Khadijah Asked his wife to cover him Allah will never disgrace him
Unite Families Bear the burden of the weak Help the poor & needy Entertain guests Endure hardships in the path of truthfulness

Waraqah bin Nawfal Embraced Christianity pre-Islamic period
Used to write Hebrew scriptures Old Blind Man “Namus” visited Musa Your people will drive you out

Interruption of Revelation
Paused for few days Depression Jibreel would come to Say “O Muhammad! You are indeed Allah’s messenger in truth”

Once More, Jibreel Bring’s Allah revelation
بِسۡمِ ٱللهِ ٱلرَّحۡمَـٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ يَـٰٓأَيُّہَا ٱلۡمُدَّثِّرُ (١) قُمۡ فَأَنذِرۡ (٢) وَرَبَّكَ فَكَبِّرۡ (٣) وَثِيَابَكَ فَطَهِّرۡ (٤) وَٱلرُّجۡزَ فَٱهۡجُرۡ (٥) وَلَا تَمۡنُن تَسۡتَكۡثِرُ (٦) وَلِرَبِّكَ فَٱصۡبِرۡ (٧) فَإِذَا نُقِرَ فِى ٱلنَّاقُورِ (٨) O thou enveloped in thy cloak, (1) Arise and warn! (2) Thy Lord magnify, (3) Thy raiment purify, (4) Pollution shun! (5) And show not favour, seeking wordly gain! (6) For the sake of thy Lord, be patient! (7) For when the trumpet shall sound, (8) Surely that day will be a day of anguish,

Types of Revelations True Vision
Angel invisibly cast in prophet’s mind and heart Visit in the form of a human being In a hard way seizing him firmly and sweat would stream from his forehead. Angel in his real form Revealed in heaven Revelation w/out angel directly from Allah

3 Years of secret call Initial spreading of the message from home
Khadijah (wife) Zaid bin Harithah (adopted son) Ali bin Abi Talib (cousin) Abu Bakr As-Siddiq (Best Friend) Others: Uthman bin Affan Al-Umawi, Az-Zubair bin Awwam Al-Asadi, AbdurRahman bin Awf, Sa’d bin Abi Waqqas Az-Zuhriyan, and Talhah bin Ubaidullah At-Taimy. 8 Frontline of the new faith Early verses gave detailed description of heaven and hell

Early Muslims (40) Bilal Bin Rabah (Abyssinian), Abu Ubaidah, Amir bin Al-Jarrah from Bani Harith bin Harith bin Fihr, Abu Salamah bin Abdul-Asad, Al-Arqam bin Abul-Arqam from the tribe of Makhzum, Uthman bin Maz’oun and his two brothers Qudamah and Abdullah, Ubaidah bin Al-Harith bin Al-Muttalib bin Abd Manaf, Said bin Zaid Al-Adawi and his wife Fatima (Sister of Umar bin Al-Khattab), Khabbab bin Al-Alratt, Abudllah bin Masud Al-Hadhali

As-Salat (Prayer) Prayer was established twice daily in the morning before sunrise and after sunset Jibreel taught Muhammad how to make wudu

Quraish Initial Response
Since their religion was not being attacked they paid it little attention 3 years of in secret built a spirit of brotherhood of believers like no other

Open Preaching Closest Kinspeople Mount As-Safa
Shouting the Truth and Polytheists Reaction Hinder pilgrims from Muhammad’s Call Mockery of Islam Persecutions Approaching Abu Talib Attrocities against Muhammad Migration to Abbysinia Decision to kill the Prophet

Open Preaching Conversion of Hamzah bin Abdul-Mutalib
Conversion of Umar bin Al-Khattab Negotiations Challenge Prophet to show evidence

Calling Closest Kinspeople
سُوۡرَةُ الشُّعَرَاء وَأَنذِرۡ عَشِيرَتَكَ ٱلۡأَقۡرَبِينَ (٢١٤) Surah Al-Shuara And warn thy tribe of near kindred, (214)

Calling Closest Kinspeople
Called for a gathering of Bani Hashim 45 Men Abu Lahab statement made it difficult for success at the initial meeting Second meeting prophet Muhammad (PBUH) addressed the clan

Mount As-Safa “Ya Sabahah” “Tauhid” “O Bani Fihr! O Bani Adi”
Prophet PBUH said “You see if I were to tell you that there were some horsemen in the valley planning to raid you, you will believe me?” They said “yes” He said “I am a warner to you before a sever torment.” Abu Lahab promptly replied “Perish you all the day! Have you summoned us for such a thing? Verses revealed

Shouting the truth Muhammad PBUH made his voice heard
فَٱصۡدَعۡ بِمَا تُؤۡمَرُ وَأَعۡرِضۡ عَنِ ٱلۡمُشۡرِكِينَ So proclaim that which thou art commanded, and withdraw from the idolaters. (94) Invitation to Islam was made at gatherings لَقَدۡ أَرۡسَلۡنَا نُوحًا إِلَىٰ قَوۡمِهِۦ فَقَالَ يَـٰقَوۡمِ ٱعۡبُدُواْ ٱللَّهَ مَا لَكُم مِّنۡ إِلَـٰهٍ غَيۡرُهُ ۥۤ إِنِّىٓ أَخَافُ عَلَيۡكُمۡ عَذَابَ يَوۡمٍ عَظِيمٍ۬ We sent Noah (of old) unto his people, and he said: O my people! Serve Allah. Ye have no other God save Him. Lo! I fear for you the retribution of an Awful Day. (59)

Praying in Public & Reaction
Began worshipping in public Started disapproving the superstitious practices People began to enter the religion of Allah Caused enmity between converts and relatives

Pilgrimage Protect Arab pilgrims from Muhammad’s Call
Different ideas (Kahin-soothdayer, Majnun-crazy, poet, or Witchcraft) Withcraft was the methodology chosen Justified by saying how his words divided families

Prevention Methods to stop Islam
Taunting False Propaganda Distractions Persecutions

Persecutions High Class converts: Degrade his good sense and threaten him with terrible consequences Socially weak: Beat him mercilessly and put him to unspeakable tortures Uthman bin Affan- Uncle used to wrap in palm leaves and set fire under him Musab bin Umair- Mother put him in starvation and then expelled him from her house Bilal Al Habishi- Master (Umaiyah bin Khalaf) severely beat him (rope put around his neck and dragged across the streets, deprivation of food & water, tied in the middle of the day in the sun placing a giant stone on his chest Ammar bin Yasir – Abu Fakih (Aflah)- Khabbab bin Al-Aratt Women Converts: Zanirah,An-Nahdiyah,Umm Ubais

First Martyrs Abu Jahal the Pharoah of that time Sumae and Yaser
Sumae defended prophet Muhammad (PBUH) Tortured Amr Jaloub is your God

Approach Abu Talib O Abu Talib! Your nephew curses our gods; finds faults with our way of life, mocks our religion and degrades our forefathers; either you must stop him, or you must let us get at him. For you are in the same opposition as we are in opposition to him; and we will rid you of him. Abu Talib tried to calm them down

Quraish Pressure Abu Talib
Quraish notables approached Abu Talib Severe hostility Refused to desert Muhammad PBUH Abu Talib spoke to Muhammad PBUH “Spare me and yourself and put not burden on me that I can’t bear” Prophet Muhammad PBUH replied “O my uncle! By Allah if they put the sun in my right hand and the moon in my left on condition that I abandon this course, I would not abandon it until Allah has made me victorious or I perish therein” Prophet walked away Abu Talib called him back and said “Go and preach what you please, for by Allah, I will never forsake you”

Quraish confront Abu Talib again
Exchange Umarah bin Al-Walid bin Al-Mughirah for Muhammad PBUH Abu Talib said “You bring me your son to bring him up and I give you my son to kill him! By Allah, it is something incredible.”

Atrocities against Allah’s messenger
Abu Lahab throw stones 2 Sons divorce his daughters Ruqaiyah and Umm Kulthum Calling Abtar after the death of his second son Abu Lahab wife Umm Jamil bint Harb (sister of Abu Sufyan) would throw thorns in his path Family members who attacked Muhammad PBUH: Abu Lahab, Al-Hakam bin Abul-As bin Umaiyah, Uqbah bin Abi Mu’ait, Adi bin Hamra Athaqafi and Ibn Al-Asada Al-Hudhali

Guts of a Camel Abu Jahal said who amongst you will bring me the guts of a camel and put it on the back of Muhammad PBUH. Uqbah bin Abi Muait got up and brought it Prophet Muhammad prostrated and placed it on his back They started laughing Fatimah came and removed it Dua mad “O Allah! Destroy the infidels of Quraish” All of these participants died in the battle of Badr later on

Atrocities against Muhammad
Umaiyah bin Khalaf would slander and talk bad about his “Al-Humazah” Publicly mocks and “Al-Lumazah” one who secretly declares the defects of people and defames them Uqbah bin Abi Muait (Umaiyah’s brother) once listened to Prophet Muhammad so his brother forced him to spit at him to show his loyalty Ubai threw dust of bone at the face House of Al-Arqam: Followers conceal their conversion

First Migration to Abyssinia
Late in the 4th year of prophethood Middle of the 5th year the torture became unbearable Allah revealed in the Quran: Good is for those who do good in this world, and Allah’s earth is spacious. Only those who are patient shall receive their rewards in full, without reckoning (39:10) Najashi (Negus) Ashamah King of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) 5th year of Prophethood a group of 12 men and 4 women immgrated to Abyssinia amongst them was Uthman bin Affan and his wife Ruqaiyah They are the first people to migrate in the cause of Allah after Ibrahim and Lot. Surat An-Najm idolators were so awe-inspired that they bowed down when the verse came up “So fall you down in prostration to Allah and worship him alone

Quraish against the Emigrants
Quraish couldn’t tolerate the prospect of a secure and safe place available for the Muslims They sent Amr bin Al-As and Abdullah bin Abi Rabiah. Brought valuable gifts to king and clergy King summoned the Muslims to the court

Utaibah bin Abi Lahab Verbally abused Prophet Muhammad PBUH
He violently attacked the prophet and spit on him Prophet Muhammad invoked Allah’s wrath on him “O Allah! Set one of Your dogs on him” Utaibah was with his companions from Quraish when a lion approached him. The lion crushed his head

“Do you kill a man simply because he says ‘Allah is my Lord”
Uqbah bin Abi Muit once pressed on Muhammad’s neck Abu Bakr said “Do you want to kill a man just because he says: My Lord is Allah

Conversion of Hamza bin AbdulMutallib
Abu Jahal attacked Muhammad with a stone Hamzah on return from a hunting expedition was told by a slave girl of the incident Hamzah was deeply offended and headed towards the courtyard. Abu Jahal was sitting as Hamzah entered and struck him with a bow and continued to beat him saying: “Ah! You have been abusing Muhammad; I too follow his religion and profess what he preaches” Bani Makhzum came to his defense when Abu Jahal said to back off since he admitted attacking prophet Muhammad

Umar bin Al-Khattab 6th year of prophethood
3 days following the conversion of Hamza O Allah! Give strength to Islam especially through either two men you love more: Umar Ibn Al-Khattab or Umar bin Hisham Highly use to regard the traditions of his people and was used to practice in wine parties He use to admire the stamina and perseverance of the Muslims

Umar bin Al-Khattab One day his love for his people led him to the decision to kill Muhammad PBUH Sword in hand to find Muhammad he was interrupted by Nu’aim bin Abdullah (secret muslim) Take care of your house before Muhammad Khabbab bin Aratt was teaching Quran when Umar knocked on the door Fatima and Saied Beat them Dandana

Umar bin Al-Khattab Ask for them to bring the Quran Unclean
Chapter Ta-Ha Fascinated Khabbab jumped of from his excitement Khabbab took him to Dar Al Arqam Sahaba understood from Naiem that Umar’s intention was to kill Muhammad Hamza said let him in Muhammad put his arms on his shoulder and shook him asking him what was the purpose of his visit

