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Which of the following statements regarding normal gas exchange in the lungs is correct?
The oxygen content in the alveoli is highest during the exhalation phase Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across the alveolar walls and capillaries The actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in the capillaries Blood that returns to the lungs from the body has a low carbon dioxide content
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Which of the following structures is NOT found in the upper airway?
Larynx Pharynx Bronchus oropharynx
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The leaf shaped structure located superior to the larynx is called the:
Epiglottis Vallecula Cricoid ring Thyroid cartilage
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The ______ cartilage is a firm ring that forms the inferior part of the larynx.
Cricoid Thyroid Laryngeal Pyriform
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Structures of the lower airway includes all of the following EXCEPT the:
Alveoli Trachea Epiglottis bronchioles
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The actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in the:
Bronchioles Alveolar sacs Apex of the lung Pulmonary capillaries
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Which of the structures is contained within the mediastinum?
Lungs Larynx Bronchioles Esophagus
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The physical act of moving air into and out of the lungs is called:
Diffusion Ventilation Respiration oxygenation
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Inhalation occurs when the:
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax and cause an increase in intrathoracic pressure Diaphragm and intercostal muscles ascend and cause an increase in intrathoracic pressure Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract and cause a decrease in intrathoracic pressure Diaphragm ascends and the intercostal muscles contract, causing a decrease in intrathoracic pressure.
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The diaphragm functions as an involuntary muscle when a person:
Sleeps Coughs Takes a deep breath Holds his or her breath
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The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is ______mm Hg, while the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli is ______mmHg. 70, 28 88, 30 90, 50 104, 40
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Tidal volume is defined as the volume of air that:
Is moved through the lungs in a single minute Moves into or out of the lungs in a single breath Remains in the lungs following a complete exhalation Is forced into the lungs as a result of positive pressure
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What is the minute volume of a patient with a tidal volume of 500 mL, a dead space volume of 150 mL, and a respiratory rate of 16 breaths/min? 5,600 mL 6,000 mL 7,400 mL 8,000 mL
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Which of the following factors will cause a decreased minute volume in an adult?
Shallow breathing Increased tidal volume Respirations of 20 breaths/min Slight decrease in respiratory rate
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In contrast to inhalation, exhalation:
Requires muscular effort to effectively expel air from the lungs Is a passive process caused by increased intrathoracic pressure Occurs when the diaphragm lowers and expels air from the lungs Is an active process caused by decreased intrathoracic pressure
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Hypoxia is MOST accurately defined as:
Low venous oxygen levels A decrease in arterial oxygen levels An increase in carbon dioxide in the blood Inadequate oxygen to the tissues and cells
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The hypoxic drive-the primary stimulus to breathe for patients with certain chronic respiratory diseases-is influenced by: High blood oxygen levels Low blood oxygen levels Low blood carbon dioxide levels High blood carbon dioxide levels
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Which of the following is a late sign of hypoxia?
Anxiety Cyanosis Tachycardia restlessness
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Which of the following statements regarding oxygenation and ventilation is correct?
In carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, ventilation is impaired because CO binds to oxygen very quickly Oxygenation is the movement of air into and out of the lungs, whereas ventilation is the exchange of gases In mines or confined places, where the oxygen levels are low, ventilation may continue despite adequate oxygenation Oxygenation without adequate ventilation can occur in climbers who quickly ascend to an altitude of lower atmospheric pressure
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Each cell of the body combines nutrients and oxygen and produces energy and waste products through a process called: Respiration Ventilation Metabolism oxygenation
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The process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood capillaries is called: External respiration Cellular metabolism Pulmonary ventilation Alveolar ventilation
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Gas exchange in the lungs is facilitated by:
Adequate amounts of surfactant Water or blood within the alveoli Surfactant-destroying organisms Pulmonary capillary constriction
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In the presence of oxygen, the mitochondria of the cells convert glucose into energy through a process called: Perfusion Respiration Aerobic metabolism Anaerobic metabolism
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Without adequate oxygen, the body’s cells:
Rely solely on glucose, which is completely converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Cease metabolism altogether, resulting in carbon dioxide accumulation in the blood Begin to metabolize fat, resulting in the production and accumulation of ketoacids Incompletely convert glucose into energy, and lactic acid accumulates in the blood
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The primary waste product of aerobic metabolism is:
Lactic acid Pyruvic acid Carbon dioxide Adenosine triphosphate
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Central chemoreceptors located in the medulla provide feedback to increase the rate and depth of breathing when they sense: Slight elevation in carbon dioxide or a decrease in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid Slight decreases in carbon dioxide and an increase in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid Decreased levels of oxygen in the blood and an increase in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid Increased levels of oxygen in the blood and a decrease in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid
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A ventilation/perfusion (V/Q ratio) mismatch occurs when:
Ventilation is inadequate due to a traumatic injury or medical condition, which results in an impairment in pulmonary gas exchange A disruption in blood flow inhibits the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs, even though the alveoli are filled with fresh oxygen Ventilation is compromised, resulting in the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream, alveoli, and the tissues and cells of the body A traumatic injury or medical condition impairs the body’s ability to effectively bring oxygen into the lungs and remove carbon dioxide from the body.
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If ventilation is impaired, carbon dioxide levels in the bloodstream will increase. This condition is called: Acidosis Hypoxia Hypoxemia hypercabia
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Intrapulmonary shunting occurs when:
The presence of pulmonary surfactant causes a decrease in alveolar surface tension, thus impairing the exchange of gases in the lungs A decrease in respiratory rate and depth causes carbon dioxide accumulation in the alveoli and an overall decrease in blood oxygen levels Blood coming from the right side of the heart bypasses nonfunctional alveoli and returns to the left side of the heart in an unoxygenated state. Any impairment in circulatory function causes a reduced ability for oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse across the alveolar-capillary membrane
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An adult at rest should have a respiratory rate that ranges between:
8 and 15 breaths/min 10 and 18 breaths/min 12 and 20 breaths/min 16 and 24 breaths/min
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Which of the following patients is breathing adequately?