Umar bin Al-Khattab Umar replied: “O messenger of Allah, I come to you in order to believe in Allah and his Messenger and that which he has brought from his Lord” Muhammad PBUH and his companion exploded with Allahu Akbar After embracing Islam Umar went straight to Abu Jahl Umar went in public and proclaim his acceptance in Islam Al Farooq (Nickname): He who distinguishes truth from falsehood

Desire to Negotiate a settlement
Utbah bin Rabiah tried to make a settlement by offering Muhammad worldly gains in exchange of Muhammad ceasing to preach about Islam O Nephew! You are a man who holds an important family position among us with noble lineage. Yet, you come to your people with a grave matter that separates their groups. You have outraged our gods and religion and taxed our forefathers and wise men with impiety and error and created strife amongst us. So listen to my proposals for you to consider, and perhaps you will accept one of them. Prophet Muhammad PBUH replied by saying “I am listening”

Utbah bin Rabiah Offer He said “O nephew! If you are doing all this with a view to getting wealth. We will join to give you greater riches than any Quraishite has possessed. If ambition moves you we will make you our chief. If you desire kinship we will readily offer you that. If you are under the power of an evil spirit which seems to haunt and dominate you so that you cannot shake off its yoke then we shall call in skillfull physicians to cure you. Muhammad replied by asking Utbah if he was finished Prophet Muhammad replied by reciting from the Quran

Surah Fussilat In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful Ha. Mim. (1) A revelation from the Beneficent, the Merciful, (2) A Scripture whereof the verses are expounded, a Lecture in Arabic for people who have knowledge, (3) Good tidings and a warning. But most of them turn away so that they hear not. (4) And they say: Our hearts are protected from that unto which thou (O Muhammad) callest us, and in our ears there is a deafness, and between us and thee there is a veil. Act, then. Lo! we also shall be acting. (5) Say (unto them O Muhammad): I am only a mortal like you. It is inspired in me that your God is One God, therefore take the straight path unto Him and seek forgiveness of Him. And woe unto the idolaters,

Surat Fussilat (12) But if they turn away, then say: I warn you of a thunderbolt like the thunderbolt (which fell of old upon the tribes) of A'ad and Thamud; (13) When their messengers came unto them from before them and behind them, saying: Worship none but Allah! they said: If our Lord had willed, He surely would have sent down angels (unto us), so lo! we are disbelievers in that wherewith ye have been sent. (14) As for A'ad, they were arrogant in the land without right, and they said: Who is mightier than us in power? Could they not see that Allah Who created them, He was mightier than them in power? And they denied Our revelations. (15) Therefor We let loose on them a raging wind in evil days, that We might make them taste the torment of disgrace in the life of the world. And verily the doom of the Hereafter will be more shameful, and they will not be helped. (16) And as for Thamud, We gave them guidance, but they preferred blindness to the guidance, so the bolt of the doom of humiliation overtook them because of what they used to earn.

Utbah change in position
Utbah informed the people of Quraish regarding his conversation with Muhammad PBUH: I have never heard words similar to those recited. They definitely relate neither to poetry nor to witchcraft nor do they derive from soothsaying. O people of Quraish! I request you to take note of my advice and grant the man full freedom to pursue his goals, in which case you could safely detach yourselves from him. I swear that his words bear a supreme Message. Should the other Arabs rid you him, they will then spare you the trouble, on the other hand if he gains power over the Arabs, then you will enjoy his kinship and share him in his might.”

Produce a sign Quraish invited Muhammad to produce a sign
Move a mountain Level the city Bring life from the dead Prophet Muhammad PBUH replied by saying That is up to Allah, as H wills He does Abu Jahl realized that Muhammad would not change his path so he decided to kill him with a heavy rock Jibreel defended him

Negotiated on other fronts
Agreed to worship Allah for a period of time than worship the idols Contacted a Jew An-Nadr bin Harith from Medinah who told them to ask him 3 questions Children who went away in earlier times; what happened to them About a man whose journeys reached the east and west of earth About the soul? After a few days, Allah revealed Surat Al-Kahf Children of the people of the cave Journey of the man known as Dhul-Qarnain Answer about the soul was answered in Surat Al-Isra

Abu Talib Assembles his Family
Abu Talib had a deep sensation of fear for his nephew The family of Banu Hashim and Banu Al-Muttalib committed to protecting Prophet Muhammad PBUH at all costs accept for Abu Lahab

General Social Boycott
At Khaif Banu Kinanah in the place of Wadi Al-Muhassab a confederation was formed to battle the movement of Islam Abu Jahl came up with the idea of boycotting Bani Hashim and Bani Al-Mutallib No Business No Inter-marriage No visits The contract was written by Bagheed bin Amir Bin Hashim Abu Talib withdrew the tribe to a valley on the Eastern outskirts of Mecca from 7 year of prophet hood until the 10th 3 years were horrible and deadly Supply of food was minimal (Food source: leaves of trees and skin of animals

General Social Boycott
Hakim bin Hizam was trying to smuggle food to his aunt Khadijah when Abu Jahl intercepted him By the 10th year there was a movement to stop the boycott lead by Hisham bin Amr, Zuhair bin Abi Umaiyah Al-Makhzumi, Abu Jahl standed strong against giving up the boycott The Quraishites argued amongst each other Abu Talib was sitting in the corner of the masjid and told them that Muhammad had a revelation that ants had eaten up the declaration accept for the part that says in the Name of Allah Once the Meccans saw that this was true the boycott was cancelled.

Final Phase of Diplomacy
Abu Talib after the cessation of the boycott became ill and weak Meccans tried to do one last negotiation with Prophet Muhammad Delegation of 25 was sent to Abu Talib: Utbah bin Rabiah, Shaibah bin Rabiah, Abu Jahl bin Hisham, Umaiyah bin Khalak and Abu Sufyan bin Harb They proposed that they would refrain from intervening in his religion if he did the same Abu Talib summoned his nephew and Allah’s messenger responded by saying: “I will guide you to the means by which you will gain control over both the Arabs and Non-Arabs

What word will give them power?
Prophet Muhammad said: I want you to testify that there is no God worthy to be worshipped but Allah, and then dissociate yourselves from any sort of worship you harbor for any deities other than Allah They immediately ridicule Muhammad Chapter 38 Verse 1-7 responds to the ridicule

Year of Grief In Rajab the tenth year of the prophethood Abu Talib fell ill and passed away 6 months after the end of the boycott Muhammad asked his uncle: My uncle you must make a profession that there is no true God but Allah and I will bear testimony before Allah of you being a believer Abu Jahl and Abdullah bin Abi Umaiyah said: Abu Talib would you abandon the religion of Abdul-Muttalib Discussion went back and forth until Abu Talib made is final decision and he stuck to his religion Muhammad responded by saying “By Allah, I will persistently beg pardon for you till I am forbidden to do so by Allah” Chapter 9 Verse 113 revealed: It is not proper for the Prophet and those who believe to ask Allah’s forgiveness for the Mushrikun idolaters, pagans, disbelievers in the Oneness of Allah even though they be related after it has become clear to them that they are dwellers of the fire because they died in the state of disbelief

Khadijah Passes away Only 2 to 3 months after the death of his uncle did Allah’s messenger experience another great personal loss The mother of believers, his wife Khadijah at the age of 65 year and prophet Muhammad was 50 Prophet Muhammad feelings about Khadijah: She believed in me while the people disbelieved in me. She trusted in me while the people belied me. And she helped and comforted me, in person and wealth, when the people would not. Allah provide me with children by her and He did not with others. Jibreel came to Muhammad PBUH and said: Allah’s messenger, lo, Khadijah is coming to you with a vessel of seasoned food and drink. When she comes to you, offer her greetings from her Lord and give her glad tidings of a palace of jewels in Paradise where there is no noise and no toil.

Accumulation of Grief Meccan openly declared their operation of torture and oppression Prophet Muhammad set out for Al-Taif where he was confronted with even worst atmosphere

Factors Inspiring Patience & Perseverance
Unshakable Belief in Allah Wholeheartedly-loved Leadership Sense of Responsibility Unwavering belief in the truth of the hereafter The Quran Glad Tidings of success

Islam Beyond Mecca Set of for Taif with Zaid bin Harith invite people to Islam Environment was hostile 10 days of hostility met Prophet Muhammad PBUH Finally the people unleashed the children on him pelting him with stones until blood flowed down his legs Zaid trying to protect him wounded in the head

Dua Prophet Muhammad O Allah! To You alone I complain of my weakness, my insufficient ability and my insignificance before the people. You are the most Merciful of the merciful. You are the Lord of the helpless and the weak, O Lord of mine! Into whose hands would You abandon me: into the hands of an unsympathetic distant relative who would angrily frown at me, or the enemy who has been given control over my affairs? But if Your wrath does not fall on me, there is nothing for me to worry about.” “Your pardon is ample enough for me. I seek protection in the light of your Face, which illuminates the darkness, fixing the affairs in this world as well as in the Hereafter. May it never be that I should incur Your wrath, or that You should be wrathful to me. And there is no power nor resource, but Yours alone. In the Name of Allah

Bahirah bin Ferass Tribe of Bani Amir bin Sa’sa’ah called them to Allah: “By Allah, I can take this young man from the Quraish and consume all of the Arabs with him!” Then he asked Muhammad “Should we give allegiance and Allah gives you victory over your opponents will we succeed you in rule?” Prophet replied: “Rule is up to Allah, He puts it wherever He wills.” Man responded: “Should we stretch out our necks for the Arabs for you, then when Allah gives you victory, you would give rule to other than us? We have no need for your affairs.”

Suwaid bin Samit Intelligent poet from Yathrib (Al Kamil)
Pilgrimage met Muhammad PBUH Muhammad invited him to Islam and than he said “Perhaps what you have is similar to what I have.” Luqman’s wisdom He accepted in Islam and upon his return to Madinah he was killed fighting between Aws and Khazraj

Eyas bin Muadh A youth from Aws tribe
“O people! By Allah, this is better than what you came for.”

Abu Dhar Al-Ghifari Lived in suburbs of Yathrib and heard of the conversion of Suwaid bin Samit and Eyas Bin Muadh “I was a man from the tribe of Ghifar. We heard that a man had appeared in Mecca, claiming to be a prophet. I said to my brother, Go to that man and talk to him and bring me his news. He set out, met him and returned, I asked him, What is the news with you? He said By Allah I saw a man enjoining what is good and forbidding what is evil. I said to him, You have not satisfied me with this little information. So I took a water-skin and a stick and proceeded towards Mecca. Neither did I know him nor did I like to ask anyone about him, I kept on drinking ZamZam water and staying in the Mosque to ask about the prophet but no one told me anything about him. Then Ali passed by me and said It seems you are a stranger?

Abu Dhar Al-Ghifari I said ‘Yes’ He proceeded to his house and I accompanied him. Neither did he ask me anything nor did I tell him anything, The next morning, I went to the mosque to ask about the Prophet but no one told me anything about him. Ali passed by me again and asked, Hasn’t the man recognized his dwelling place yet? I said ‘No’ He said, ‘Come along with me.’ He asked me ‘What is your business? What has brought you to this town? I said to him, ‘If you keep my secret, I will tell you’. He said, ‘I will’ I said to him, ‘We have heard that a person has appeared here, claiming to be a Prophet. I sent my brother to speak to him and when he returned , he did not bring a satisfactory report; so I thought of meeting him personally.’ Ali said ‘You have reached your goal; I am going to him just now so follow me and wherever I enter, enter after me. If I should see someone who may cause you trouble

Abu Dhar Al-Ghifari I will stand near a wall pretending to mend my shoes (as a warning) and you should go away then.’ Ali proceeded and I accompanied him til he entered the place and I entered with him to the Prophet to whom I said ‘Present Islam to me. When he did I embraced Islam immediately Next day proclaim in Quraish and he was attacked than Al-Abbas protected him

Tufail bin Amr Ad-Dawsi
Honest poet and Chief of Ad-Daws Honored guest upon arrival to Mecca Meccans warned him of Prophet Muhammad He embraced Islam and his followers eventually joined He had seventy to eighty of his followers eventually emigrated to Madinah

Dumad Al-Azdi He came from Azd Shanu’ah in Yemen Incantation
Decided to practice his magic on Prophet Muhammad He heard words of Muhammad PBUH and converted

Madinah Eleventh year of prophethood
Prophet use to meet the delegates at night Six men from Yathrib (Khazraj tribe) – Asad bin Zurrah, Awf bin Harith, Rafi bin Malik, Qutbah bin Amir, Uqbah bin Amir, and Jabir bin Abdullah Jews always spoke of a prophet and they threatened them with the coming Embraced Islam Preached Islam

بِسۡمِ ٱللهِ ٱلرَّحۡمَـٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ
سُبۡحَـٰنَ ٱلَّذِىٓ أَسۡرَىٰ بِعَبۡدِهِۦ لَيۡلاً۬ مِّنَ ٱلۡمَسۡجِدِ ٱلۡحَرَامِ إِلَى ٱلۡمَسۡجِدِ ٱلۡأَقۡصَا ٱلَّذِى بَـٰرَكۡنَا حَوۡلَهُ ۥ لِنُرِيَهُ ۥ مِنۡ ءَايَـٰتِنَآ‌ۚ إِنَّهُ ۥ هُوَ ٱلسَّمِيعُ ٱلۡبَصِيرُ Surah Al-Isra In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful Glorified be He Who carried His servant by night from the Inviolable Place of Worship to the Far Distant place of worship the neighbourhood whereof We have blessed, that We might show him of Our tokens! Lo! He, only He, is the Hearer, the Seer. (1)

Isra wa Miraj Narrated Abbas bin Malik: Malik bin Sasaa said that Allah's Apostle described to them his Night Journey saying, "While I was lying in Al-Hatim or Al-Hijr, suddenly someone came to me and cut my body open from here to here." I asked Al-Jarud who was by my side, "What does he mean?" He said, "It means from his throat to his pubic area," or said, "From the top of the chest." The Prophet further said, "He then took out my heart. Then a gold tray of Belief was brought to me and my heart was washed and was filled (with Belief) and then returned to its original place. Then a white animal which was smaller than a mule and bigger than a donkey was brought to me." (On this Al-Jarud asked, "Was it the Buraq, O Abu Hamza?" I (i.e. Anas) replied in the affirmative). The Prophet said, "The animal's step (was so wide that it) reached the farthest point within the reach of the animal's sight. I was carried on it, and Gabriel set out with me till we reached the nearest heaven. When he asked for the gate to be opened, it was asked, 'Who is it?' Gabriel answered, 'Gabriel.' It was asked, 'Who is accompanying you?' Gabriel replied, 'Muhammad.' It was asked, 'Has Muhammad been called?' Gabriel replied in the affirmative. Then it was said, 'He is welcomed. What an excellent visit his is!' The gate was opened, and when I went over the first heaven, I saw Adam there. Gabriel said (to me). 'This is your father, Adam; pay him your greetings.' So I greeted him and he returned the greeting to me and said, 'You are welcomed, O pious son and pious Prophet.' Then Gabriel ascended with me till we reached the second heaven. Gabriel asked for the gate to be opened. It was asked, 'Who is it?' Gabriel answered, 'Gabriel.' It was asked, 'Who is accompanying you?' Gabriel replied, 'Muhammad.' It was asked, 'Has he been called?' Gabriel answered in the affirmative. Then it was said, 'He is welcomed. What an excellent visit his is!' The gate was opened.

Isra Wa Miraj When I went over the second heaven, there I saw Yahya (i.e. John) and 'Isa (i.e. Jesus) who were cousins of each other. Gabriel said (to me), 'These are John and Jesus; pay them your greetings.' So I greeted them and both of them returned my greetings to me and said, 'You are welcomed, O pious brother and pious Prophet.' Then Gabriel ascended with me to the third heaven and asked for its gate to be opened. It was asked, 'Who is it?' Gabriel replied, 'Gabriel.' It was asked, 'Who is accompanying you?' Gabriel replied, 'Muhammad.' It was asked, 'Has he been called?' Gabriel replied in the affirmative. Then it was said, 'He is welcomed, what an excellent visit his is!' The gate was opened, and when I went over the third heaven there I saw Joseph. Gabriel said (to me), 'This is Joseph; pay him your greetings.' So I greeted him and he returned the greeting to me and said, 'You are welcomed, O pious brother and pious Prophet.' Then Gabriel ascended with me to the fourth heaven and asked for its gate to be opened. It was asked, 'Who is it?' Gabriel replied, 'Gabriel.' It was asked, 'Who is accompanying you?' Gabriel replied, 'Muhammad.' It was asked, 'Has he been called?' Gabriel replied in the affirmative. Then it was said, 'He is welcomed, what an excellent visit his is!'

Isra wa Miraj The gate was opened, and when I went over the fourth heaven, there I saw Idris. Gabriel said (to me), 'This is Idris; pay him your greetings.' So I greeted him and he returned the greeting to me and said, 'You are welcomed, O pious brother and pious Prophet.' Then Gabriel ascended with me to the fifth heaven and asked for its gate to be opened. It was asked, 'Who is it?' Gabriel replied, 'Gabriel.' It was asked. 'Who is accompanying you?' Gabriel replied, 'Muhammad.' It was asked, 'Has he been called?' Gabriel replied in the affirmative. Then it was said, 'He is welcomed, what an excellent visit his is!' So when I went over the fifth heaven, there I saw Harun (i.e. Aaron), Gabriel said, (to me). This is Aaron; pay him your greetings.' I greeted him and he returned the greeting to me and said, 'You are welcomed, O pious brother and pious Prophet.' Then Gabriel ascended with me to the sixth heaven and asked for its gate to be opened. It was asked,'Who is it?' Gabriel replied, 'Gabriel.' It was asked, 'Who is accompanying you?' Gabriel replied, 'Muhammad.' It was asked, 'Has he been called?' Gabriel replied in the affirmative. It was said, 'He is welcomed. What an excellent visit his is!'

Isra Wa Miraj When I went (over the sixth heaven), there I saw Moses. Gabriel said (to me),' This is Moses; pay him your greeting. So I greeted him and he returned the greetings to me and said, 'You are welcomed, O pious brother and pious Prophet.' When I left him (i.e. Moses) he wept. Someone asked him, 'What makes you weep?' Moses said, 'I weep beCause after me there has been sent (as Prophet) a young man whose followers will enter Paradise in greater numbers than my followers.' Then Gabriel ascended with me to the seventh heaven and asked for its gate to be opened. It was asked, 'Who is it?' Gabriel replied, 'Gabriel.' It was asked,' Who is accompanying you?' Gabriel replied, 'Muhammad.' It was asked, 'Has he been called?' Gabriel replied in the affirmative. Then it was said, 'He is welcomed. What an excellent visit his is!' So when I went (over the seventh heaven), there I saw Abraham. Gabriel said (to me), 'This is your father; pay your greetings to him.' So I greeted him and he returned the greetings to me and said, 'You are welcomed, O pious son and pious Prophet.' Then I was made to ascend to Sidrat-ul-Muntaha (i.e. the Lote Tree of the utmost boundary) Behold! Its fruits were like the jars of Hajr (i.e. a place near Medina) and its leaves were as big as the ears of elephants. Gabriel said, 'This is the Lote Tree of the utmost boundary.' Behold! There ran four rivers; two were hidden and two were visible. I asked, 'What are these two kinds of rivers, O Gabriel?' He replied, 'As for the hidden rivers, they are two rivers in Paradise and the visible rivers are the Nile and the Euphrates.'

Isra wa Miraj Then Al-Bait-ul-Ma'mur (i.e. the Sacred House) was shown to me and a container full of wine and another full of milk and a third full of honey were brought to me. I took the milk. Gabriel remarked, 'This is the Islamic religion which you and your followers are following.' Then the prayers were enjoined on me: They were fifty prayers a day. When I returned, I passed by Moses who asked (me), 'What have you been ordered to do?' I replied, 'I have been ordered to offer fifty prayers a day.' Moses said, 'Your followers cannot bear fifty prayers a day, and by Allah, I have tested people before you, and I have tried my level best with Bani Israel (in vain). Go back to your Lord and ask for reduction to lessen your followers' burden.' So I went back, and Allah reduced ten prayers for me. Then again I came to Moses, but he repeated the same as he had said before. Then again I went back to Allah and He reduced ten more prayers. When I came back to Moses he said the same, I went back to Allah and He ordered me to observe ten prayers a day. When I came back to Moses, he repeated the same advice, so I went back to Allah and was ordered to observe five prayers a day. When I came back to Moses, he said, 'What have you been ordered?' I replied, 'I have been ordered to observe five prayers a day.' He said, 'Your followers cannot bear five prayers a day, and no doubt, I have got an experience of the people before you, and I have tried my level best with Bani Israel, so go back to your Lord and ask for reduction to lessen your follower's burden.' I said, 'I have requested so much of my Lord that I feel ashamed, but I am satisfied now and surrender to Allah's Order.' When I left, I heard a voice saying, 'I have passed My Order and have lessened the burden of My Worshipers." - Sahih Al-Bukhari 5.227

Some of the Things witnessed during Mi'raaj
Prophet Musa performs Salat in his Grave It is related by Hadrat Anas (Radiallahu anhu) that Rasulullah(sallallahu alaiyhi wassallam) said, "On the night in which I was taken on the journey, I passed by Moosa (Alaihis salaam) and he was performing salaah in his grave." (Sahih Muslim Pg.268 Vol.1) People's Lips Slashed with Shears Anas (Radiallahu anhu) narrates that Rasulullah (sallallahu alaiyhi wassallam) said, "On the night of Mi'raaj, I saw some people whose lips were being slit with scissors of fire. I asked Jibraeel who these people were and he replied that they are the khateebs who command people to do good deeds while forgetting their own selves." In another version of this Hadith it says, "They are the sermonizers (of your ummah) who say such things which they themselves do not do. They read the Book of Allah, without themselves practicing upon it."

People Scraping their Chests with their Fingernails Anas (Radiallahu anhu) narrates that Rasulullah(sallallahu alaiyhi wassallam) said, "When I was taken up during the Me'raaj, I passed by people who had fingernails of copper and they were raking their own faces and chests with them. I asked Jibraeel (Alaihis salaam) who they were and he replied that they were those who used to eat the flesh of others (i.e. slandered them) and attacked their reputations." The Miserable Plight of those who Consume Interest It has been narrated by Abu Hurairah (Radiallahu anhu) that Rasulullah(sallallahu alaiyhi wassallam) said, "On the night of Mi'raaj, I passed by people with bellies as huge as houses (in which people stay) and inside their bellies were snakes which were visible from the outside. I asked Jibraeel (Alaihis salaam) who they were. He replied that they were those who consume interest (usury)."

The Reward of the Mujaahidoon (i.e. those who strive in the path of Allah) Abu Hurairah (Radiallahu anhu) reports that Nabi (sallallahu alaiyhi wassallam) was travelling with Jibraeel (Alaihis salaam) when they passed by a group of people who were sowing seeds in the ground and harvesting the crops on the same day. Immediately thereafter, the seeds would again be sown into the ground and the entire process would be repeated. When Nabi (sallallahu alaiyhi wassallam) asked Jibraeel(Alaihis salaam) who these people were, he informed him that they were those who strive in the path of Allah. The reward for their every good deed would be multiplied seven hundred times and whatever they spent, Allah Ta'ala would certainly reward them for it. People's Heads Crushed with Rocks Nabi (sallallahu alaiyhi wassallam) passed by another group of people whose heads were being crushed with boulders. After becoming smashed, their heads would again resume their original shape, only to be crushed again. This process would continue ceaselessly. When he asked jibraeel (Alaihis salaam) who they were, he replied that they were those people who were neglectful of their salaah. During the time of salaah, they would remain asleep.

The Despicable State of those who withhold their Zakaah Then he passed by another group of people whose private parts, from the front and behind, were wrapped in rags and they were grazing like camels and cattle. They were eating Daree'(a thorny plant of the fire of Jahannam) and Zaqqoom( a most bitter and foul smelling tree growing at the bottom of Jahannam) and the smouldering stones of Jahannam. Rasulullah(sallallahu alaiyhi wassallam) asked who these people were and Jibraeel (Alaihis salaam) replied, "They are those who do not discharge the zakaah of their wealth." People Eating Spoiled Meat Thereafter Nabi (sallallahu alaiyhi wassallam) passed by a group of people in front of whom was some cooked meat in a pot. In another pot nearby, was some raw and decayed meat. These people were eating the decayed meat and leaving the cooked meat untouched. Rasulullah(sallallahu alaiyhi wassallam) asked Jibraeel (Alaihis salaam) who they were, and he replied that they were those men of the ummah, who, despite having their own lawful and pure wives, would spend the night in the company of adulteresses and despicable women, and remained with them till the morning. And they were those women of the ummah who had left their lawful and pure husbands to spend the night with adulterous and evil men.

A Person Carrying a huge bundle of wood Then, Rasulullah(sallallahu alaiyhi wassallam) passed by a man who was struggling to carry a very large bundle of wood which he was unable to bear, yet he wanted to carry even more. When Nabi(sallallahu alaiyhi wassallam) asked who he was, Jibraeel (Alaihis salaam) replied that this was the person who had been a trustee of people's possessions, but he had failed to discharge the trust. And yet, he was eager and willing to take on more of the things of people in trust. An Ox Attempts to Enter a Tiny Opening Thereafter, they came upon a tiny opening from which a huge ox emerged. After making its appearance, the ox wanted to return into this small hole. Nabi(sallallahu alaiyhi wassallam) asked who this was and Jibraeel (Alaihis salaam) replied that this was the person who, after having uttered some very serious and sinful words, was full of remorse and wished to retract them but was unable to do so.

First Aqabah Pledge Following the first group who became Muslim from Yathrib the following year another 12 embraced Islam Muad Bin Harith, Dhakwan bin Abdul-Qais, Ubadah bin As-Samit, Yazeed bin Tha’labah, Al-Abbas bin Ubadah bin Nadlah, Uwaim bin Sa’idah Pledge: “Come here and pledge that you will not associate any with Allah, that you will not steal, nor commit unlawful sexual intercourse, nor kill your children, nor utter slander intentionally forging falsehood, nor disobey me in any good. He who fulfills this, Allah will reward him; and who neglects anything and is afflicted in this world, it may prove redemption for him in the hereafter; and if the sin remains hidden from the eyes of the men and no grief comes to him, then his affair is with Allah. He may forgive him or He may not.” Prophet send Musab bin Umair Al-Abdari as the first Muslim Ambassador to teach the people Islam Shortly before the pilgrimage Musab returned to Prophet Muhammad PBUH to report to him of the vast amount of acceptance of Islam amongst the people of Yathrib

Second Aqabah Pledge 13th Year of Prophethood, over 70 converts from Madinah Met with Prophet Muhammad PBUH in secret Kab bin Malik Al-Ansari recalled the meeting: “We set out for pilgrimage and had a meeting…… Pledge consisted of: To listen and obey in all difficulty and ease To spend in plenty as well as in scarcity To enjoin good and forbid evil In Allah’s service, you will fear the censure of none To aid me when I come to you, and protect me from anything you protect yourself, your spouses and children from Paradise is in store for you 12 Representatives that swore on the articles agreed upon in the pledge Devil exposed the meeting by shouting “O people of the dwellings, Muhammad and his youth have conspired for war against you!”

Migration in the cause of Allah
First to migrate was Abu Salamah (a year before the Great Aqabah. His wife and son held captive after a year released and reunited with her husband Suhaib bin Sinan Ar-Rumi: Expressed his wish to migrate but the Makkans refused by telling him that he arrived to them as a beggar and now his has excelled in wealth. He agreed to give up all his wealth if they let him leave. Umar bin Al-Khattab, Aiyash bin Abi Rabiah and Hisham bin Al Asi bin Wail agreed to meet together to go to Madinah Abu Bakr prepared to migrate but was told by Muhammad PBUH: “Wait for a while, because I hope that you will have a companion?”

An-Nadwah Council Paralyzed by the movement of Muhammad followers to Medina to establish a state of Islam Commercial routes went through Medina Delegates of all the Quraish tribes attended the meeting Options discussed Expulsion from Mecca Imprisonment for life Killing him jointly in order to prevent Al Mutalib tribe from retaliation “Abu Jahal plan”

Emigration of Prophet Allah sent Angel Jibreel to Muhammad to inform him of the wicked plan that was made against him Muhammad PBUH went to Abu Bakr and informed him that he was given permission to emigrate. He said and your companion? He said you would be my companion 11 men were chosen to murder Muhammad PBUH in his home The assassins awaited to kill him at fajr time because to go into his house would be an insult to the Arab since there were women in the house Prophet Muhammad PBUH told Ali to sleep in his bed and cover himself with a green garment and told him no harm would come to himself

Emigration of Prophet Prophet Muhammad PBUH came out of the house with dust بِسۡمِ ٱللهِ ٱلرَّحۡمَـٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ يسٓ (١) وَٱلۡقُرۡءَانِ ٱلۡحَكِيمِ (٢) إِنَّكَ لَمِنَ ٱلۡمُرۡسَلِينَ (٣) عَلَىٰ صِرَٲطٍ۬ مُّسۡتَقِيمٍ۬ (٤) تَنزِيلَ ٱلۡعَزِيزِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ (٥) لِتُنذِرَ قَوۡمً۬ا مَّآ أُنذِرَ ءَابَآؤُهُمۡ فَهُمۡ غَـٰفِلُونَ (٦) لَقَدۡ حَقَّ ٱلۡقَوۡلُ عَلَىٰٓ أَكۡثَرِهِمۡ فَهُمۡ لَا يُؤۡمِنُونَ (٧) إِنَّا جَعَلۡنَا فِىٓ أَعۡنَـٰقِهِمۡ أَغۡلَـٰلاً۬ فَهِىَ إِلَى ٱلۡأَذۡقَانِ فَهُم مُّقۡمَحُونَ (٨) وَجَعَلۡنَا مِنۢ بَيۡنِ أَيۡدِيہِمۡ سَدًّ۬ا وَمِنۡ خَلۡفِهِمۡ سَدًّ۬ا فَأَغۡشَيۡنَـٰهُمۡ فَهُمۡ لَا يُبۡصِرُونَ (٩) Ya Sin. (1) By the wise Qur'an, (2) Lo! thou art of those sent (3) On a straight path, (4) A revelation of the Mighty, the Merciful, (5) That thou mayst warn a folk whose fathers were not warned, so they are heedless. (6) Already hath the word proved true of most of them, for they believe not. (7) Lo! We have put on their necks carcans reaching unto the chins, so that they are made stiff-necked. (8) And We have set a bar before them and a bar behind them, and (thus) have covered them so that they see not. Proceeded to Abu Bakr House and headed toward the mountain of Thawr taking refuge in the cave Assassins didn’t see Muhammad come out for prayer and started to lose their edge and heard that he might not be in the house so they bursted into his house and with their spears in their hands lifted the blanket in Prophet Muhammad’s bed only to find Ali.

Emigration of Prophet Prophet Muhammad instead of heading towards Madinah he headed South in the direction of Yemen He walked for 5 miles until he reached a rocky road and finally until he got to the cave of Thawr

Events at the Cave Abu Bakr investigated to ensure the cave was safe
Prophet Muhammad entered and slept. Abu Bakr was stung by a poisonous insect in which Abu Bakr began to cry from the pain. Prophet Muhammad awoke and applied his salivia in which the pain was gone. Abu Bark son Abdullah would come after sunset and update them of the situation in Mecca. They stayed in the cave for 3 nights. Ali was beaten in Mecca to try and give information regarding the whereabouts of Muhammad PBUH and Abu Bakr Abu Jahl slapped Asma the daughter of Abu Bakr for information as well

Events at the Cave One of the best trackers of the Quraish, a man named Abu Karz, traced the footprints of Mohammad, the Prophet of Islam (saw) to the cave of Thawr. However, when some men came near the mouth of the cave, they saw that its entrance was blocked by a spider's web and some wild pigeons had laid eggs in a nest at the entrance. The men knew that the spider and pigeons would not have made their homes there if there had been anyone in the cave. Also, if the web had been there from before, it would have been damaged if someone had entered the cave. They therefore returned without looking inside. By this miracle Allah (SWT) protected His beloved messenger. A price of 100 camels was set upon the head of each one. Horseman, infantry, and tracers of tracks searched the entire country. Once they reached the mouth of the cave where Prophet Muhammad and Abu Bakr where hiding: ‘O Prophet of Allah! If some of them lower their sight they will see us” Muhammad PBUH replied “Silence Abu Bakr! What do you think if we are two but with who Allah is the third”

Road to Madinah After three days in the Cave the frantic efforts of the people of Mecca let up and Abdullah bin Uraiqit was hired to lead them through the coastal route which nobody travelled. Amir bin Fuhairah also joined them who was a freed slave of Abu Bakr was hired as a guide. Abu Bakr offered his camel for prophet Muhammad PBUH but he refused unless he could pay for it. Little Caravan tgravelled through many villages on their way to Quba Travelled at night and rested at Midday

Suraqah Suraqah bin Malik
Sitting in a gathering of his tribe in which a man came to us and stood up while we were sitting and O Suraqah No doubt, I have seen some people from far away on the seashore and I think they are Muhammad and his companions. Suraqah denied this even though his inclinations was that it was but he wanted to fool the group so that he could attain the bounty. He than set off with his horse and spear for and was known to be one of the greatest horseman As Suraqah approached them his horse stumbled and he fell down. This continued a number of times and then finally he took this as a sign from the Jinn. Then the horses leg started sinking upon hearing the recitation of the Quran. Finally, I requested from Prophet Muhammad PBUH that he give me the pledge of security. He told them “ Your people have announced a reward equal to the blood money for your head. Then I told them all the plans the people of Makkah had made concerning them. Then I offered them some food for their travels and goods but they refused to take anything and did not ask for anything but the Prophet PBUH told Suraqah to not inform anyone of their whereabouts. Suraqah requested a pledge of security so Abu Bakr wrote for him a security pledge Battle of Taif Suraqah is captured Prophet Muhammad tells him why do you hold the jewellery of Kiswa Omar ibn Al Khatab upon the defeating Kiswa the Persian King called for Suraqah to tell the Muslim what Prophet Muhammad PBUH told him

Umm Ma’bad Gracious Lady who prophet Muhammad PBUH passed by on his migration Prophet Muhammad PBUH requested for some food and milk Umm Ma’bad said he would not have had to ask because of her generosity she would have automatically offered Abu Ma’bad was shocked to see milk in the house

Describe Him "I saw a man who is clearly handsome and with a beautiful face. He is well-built. He is neither blemished by a big stomach nor did he have an unusually small head. The pupils of his eyes are very dark, the edges of his eyelids are long and the area around the pupils of his eyes is so white. His eyebrows are perfectly close. He has a very dark hair, a rather long neck and a thick beard. When he kept silent he is always contemplative and when he speaks eminence and splendor show in his words. His words are like sliding stringed pearls. He is a gifted speaker whose words are neither too few nor too much. He has the clearest words and the most audible voice when he speaks. When you look at him from afar, he is the most handsome of all people, and when you move closer to him he is the most pleasant of them. You will never be tired of looking at him. He is like a branch between two branches. He is the most handsome of the three (she means: the Prophet (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) Abu Bakr and Amir ibn Fuhayrah) and the most important of them. He has Companions who honor him. When he speaks they listen to his words and when he commands they hasten to carry out his order. They serve him and rally around him. He does not frown or nag."

Quba Muslims heard of Prophet Muhammad’s PBUH departure from Mecca they would come out everyday after fajr prayer awaiting his arrival Jew was to first to see the arrival of Prophet Muhammad PBUH and he said “O you Arabs! Here is your great man that you have been waiting for. Monday, 8th of Rabi-Ul-Awaal 14th year of the Prophethood People didn’t know if Abu Bakr or Prophet Muhammad PBUH until the Sun directly hit Muhammad PBUH and Abu Bakr covered him with his sheet Prophet Muhammad PBUH spent 4 days in Quba and established the first masjid.

Madinah On the 5th day he mounted on his camel and headed toward his maternal uncles for Madinah. On his way, he congregated the prayer Jummah prayer Changed the name of the city of Yathrib to Madinah where everyone invited him into their home Madinah (The Messenger’s Madinah (City) Ansar (Helpers) Muslim inhabitants of Madinah He had the camel to decide where he would stay which was commanded by Allah and that is where the Masjid Al-Nabawi was built A few days later Prophet’s wife Sawdah and his 2 daughters Fatimah and Umm Kulthum arrived as well as Usamah bin Zaid, Umm Aiman, and Abdullah son of Abu Bakr with Aisha Zainab was not able to migrate because she stayed with her husband until the battle of Badr

Madinah Upon arrival to Madinah a number of the Companions fell ill including Abu Bakr and Bilal Aishah said “When Allah’s Messenger arrived in Madinah both Abu Bakr and Bilal fell ill. I went to both or them and said “O my father, how do you feel? O, Bilal how do you feel? Whenever Abu Bakr fever got worse, he would say ‘Everybody is staying alive among his people yet death is nearer to him and than his shoe-laces.’ And whenever fever deserted Bilal, he would say aloud. ‘Would that I could stay overnight in a valley wherein I would be surronded by Idhkhir and Jalil (two good-smelling grasses); would that I could drink one day the water of Majannah; would that Shamah and Tafil (two mountains in Makkah) would appear to me. ‘ Then I went to Allah’s Messenger and told him about that. Prophet Muhammad PBUH made dua “O Allah, make it healthy and bless its Sa and Mudd and take away its fever to Al-Juhfah.

History of the Islamic Calendar
The general opinion was that instead of adopting any alien calendar, the Muslims should have a calendar of their own. This was agreed to, and the point next considered was from when should such an era begin? Some one suggested that the era should begin from the date of birth of the Holy Prophet. Some suggested that it should begin from the death of the Holy Prophet. Ali suggested that it should begin from the date the Muslims migrated from Mecca to Madina. After discussion, Ali's suggestion was agreed to. The Holy Prophet had migrated in the month of Rabi-ulAwwal, when the year had already run two months and eight days. Next the question arose from which month should the new era start. Some one suggested that the calendar should start with the month of Rajab as in the pre-Islamic period this month was held sacred. Some one proposed that the first month should be Ramzan as that is a sacred month for the Muslims. Another proposal was that the first month should be 'Zul Hajj' as that is the month of the pilgrimage. Usman suggested that as in Arabia the year started with Muharram the new era should also start with Muharram. This suggestion was accepted. The date was accordingly pushed back by two months and eight days, and the new Hijri calendar began with the first day of Muharram in the year of migration rather than from the actual date of migration.

Hijrah Calendar The Islamic calendar, Muslim calendar or Hijri calendar (AH)[1][2] is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 months in a year of 354 or 355 days. The first year was the Islamic year beginning in AD 622 during which the emigration of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Medina, known as the Hijra, occurred. Each numbered year is designated either H for Hijra or AH

Hijrah Months Muḥarram — المحرّم, "forbidden" — so called because battle was set aside (haram) during this month. Muharram includes the Day of Ashura. Ṣafar — صفر, "void" — supposedly named because pagan Arabs houses were empty this time of year and had to gather food. Rabīʿ I (Rabīʿ al-Awwal) — ربيع الأوّل, "the first spring". Rabīʿ II (Rabīʿ ath-Thānī or Rabīʿ al-Ākhir) — ربيع الثاني or ربيع الآخر, "the second (or last) spring". Jumādā I (Jumādā al-Ūlā) — جمادى الأولى, "the first month of parched land". Often considered the pre-Islamic "summer". Jumādā II (Jumādā ath-Thāniya or Jumādā al-Ākhira) — جمادى الثانية or جمادى الآخرة, "the second (or last) month of parched land". Rajab — رجب, "respect" or "honor". This is another sacred month in which fighting was traditionally forbidden. Shaʿbān — شعبان, "scattered", marking the time of year when Arab tribes dispersed to find water. Ramaḍān — رمضان, "scorched". Ramadan is the most venerated month of the Hijri calendar during which Muslims must fast from dawn till sunset and should give charity to the poor. Shawwāl — شوّال, "raised", as she-camels normally would be in calf at this time of year. Dhū al-Qaʿda — ذو القعدة, "the one of truce". Dhu al-Qa'da was another month during which war was banned. Dhū al-Ḥijja — ذو الحجّة, "the one of pilgrimage", referring to the annual Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, the Hajj.

Life in Madinah Three Stages Trouble and Internal Conflict 6 A.H.
Truce with Pagan leadership and Conquest of Makkah 8 A.H. People in groves embracing Islam ending with the death of the Prophet in 11 A.H.

Categories of Madinah Community
His Companions, the noble and Allah-fearing elite The Madinese who were polytheists that did not yet believe Jews

Islam in Madinah Practice religion freely Building of Muslim community
Religion become a way of life Economics Politics War Peace What is halal or haram?

Muslims divided into two parties
Al Ansar: The helpers or those Muslim who are residents of Madinah Al Muhajirun: The Emigrants; homeless, jobless, and often penniless.

Madinese Polytheists Neutral Evil Intentions and hid their feelings
Abdullah bin Ubai (Groomed to be King) became the head of hypocrites

The Jews Immigrated from Syria to Al-Hijaz
Adopted the Arabian dress, language, and manner of life Looked down upon the Arabs as illiterate, brutal, naïve, and backward Monopolized in trading cereals, dates, wine, clothes, export and import Usury Famous tribes (Banu Qainuqa, Banu Nadeer, and Banu Quraizah)

Jews position with Islam
Discontent that Muhammad was different race Islam brought a spirit of reconciliation Safiyah narrated “I was the closest child to my father and my uncle Abu Yasir’s heart. Whenever they saw me with a child of theirs, they should pamper me so tenderly to the exclusion of anyone else. However, with the arrival of Allah Messenger PBUH and his setting in Quba with Bani Amr bin Awf my father Huyai bin Akhtab and my uncle Abu Yasir bin Akhtab went to see him and did not return until sunset when they came back walking lazily and fully depressed. I as usualy hurried to meet them smiling, but they would not turn to me for the grief that caught them I heard my uncle Abu Yasir say to Ubai and Huyai: “Is it really he (Muhammad)? The former said: “It is he, I swear by Allah!” Did you really recognize him?” They asked. He answered ‘Yes and my heart is burning with enmity towards him”

Abdullah bin Salam Most learned Rabbi story was different
First day Prophet Muhammad PBUH arrived he was excited and said Allahu Akbar upon his arrival Asked certain questions to ascertain if he is the real prophet Embraced Islam Kept his religion hidden to show Prophet Muhammad the evil intent of the Jews of Madinah Prophet sent for the Jews and asked them what they thought of Abdullah bin Salam They spoke highly of him and scholarly Then Prophet Muhammad told them he accepted Islam Described him as evil

External Threat Quraish five hundred Km away was still a stern enemy of Islam Quraish upon the Muslims immigration seized the land, wealth, and property of the Muslim and detained their wives.

Suhayb Ar-Rumi Before Islam
Byzantine Soldier stole him from his mother and sold him into slavery Lived as a slave for 20 years until he escaped to Mecca Blond Complexion and spoke mainly Greek Began to trade becoming very wealthy

Suhayb Ar-Rumi Acceptance of Islam Accepted Islam in Dar Al-Arqam
Persecuted by Quraish for accepting Islam Tried to Migrate to Medinah but was held under guard and his wealth was taken from him Acted as if he was sick with stomach pains asking to be relieved until finally he took off Men of Quraish! You know, by God, that I am one of the best archers and my aim is unerring. By God, if you come near me, with each arrow I have, I shall kill one of you. Then I shall strike with my sword." The men responded "By God, we shall not let you escape from us with your life and money. You came to Mecca weak and poor and you have acquired what you have acquired.." "What would you say if I leave you my wealth?" interrupted Sohaib. "Would you get out of my way?" "Yes," they answered. Sohaib described the place in his house in Mecca where he had left the money, and they allowed him to go. When Sohaib reached Quba, just outside Medina, Muhammad saw him approaching and said, "Your transaction has been fruitful, O Abu Yahya. Your transaction has been fruitful." He repeated this three times. Sohaib's face beamed with happiness as he said: "By God, no one has come before me to you, Messenger of God, and only Jibril could have told you about this."

Salman Al-Farsi I was a Persian man, one of the people of Isbahaan, from a village thereof called Jayy. My father was the chieftain of his village, and I was the dearest of Allaah’s creation to him. He loved me so much that he kept me in his house near the fire, as girls are kept in. I strove hard in the Magian religion until I became the keeper of the fire, which I tended and did not let go out for a moment. My father had a huge garden, and he was busy one day with some construction work, so he said: “O my son, I am too busy with this building today, go and check my garden,” and he told me some of the things he wanted done. I went out, heading towards his garden, and I passed by one of the Christian churches, where I could hear their voices as they were praying. I did not know anything about the people because my father had kept me in his house. When I passed by and heard their voices, I entered upon them to see what they were doing. When I saw them, I was impressed with their prayer and I was attracted to their way. I said: By Allaah, this is better than the religion that we follow. By Allaah, I did not leave them until the sun set, and I forgot about my father’s garden and did not go there. I said to them: Where did this religion originate? They said: In Syria.

Salman Al-Farsi Then I went back to my father, who had sent people out to look for me, and I had distracted him from all his work. When I came to him, he said: O my son, where were you? Did I not ask you to do what I asked? I said: O my father, I passed by some people who were praying in a church of theirs, and I was impressed with what I saw of their religion. By Allaah, I stayed with them until the sun set. He said: O my son, there is nothing good in that religion. Your religion and the religion of your forefathers is better than that. I said: No, by Allaah, it is better than our religion. He was afraid for me, and he put fetters on my legs and kept me in his house. I sent word to the Christians saying: If any Christian merchants come to you from Syria, tell me about them. He said: Some Christian merchants came to them from Syria, and they told me about them. I said to them: When they have completed their business and want to go back to their own country, tell me about that. So when they wanted to go back to their own country, they told me about that, and I threw off the irons from my legs and went out with them, until I came to Syria. When I reached Syria, I said: Who is the best person in this religion? They said: The bishop in the church. So I went to him and said: I like this religion, and I would like to stay with you and serve you in your church and learn from you and pray with you. He said: Come in.

Salman Al-Farsi So I went in with him, but he was a bad man. He would command them and exhort them to give charity, but he kept a great deal of it for himself and did not give it to the poor; he had amassed seven chests of gold and silver. I hated him deeply when I saw what he was doing, then he died and the Christians gathered to bury him. I said to them: This was a bad man; he commanded you and exhorted you to give charity, but when you brought it to him he kept it for himself and did not give any of it to the poor. They said: How do you know that? Show us where his treasure is. So I showed them where it was and they brought out seven chests filled with gold and silver. When they saw that they said: By Allaah, we will never bury him; then they crucified him and pelted him with stones. Then they brought another man and appointed him in his place. Salmaan said: I have never seen a man who does not offer the five daily prayers who was better than him; he shunned this world and sought the Hereafter and no one strive harder than him night and day. I loved him as I had never loved anyone before, and I stayed with him for a while. Then when he was about to die, I said: O So and so, I was with you and I loved you as I had never loved anyone before, and now the decree of Allaah has come to you as you see; to whom do you advise me to go? What do you command me to do? He said: O my son, by Allaah, I do not know of anyone today who follows what I followed. The people are doomed; they have changed and abandoned most of what they used to follow, except for a man in Mosul. He is So and so, and he follows what I used to follow, so go and join him.

Salman Al-Farsi When he died and was buried, I went to the man in Mosul. I said to him: O So and so, So and so advised me when he died to come to you, and he told me that you follow the same as he followed. He said to me: Stay with me. So I stayed with him, and I found him to be a good man who followed the same as his companion had followed. But soon he died. When he was dying I said to him: O So and so, So and so advised me to come to you and told me to join you, but now there has come to you from Allaah what you see. To whom do you advise me to go? What do you command me to do? He said: O my son, by Allaah I do not know of anyone who follows what we used to follow except a man in Nasayyibeen. He is So and so; go to him. When he died and was buried, I went to the man in Nasayyibeen. I came to him and told him my story and what my companion had told me to do. He said: Stay with me. So I stayed with him and I found him to be a follower of the same way as his two companions, and I stayed with a good man. By Allaah, soon death came upon him, and when he was dying I said to him: O So and so, So and so advised me to go to So and so; then So and so advised me to come to you. To whom do you advise me to go and what do you command me to do? He said: O my son, by Allaah we do not know of anyone left who follows our way and to whom I can tell you to go, except a man in ‘Ammooriyyah. He follows something like what we follow. If you wish, go to him, for he follows our way.

Salman Al-Farsi When he died and was buried, I went to the man in ‘Ammooriyyah and told him my story. He said: Stay with me. So I stayed with a man who was following the same way as his companions. I earned wealth until I had cows and sheep, then the decree of Allaah came to him. When he was dying I said to him: O So and so, I was with So and so, and So and so told me to go to So and so; then So and so told me to go to So and so; then So and so told me to come to you. To whom do you advise me to go and what do you command me to do? He said: O my son, by Allaah, I do not know of anyone who follows our way to whom I can advise you to go. But there has come the time of a Prophet, who will be sent with the religion of Ibraaheem. He will appear in the land of the Arabs and will migrate to a land between two harrahs (lave fields; land with black rocks), between which there are palm trees. He will have characteristics that will not be hidden. He will eat of what is given as a gift but he will not eat of what is given as charity. Between his shoulder blades is the Seal of Prophethood. If you can go to that land then do so.

Salman Al-Farsi Then he died and was buried, and I stayed in ‘Ammooriyyah as long as Allaah willed I should stay, then some merchants of Kalb passed by me and I said to them: Will you take me to the land of the Arabs and I will give you these cows and sheep of mine? They said: Yes. So I gave them the cows and sheep, and they took me there, but when they brought me to Waadi al-Qura they wronged me and sold me as a slave to a Jewish man. When I was with him I saw the palm trees, and I hoped that this was the land that my companion had described to me, but I was not sure. Whilst I was with him, a cousin of his from Banu Qurayzah came to him from Madeenah, and he sold me to him, and he took me to Madeenah. By Allaah, as soon as I saw it, I recognized it from the description given to me by my companion.

Salman Al-Farsi I stayed there, and Allaah sent His Messenger, who stayed in Makkah as long as he stayed, and I did not hear anything about him because I was so busy with the work of a slave. Then he migrated to Madeenah, and by Allaah, I was at the top of a palm tree belonging to my master, doing some work on it, and my master was sitting there. Then a cousin of his came and stood beside him, and said: May Allaah kill Banu Qaylah! By Allaah, right now they are gathering in Quba’ to welcome a man who has come from Makkah today, and they say that he is a Prophet. When I heard that, I began to shiver so much that I thought I would fall on top of my master. I came down from the tree and started saying to that cousin of his: What are you saying, what are you saying? My master got angry and he struck me with his fist and said: What has it got to do with you? Go back to your work! I said: Nothing; I just wanted to make sure of what he was saying. I had something that I had collected, and when evening came, I went to the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) when he was in Quba’, and I entered upon him and said to him: I have heard that you are a righteous man and that you have companions who are strangers and are in need. This is something that I have to give in charity, and I see that you are more in need of it than anyone else. I brought it near to him and the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said to his companions: “Eat,” but he refrained from eating. I said to myself: This is one. Then I went away and collected some more. The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) moved to Madeenah, then I came to him and said: I see that you do not eat (food given in) charity; this is a gift with which I wish to honour you. The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) ate some of it and told his companions to eat too. I said to myself: This is two. Then I came to the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) when he was in Baqee’ al-Gharqad, where he had attended the funeral of one of his companions and he was wearing two shawls and was sitting among his companions. I greeted him with salaam then I moved behind him, trying to look at his back to see the Seal that my companion had described to me. When the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) saw me going behind him, he realized that I was trying to find confirmation of something that had been described to me, so he let his rida’ drop from his back, and I saw the Seal and recognized it. Then I embraced him, kissing (the Seal) and weeping, and the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said to me: “Turn around.” So I turned around and I told him my story as I have told it to you, O Ibn ‘Abbaas. The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) wanted his companions to hear that. Then Salmaan was kept busy with the work of a slave, until he had missed attending Badr and Uhud with the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him). He said: Then the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said to me: “Draw up a contract of manumission, O Salmaan.” So I draw up a contract of manumission with my master in return for three hundred palm trees which I would plant for him, and forty uqiyahs. The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said to his companions: “Help your brother.” So they helped me with the palm trees, one man gave thirty small trees and another gave twenty, and another gave fifteen, and another gave ten, i.e., each man gave according to what he had, until they had collected three hundred small trees for me. Then the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said to me: “Go, O Salmaan, and dig the holes where they are to be planted. When you have finished, come to me and I will plant them with my own hand.” So I dug the holes for them, and my companions helped me, then when I had finished, I came to him and told him. The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) came out with me and we started to bring the trees close and the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) planted them with his own hand. By the One in Whose hand is the soul of Salmaan, not one single tree among them died. So I had paid off the trees but there still remained the money. A piece of gold the size of an egg was brought to the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) from one of his campaigns. He said: “What happened to the Persian who had a contract of manumission?” I was summoned to him and he said: “Take this and pay off what you owe, O Salmaan.” I said: How could this pay off everything I owe, O Messenger of Allaah? He said: “Take it, and Allaah will help you to pay off what you owe.” So I took it and weighed it for them, and by the One in Whose hand is the soul of Salmaan, it was forty uqiyahs, so I paid them their dues and I was set free. I was present with the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) at al-Khandaq, and after that I did not miss any major event with him.

Salman Al-Farsi The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) moved to Madeenah, then I came to him and said: I see that you do not eat (food given in) charity; this is a gift with which I wish to honour you. The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) ate some of it and told his companions to eat too. I said to myself: This is two. Then I came to the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) when he was in Baqee’ al-Gharqad, where he had attended the funeral of one of his companions and he was wearing two shawls and was sitting among his companions. I greeted him with salaam then I moved behind him, trying to look at his back to see the Seal that my companion had described to me. When the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) saw me going behind him, he realized that I was trying to find confirmation of something that had been described to me, so he let his rida’ drop from his back, and I saw the Seal and recognized it. Then I embraced him, kissing (the Seal) and weeping, and the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said to me: “Turn around.” So I turned around and I told him my story as I have told it to you, O Ibn ‘Abbaas.

Salman Al-Farsi The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) wanted his companions to hear that. Then Salmaan was kept busy with the work of a slave, until he had missed attending Badr and Uhud with the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him). He said: Then the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said to me: “Draw up a contract of manumission, O Salmaan.” So I draw up a contract of manumission with my master in return for three hundred palm trees which I would plant for him, and forty uqiyahs. The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said to his companions: “Help your brother.” So they helped me with the palm trees, one man gave thirty small trees and another gave twenty, and another gave fifteen, and another gave ten, i.e., each man gave according to what he had, until they had collected three hundred small trees for me.

Salman Al-Farsi Then the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said to me: “Go, O Salmaan, and dig the holes where they are to be planted. When you have finished, come to me and I will plant them with my own hand.” So I dug the holes for them, and my companions helped me, then when I had finished, I came to him and told him. The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) came out with me and we started to bring the trees close and the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) planted them with his own hand. By the One in Whose hand is the soul of Salmaan, not one single tree among them died. So I had paid off the trees but there still remained the money. A piece of gold the size of an egg was brought to the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) from one of his campaigns. He said: “What happened to the Persian who had a contract of manumission?” I was summoned to him and he said: “Take this and pay off what you owe, O Salmaan.” I said: How could this pay off everything I owe, O Messenger of Allaah? He said: “Take it, and Allaah will help you to pay off what you owe.” So I took it and weighed it for them, and by the One in Whose hand is the soul of Salmaan, it was forty uqiyahs, so I paid them their dues and I was set free. I was present with the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) at al-Khandaq, and after that I did not miss any major event with him.

Building Prophet’s Masjid
Property owned by 2 orphans and also location was grave to polytheists Ground was cleared Trees planted around it Qiblah was in the direction of Jerusalem To beams erected to hold the ceiling up Square size building 100 yards in length Nearby rooms reserved for the Prophet’s household with the ceilings made from palm trees and walls of adobe brick and stones North of the Masjid was an area left vacant for the homeless Muslims

Adhan Early stages of post-migration
Cloche (Church Bell) – Shofar (Horn) Abdullah bin Zaid had a dream: He saw a man who puts on two green clothes and holding a cloche, So Abdullah told him "do you sell this cloche?" so the guy asked him "what do you want it for?" so Abdullah said "I will use it to call for prayer" so the guy said "Do you want me to tell you about a better thing?" then they guy told him the words of Adhan, and then he told him about words of Iqama, so the next morning he told the prophet peace be upon him about that ru'ya. so the prophet said "it's a rightful ru'ya in sha'a Allah, go with belal and make him do adhan by it, as for he has better and stronger voice than you", then when Omar may Allah be pleased with him heard Belal may Allah be pleased with him saying the words of Adhan he came rushing to the prophet peace be upon him and said "I swear by the one who sent you I also saw the same as he saw in my sleep "ru'ya"" so the prophet peace be upon him said "Alhamdulellah, this is more confirming".....and then muslims were using the exact same words for Adhan since that time till this day and we have 5 prayers every day so it's impossible that even one word is changed

Brotherhood between Muslims
Cementing ties of mutual brotherhood Gathering of 90 men half immigrants and other half Ansar House of Anas bin Malik Prophet Muhammad paired the men as brothers and if one would die the other inherited his wealth until after the battle of Badr when the Quran revealed otherwise Brotherhood was sealed contractually

Abdulrahman bin Awf Ten companions given glad tiding of Jannah
Migrated to Abyssinia Spend generously in the cause of Islam Sa’d ibn Ar-Rabi Al Ansari pact of brotherhood Share half of his wealth Divorce one of his wives Prospered on his own and married later on

Working the Orchards Ansar were wiling to divide their wealth
Prophet Muhammad PBUH insisted that they work on the orchards and divide the yields equally

Treaty – Emigrants and Helpers and those who followed
They are one nation to the exclusion of other people The Immigrants of Quraish shall unite together and pay blood money from among themselves, and shall ransom honorably their prisoners. Every tribe of the helpers shall unite together, as they were at first, and every section among them will pay a ransom for releasing its relative prisoners. Believers shall not leave anyone poor among them by not paying his redemption money or blood money. Whoever is rebellious or whoever seeks to spread enmity and sedition, the hand of every God-fearing Muslim shall be against him, even if he be his son. A believer shall not kill another believer, nor shall he support a disbeliever against a believer The protection of Allah is one (and is equally) extended to the humblest of believers The believers are supported by each other Whosover of the Jews follows us, shall have aid and help; they shall not be injured, nor any enemy be aided against them. The peace of the believers is indivisble. No separate peace shall be made when believers are fighting in the way of Allah. Conditions must be fair and equitable to all. It shall not be lawful for a believer, who holds by what is in this document and believes in Allah and the Day of Judgement, to help a criminal nor give him refuge. Those who give him refuge and provide him help shall have the curse and anger of Allah on the Day of Resurrection. Ther indemnity is not accepted. Killing a believer deliberately with no good reason entails killing the killer unless the heirs consider it otherwise Whenever you differ about a matter it must be referred to Allah and to Muhamad PBUH

Building the bonds of brotherhood
Provide food and extend greetings to one whom you know or don’t know O you people! Extend the greeting of peace among yourselves, provide food to the needy, maintain the ties of kinship, observe prayer at night while people are asleep, then you will peacefully enter the Garden (Paradise) He will not enter Paradise whose neighbor is not secure from his wrongful conduct The Muslim is the one from whose tongue and hands the Muslims are safe None of you believes (truly) until one likes for his brother that which he loves for himself The believers in their mutual love, are like the human body where when the eye is in agony, the entire body feels the pain; when the head aches all the body will suffer The bonds of brotherhood between two Muslims are like parts of a house, one part strengthens and holds the other Do not have malice against a Muslim; do not be envious of other Muslims; do not go against Muslim or abandon him. O the servants of Allah! Be like brothers with each other. It is not violable for a Muslim to desert his brother for over 3 days.

Building the bonds of brotherhood
A Muslim is the brother of a Muslim; he neither oppresses him nor does he hand him over to an oppressor. Whoever fulfills a need of his brother, Allah will fulfill his need. Whoever brings a Muslim out of a discomfort, Allah will bring him out of the discomforts of the Day of Resurrection. And whoever screens a Muslim, Allah will screen him on the Day of Resurrection and Show mercy to people on earth so that Allah will have mercy on you in heaven. He is not a perfect believer who goes to bed full and knows that his neighbor is hungry Abusing a Muslim is an act of disobedience and fighting him is disbelief To remove something harmful from the road is charity and it is a part from the parts of Faith Charity erases sins just as water extinguishes fire Clothing an under clad Muslim entitles you to a garment from Paradise; feeding a hungry Muslim will make you eligible for the fruit of Paradise; and if you provide water to a thirsty Muslim Allah will provide you with a drink from the Sealed Nectar Try to avert fire even by half a date in charity if not by tendering a good word

Treaty w/the Jews Jews of Bani Awf are one community with the believers, The Jews will profess their religion and the Muslims theirs. Jews shall be responsible for their expenditures and the Muslims for theirs If attacked by a third party each shall come to the help of the other Each party shall hold counsel with the other. Mutual relation shall be founded on righeousness; sin is totally excluded. Neither shall commit sins to the prejudice of the other The wronged party shall be aided The Jews shall contribute to the cost of war so long as they are fighting alongside the believers. Madinah shall remain sacred and involable for all that join this treaty. Should any disagreement arise between the signatories to this treaty, then Allah the All-High and His Messenger shall settle the dispute. The signatories to this treaty shall boycott the Quraish commercially; they shall also abstain from extending any support to them. Each shall contribute to defending Madinah, in case of a foreign attack, in its respective area. This treaty shall not hinder either party from seeking lawful revenge.

The Bloody Struggle Secret contacts with Abdullah bin Ubai Ibn Salul
Permission to Fight given in Madinah “Permission to fight is given to those who are fighting them because they (believers) have been wronged and surely Allah is Able to give them victory. Commercial Routes Strategic Objective Entering into treaties with the tribes inhabiting either areas adjacent to the routes or between these routes and Madinah. With respect to this course of action, the Prophet had already signed together with the Jews and other neighboring tribes the aforementioned pact of cooperation and good neighborliness Dispatching successive armed missions for harassment along the strategic commercial routes

Pre-Badr Missions & Invasions
Saiful-Bahr Mission: Ramadan 1 AH Led by Hamzah bin Abdul-Mutalib and comprising of 30 muhajireen who intercepted a caravan belonging to Quraish. The caravan made of 300 people including Abu Jahl bin Hashim. Majdi bin Amr on good terms with both sides prevented the clash from occuring. Prophet accredited the first Flag in the history of Islam which is white in color and entrusted to be carried by Abu Marthad Kannaz bin Husain Al-Ghanawi. Rabigh Mission: Shawwal 1 AH Allah’s messenger dispatched Ubaidah bin Al-Harith bin Al-Mutallib at the head of 60 horsemen of Immigrants to a spot called Batn Rabigh where they encountered Abu Safyan at the head of the caravan of 200 men in which arrow shooting occurred. Two Muslims defected from Quraish : Al Miqdad bin Amr Al Bahrani and Utbah bin Ghazwan Al-Mazini Kharrar Mission: Dhul-Qadah 1 AH Allah’s messenger dispatched Sa’d bin Abi Waqqas at the head of 20 horsemen to go beyond Al-Kharrar. Quraish had left Invasion of Al-Abwa: Safar 2 AH Allah messenger set out himself at the head of 70 men mostly immigrants to intercept a camel caravan belonging to Quraish leaving behind Said bin Ubadah to administer the affairs of Madinah.

Invasion of Buwat: Rabi I 2 AH – Prophet PBUH at the head of 200 companions marched for Buwat to intercept a caravan belonging to Quraish (100 Quraishites plus Umaiyah bin Khalaf with 2,500 camels) Caravan had left before Prophet Muhammad PBUH arrived. Prophet Muhammad left Sad bin Muadh in charge Invasion of Safwan: Rabi I 2 AH – Kurz bin Jabir Al-Fihri at the head of a small group of polytheists raided Madinah and looted some animals. Prophet Muhammad PBUH and 70 men left to fight the aggressors where he met them at Safwan near Badr. He couldn’t catch up with the men. He left Zaid bin Harith in charge in Madinah. Invasion of Dil-Ushiarah: Jumad I and Jumada II 1 or 2 AH – Prophet PBUH led Ansar with 30 camels set out to intercept Quraishite caravan. He reached Dhil-Ushiarah but the caravan had left

Nakhlah Misson: Rajab 2 AH: Messenger dispatched Abdullah bin Jahsh Asadi to Nakhlah at the head of 12 Muhajjareen with 6 camels. Abdullah was give a letter to read after 2 days of his departure Mission was to intercept a caravan from Quraish between Taif and Mecca Rajab was a sacred month and fight was disallowed by the Arab Muslims engaged them and killed Amr bin Al-Hadrami and captured Uthman and Al-Hakam. Naufal escaped. Prophet Muhammad disapproved of the act and suspended the action since it was done in the prohibited months Polytheists took this as a golden opportunity to attack this breaking of tradition Allah responds in the Quran: They ask you about the sacred month - about fighting therein. Say, "Fighting therein is great [sin], but averting [people] from the way of Allah and disbelief in Him and [preventing access to] al-Masjid al-Haram and the expulsion of its people therefrom are greater [evil] in the sight of Allah . And fitnah is greater than killing." And they will continue to fight you until they turn you back from your religion if they are able. And whoever of you reverts from his religion [to disbelief] and dies while he is a disbeliever - for those, their deeds have become worthless in this world and the Hereafter, and those are the companions of the Fire, they will abide therein eternally

Violations against the Muslims are greater than the sacred months Wealth of Muslims Homes Attempt on Prophet Muhammad’s Life Quraish began to realize the Muslims position in Madinah was able to cover 300 mile area and began to prepare for the battle of Badr

Declaration of War Muslims were ordered to go to war in Shaban 2 AH: Fight in the way of Allah those who fight you but do not transgress. Indeed. Allah does not like transgressors. And kill them wherever you overtake them and expel them from wherever they have expelled you, and fitnah is worse than killing. And do not fight them at al-Masjid al- Haram until they fight you there. But if they fight you, then kill them. Such is the recompense of the disbelievers.

Declaration of War Muslims were ordered to go to war in Shaban 2 AH: And if they cease, then indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful. Fight them until there is no [more] fitnah and [until] worship is [acknowledged to be] for Allah . But if they cease, then there is to be no aggression except against the oppressors.

Ways of Fighting He will guide them and amend their condition
So when you meet those who disbelieve [in battle], strike [their] necks until, when you have inflicted slaughter upon them, then secure their bonds, and either [confer] favor afterwards or ransom [them] until the war lays down its burdens. That [is the command]. And if Allah had willed, He could have taken vengeance upon them [Himself], but [He ordered armed struggle] to test some of you by means of others. And those who are killed in the cause of Allah - never will He waste their deeds. He will guide them and amend their condition And admit them to Paradise, which He has made known to them. O you who have believed, if you support Allah , He will support you and plant firmly your feet.

Weak, Cowardly, and Hypocrite
Those who believe say, "Why has a surah not been sent down? But when a precise surah is revealed and fighting is mentioned therein, you see those in whose hearts is hypocrisy looking at you with a look of one overcome by death. And more appropriate for them

Second Year of Hijra During the month of Shaaban the obligation of Fasting came down to fast during the month of Ramadan During the month of Ramadan the obligation of Zakat came down Prophet Muhammad PBUH made dua against Quraish for them to be punished like the suffering the Egyptians endured during the time of Yusuf Abu Sufyan asked for relief

Battle of Badr Muslim army of men (82-86 immigrants-61 Aws-170 Khazraj) Not Equipped (2 Horses and 70 Camels) Head Flag given to Musab bin Umair Al-Qurashi Al-Abdari Army divided into 2 Battalions Immigrants led by Ali bin Abi Talib Helpers led by Sa’d bin Muadh AzZubair bin Awwam was leader of the right flank and Al Miqdad bin Amr was to lead the left flank as the rear of the army was at the command of Qais bin Abi Sa sa ah General Commander was Muhammad PBUH Caravan of Abu Sufyan was carrying the earnings from Syria from the sales from the initial mission Dil-Ushiarah that prophet Muhammad PBUH tried to intercept. Everything single tribe in Quraish had given valuable to trade in the caravan and hence had interest in protecting it from the Muslims. Prophet Muhammad PBUH heard of the huge caravan and intended to intercept it Abu Sufyan informed Quraish for protection

Geographical Position
- Muslims - Caravan - Quraish Army

Consultations before the Battle
First Abu Bakr showed unwavering support Umar was the next Al Miqdad bin Amr got up and said “O Messenger of Allah! Proceed where Allah directs you to, for we are with you. We will not say as the Children of Israel said to Moses: follow in the book Prophet Muhammad wanted to ensure that the Ansar would support the fight than Sa’d bin Mu’adh spoke: follow in the book

Survey for Battle The Muslims captured two boys who were seeking water sources for Quraish army The Muslims began to interrogate them asking them if they were from the caravan They said they were from the army The answer was not appeasing the Muslims so they beat them until they said they were from the caravan Prophet Muhammad after finishing his prayer said “On telling the truth, you beat them, and on telling a lie, you release them! By Allah the truth is that they were from Quraish!” After speaking to the boys Prophet Muhammad PBUH he told the Muslims that “Makkah is sending you its most precious lives” Rainfall had fallend softly on the Muslims and harshly on the Kuffar The camped at the farther bank of the valley. Al-Hubab bin Nundhir asked Muhammad PBUH “Has Allah inspired you to choose this very spot or is it strategy of war and the product of consultation?” The Prophet said “It is strategy of war and consultation.” Al-Hubab said “This place is no good let us camp at the nearest water well and make a basin full of water then destroy all the other wells so they may be deprived.

Survey for Battle Abu Sufyan crossing from behind the mountains and bypassing the water wells at Al-Asfal mountains got the caravan out of harms way and on its way to Mecca He sent the message to the Quraish army that the caravan was safe and that they could return without the need to fight. Bani Hashim and Akhnaas bin Sareeb withdrew except for Abbas the uncle of the prophet stayed Abu Jahl began his campaign to continue on with the fight

Muslims Position for battle
Sa’d bin Mu’adh suggested that a Trellis be built for the Prophet as headquarters for the Muslim army and to act as protection. In case of defeat he could escape to Medina were there would be more people who could protect him Prophet Muhammad PBUH positioned everyone Prophet PBUH spent the whole night in prayer near a tree Friday, Ramdan 17th 2AH

Qurais Position for battle
Positioned at Al-Udwatul-Quswa opposite the Muslim lines A few tried to reach for water but got shot at with the arrows

Two Armies Meet Abu Jahl made a prayer upon meeting the army of Muslims One who divided families Changed our ancient religion Bring rain of stone on us if we are wrong Night before the Quraish prayed and chanted with songs Prophet Muhammad PBUH O Allah , here are the Quraysh who in their vainglory seek to deny and cry lies against Your Messenger. O Allah , support us with the help You promised me. O Allah , were this small group pf Muslims to perish, no one in the whole world would remain to worship You Prostrated: O Allah the victory you promised “Ya Haye Ya Qayooum” After this dua the Prophet Muhammad picked up sand and threw it in the direction of the kufaar and said “Shaahatil Wujooh” which means ” May their faced be deformed.

Two Armies Meet Abu Jahl made a prayer upon meeting the army of Muslims One who divided families Changed our ancient religion Bring rain of stone on us if we are wrong Night before the Quraish prayed and chanted with songs Prophet Muhammad PBUH O Allah , here are the Quraysh who in their vainglory seek to deny and cry lies against Your Messenger. O Allah , support us with the help You promised me. O Allah , were this small group pf Muslims to perish, no one in the whole world would remain to worship You Prostrated: O Allah the victory you promised “Ya Haye Ya Qayooum”

First Clash & Dueling Al-Aswad bin Abdul-Asad Al-Makhzumi swore that he would drink from the well water at the base of the Muslims. Hamza bin Abdul-Mutalib struck him down to his death Utbah bin Rabi’ah stepped forward calling on Prophet Muhammad to send forth to fight against his brother Shaibah and son Al-Walid in the Duel as was the custom Prophet Muhammad called upon three young men from the ansar Awf and Muawwidh the sons of Harith and Abdullah bin Rawahah. Quraish said these are good but we don’t recognize them we want our cousins Prophet PBUH called on Hamza – Ali – Ubaidah Hamza killed Shaibah immediately Ali killed Al-Walid immediately Ubaidah was wounded at which time Hamza came in cut off Utbah’s head

Descent of Angels Oh Abu Bakr, glad tidings are there for you: Allah’s victory has approached by Allah I can see Jibreel on his horse in the thick of a sandstorm After this dua the Prophet Muhammad picked up sand and threw it in the direction of the kufaar and said “Shaahatil Wujooh” which means ” May their faced be deformed. 1,000 angels dressed in armory prepped for battle First time and only time angels battled Iblis who was impersonating Suraqah escaped for fear that his death was imminent Member of Quraish tried to stop him and he told them I see what you don’t see Angels would strike the head of the Quraish leaving them headless The wounds of Quraish would have burn marks

Assault After the failure of the Duel Abu Jahl ordered an all out assault on the Muslims The Muslims aligned as one knee like a solid line in which Quraish was confused how to attack The order was to shoot arrows in which the Muslims had their first Martyr Muhajja the former slave of Omar Ibn Al Khatab Another arrow followed killing Harith his story on the next slide Prophet Muhammad PBUH motivated the Muslims reciting the words of Allah: And be quick forgiveness from your Lord, and for Paradise as wide as are the heavens and the earth. 3:133 Umair Ibn Al Humam eating dates left them and kept fighting until he died knowing that the only thing between heaven is death on the battlefield of badr Murjadar killed Buktheirah in self-defense Obaid covered in armory couldn’t be killed until Azzubair killed in him with a spear

Killing of family members
Prophet Muhammad gave instructions not to kill Buktheirah, members of Bani Hashim, and his uncle Abbas Abu Huzaifah did not take kind to these instructions Abu Bakr confronted his son Abdulrahman who took his wealth but he fled Omar killed his uncle Ibn Hisham Abu Ubaida killed his father

Legends Hamza was phenomenal on the battlefield Quraish was mesmerized by his abilities and identified by the feather on his chest AzZubair strong swordsman Saed Ibn Ab Waqqas was amazing at archery taking down the Quraish one soldier at a time with Prophet Muhammad PBUH making Dua at every strike Attata got hit in his eyes losing one in which prophet Muham Gabriel came to the Prophet and said, "How do you look upon the warriors of Badr among yourselves?" The Prophet said, "As the best of the Muslims." or said a similar statement. On that, Gabriel said, "And so are the Angels who participated in the Badr (battle)."

Death of Harith It is related from Anas that Haritha was killed at Badr while still a lad. His mother came to the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, and said, "O Messenger of Allah, you know how dear I hold Haritha. If he is in the Garden, I will be patient and expect the reward. If the case is other than that, you will see what I will do." He said, "Woe to you!, Have you taken leaves of your senses? Is there only one Garden? There are many gardens within the Garden, and your son has obtained the Highest Paradise." Heart of a mother

Abu Jahl Youth of the Ansar were passionate about going after Abu Jahl
It has been narrated on the authority of 'Abd al-Rahman b. Auf who said: While I was standing in the battle array on the Day of Badr, I looked towards my right and my left, and found myself between two boys from the Ansar quite young in age. I wished I were between stronger persons. One of them made a sign to me and. said: Uncle, do you recognise Abu Jahl? 1 said: Yes. What do you want to do with him, O my nephew? He said: I have been told that he abuses the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him). By Allah, in Whose Hand is my life, if I see him (I will grapple with him) and will not leave him until one of us who is destined to die earlier is killed. The narrator said: I wondered at this. Then the other made a sign to me and said similar words. Soon after I saw Abu Jahl. He was moving about among men. I said to the two boys: Don't you see? He is the man you were inquiring about. (As soon as they heard this), they dashed towards him, struck him with their swords until he was killed. Then they returned to the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) and informed him (to this effect). He asked: Which of you has killed him? Each one of them said: I have killed him. He said: Have you wiped your swords? They said: No. He examined their swords and said: Both of you have killed him. He then decided that the belongings of Abu Jahl he handed over to Mu'adh b. Amr b. al-Jamuh. And the two boys were Mu'adh b. Amr b. Jawth and Mu'adh b. Afra. Abdullah bin Masud found Abu Jahl at the verge of death discussed with him his position but his arrogance still stood with him. Abdullah cut off his head and took it to the prophet PBUH Prophet looked at his corpse and said “This is the Pharaoh of this nation”

Umaiyah Ibn Khalaf I got an agreement written between me and Umaiya bin Khalaf that Umaiya would look after my property (or family) in Mecca and I would look after his in Medina. When I mentioned the word 'Ar-Rahman' in the documents, Umaiya said, "I do not know 'Ar-Rahman.' Write down to me your name, (with which you called yourself) in the Pre-lslamic Period of Ignorance." So, I wrote my name ' 'Abdu 'Amr'. On the day (of the battle) of Badr, when all the people went to sleep, I went up the hill to protect him. Bilal(1) saw him (i.e. Umaiya) and went to a gathering of Ansar and said, "(Here is) Umaiya bin Khalaf! Woe to me if he escapes!" So, a group of Ansar went out with Bilal to follow us ('Abdur-Rahman and Umaiya). Being afraid that they would catch us, I left Umaiya's son for them to keep them busy but the Ansar killed the son and insisted on following us. Umaiya was a fat man, and when they approached us, I told him to kneel down, and he knelt, and I laid myself on him to protect him, but the Ansar killed him by passing their swords underneath me, and one of them injured my foot with his sword. (The sub narrator said, " 'Abdur-Rahman used to show us the trace of the wound on the back of his foot.")

Polytheists buried in a well
Principal Leaders of Mecca were killed Prophet Muhammad ordered the corpses to be dropped into a well 70 Kufar were killed 14 Muslims were killed 6 immigrants and 8 ansar 3rd Day prophet Muhammad PBUH went out to the Kufar’s well and said “What an evil tribe you were as regards your Prophet, you belied me but the others have believed; you let me down while the others have supported me; you expelled me, whereas the others have sheltered me.” Then he called them name by name “Would it not have been much better for you if you had obeyed Allah and His Messenger? Behold, we have found that our Lord’s Promise do come true; did you find that the promises of your lord came true?” Thereupon Umar said “O Messenger of Allah Why you speak to bodies that have no souls in them?” Prophet PBUH answered “By Him in Whose Hand is Muhammad’s soul! You do not hear what I am saying any better than you do.”

Mecca receives the news of defeat
Al-Haisuman bin Abdullah Al-Khuzai was the first to bring the bad news to Mecca People thought he had gone mad Abu Sufyan informed Abu Lahab he lost it was struck by Ummul-Fadl leaving him sick with an ulcer on his cracked head His sons refuse to burry for fear of contracting the disease Finally they buried him with stones

Medinah receives news of Victory
Abdullah bin Rawahah and Zaid bin Harith News was received differently due to the various position of the groups in the city Hypocrites tried to spread false rumors of the death of Prophet Muhammad PBUH Ruqaiyah the daughter of Prophet Muhammad PBUH died in Medinah the wife of Uthman bin Affan

Spoils of War Continued the attack Collected the spoils
Protected Muhammad They ask you O Muhammad about the spoils of war. Say “The spoils are for Allah and the Messenger. So fear Allah and adjust all matters of difference among you, and obey Allah and His messenger if you are believers Prophet Muhammad distributed the spoils amongst the Muslims Al-Khums went to Prophet Muhammad PBUH An-Nadr bin Al-Harith who carried the banners of the pagans was killed Uqbah bin Abu Mu’ait (he was the man who dead animals on the head of Muhammad PBUH in prostration) was killed

Prisoners Abu Bakr took the position that the prisoners should be ransomed Omar Ibn Alkhatab advised that we should kill them to set an example Prophet PBUH preferred Abu Bakr recommendation Verse in the Quran confirmed Omar’s position It is not for a Prophet that he should have prisoners of war (and free them with ransom) until he had made a great slaughter (among his enemies) in the land. You desire the good of this world (ex. The money of ransom for freeing the captives), but Allah desires (for you) the Hereafter. And Allah is All-Mighty, All-Wise. Were it not a previous ordainment from Allah, a severe torment would have touched you for what you took Ransom ranged from 1,000-4,000 Dirhams Meccan prisoners that were literate could achieve their freedom by teaching th Madinese how to read and write Zainab paid ransom for her husband Abul-As with her necklace which the Muslims returned to her out of respect for the Prophet, but on condition he would allow her to return to her father. Suhail bin Amr a orator who had spoken against Islam was one of the captured and Umar wanted to kill him. Prophet Muhammad PBUH refused. Said bin An Numan who retained in Mecca wan ransomed for Amr Abu Sufyan’s son

Battle of Badr Quran Chapter of Al-Anfal (Spoils of War) revealed on the occasion of the battle of Badr Polytheists, Hypocrites, Jews, and Prisoner of Wars mentioned Allah put down the rules of war ethics surpassing the customs of the past The first Eid following Ramadan was also celebrated

Enemies of Islam Grew Pretension to Islam embedded with conspiracy plots and provocation within Medinah

Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)

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Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)

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