A conscious male with respirations of 19 breaths/min and pink skin A conscious female with facial cyanosis and rapid, shallow respirations A conscious male with respirations of 18 breaths/min and reduced tidal volume An unconscious 52 year old female with snoring respirations and cool, pale skin
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Which of the following statements regarding breathing adequacy is correct ?
Patients with a grossly irregular breathing pattern usually do not require assisted ventilations The single most reliable sign of breathing adequacy in the adult is her or her respiratory rate Patients breathing shallowly may require assisted ventilation despite a normal respiratory rate A patient with slow respirations and adequate depth will experience an increase in minute volume
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Which of the following would NOT cause a decrease in tidal volume?
Shallow breathing Deep respirations Irregular breathing Agonal respirations
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Irregular respirations characterized by an increasing rate and depth of breathing followed by periods of apnea are called: Ataxic respirations Agonal respirations Eupneic respirations Cheyne-stokes respirations
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An unconscious patient found in a prone position must be placed in a supine position in case he or she: Requires cardiopulmonary resuscitation-CPR Begins to vomit Regains consciousness Has increased tidal volume
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You are dispatched to a residence where a middle-aged man was found unconscious in his front yard. There are no witnesses who can tell you what happened. You find him in a prone position, his eyes are closed and he is not moving. Your FIRST action should be to: Palpate for the presence of a carotid pulse Log roll him as a unit to a supine position Assess the rate and quality of his breathing Open his airway with a jaw-thrust maneuver
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What is the MOST common cause of airway obstruction in an unconscious patient?
Vomitus The tongue Blood clots Aspirated fluid
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In which of the following patients would the head-tilt-chin lift maneuver be the MOST appropriate method of opening the airway? A 24 year old male who is found unconscious at the base of a tree A 37 year old female who is found unconscious in her bed A 45 year old male who is semiconscious after falling 20 feet A 50 year old male who is unconscious following head trauma
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The jaw-thrust maneuver is used to open the airway of patients with suspected:
Mandibular fractures Upper airway swelling Cervical spine injuries Copious oral secretions
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Which of the following patients would MOST likely require insertion of an oropharyngeal airway?
A 33 year old semiconscious patient with reduced tidal volume A 40 year old unconscious patient with slow, shallow respirations A 51 year old confused patient with severly labored respirations A 64 year old conscious patient with rapid and deep respirations
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A 19 year old female is found unconscious by her roommate
A 19 year old female is found unconscious by her roommate. Your primary assessment reveals that her breathing is inadequate. As you insert an oropharyngeal airway, she begins to gag violently. You should: Continue to insert the airway as you suction her oropharynx Remove the airway and be prepared to suction her oropharynx Insert the airway no further but leave it in place as a bite block Select a smaller oropharyngeal airway and attempt to insert it
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To select the proper size oropharyngeal airway, you should measure from the:
Corner of the mouth to the earlobe Center of the mouth to the posterior ear Corner of the mouth to the superior ear Angle of the jaw to the center of the mouth
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The nasopharyngeal airway is MOST beneficial because it:
Can effectively stabilize fractured nasal bones if it is inserted properly Is generally well tolerated in conscious patients with an intact gag reflex Effectively maintains the airway of a patient in cardiopulmonary arrest Can maintain a patent airway in a semiconscious patient with a gag reflex
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The MOST serious complication associated with using a nasopharyngeal airway in a patient with trauma to the head or face is: Fracturing the septum Damaging the turbinates Penetrating the cranium Causing severe bleeding
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A nasopharyngeal airway is inserted:
With the bevel facing the septum in inserted into the right nare Into the larger nostril with the tip pointing away from the septum With the bevel pointing downward if inserted into the left nare Into the smaller nostril with the tip following the roof of the nose
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A 71 year old male is semiconscious following a sudden, severe headache. There is vomitus on his face and his respirations are slow and shallow. The EMT must immediately: Insert a nasopharyngeal airway Preform oropharyngeal suctioning Apply oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask Assist the patient’s ventilations with a bag-mask device
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When testing a mechanical suctioning unit, you should turn on the device, clamp the tubing, and ensure that it generates a vacuum pressure of more than: 100 mmHg 200 mmHg 300 mmHg 400 mmHg
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The MOST significant complication associated with ororpharyngeal suctioning is:
Oral abrasion from vigorous suctioning Hypoxia due to prolonged suction attempts Clogging of the catheter with thick secretions Vomiting from stimulating the anterior airway
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Proper technique for suctioning the oropharynx of an adult patient include:
Continuously suctioning patients with copious oral secretions Suctioning while withdrawing the catheter from the oropharynx Removing large, solid objects with a tonsil-tip suction catheter Suctioning for up to 1 minute if the patient is well oxygenated
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You have inserted an oral airway and are ventilating an apneic woman with a bag-mask device. She suddenly begins regurgitating large amounts of vomit. You should: Perform a finger sweep of her mouth Insert a nasal airway and then suction her mouth Roll her onto her side and remove the oral airway Remove the oral airway and suction her oropharynx
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A 23 year old male experienced severe head trauma after his motorcyle collided with an oncoming truck. He is unconscious, has rapid and shallow breathing, and has copious bloody secretions in his mouth. How should you manage his airway? Suction his oropharynx with a rigid catheter until all secretions are removed Insert a nasopharyngeal airway and provide suction and assisted ventilations Alternate 15 seconds of oral suctioning with 2 minutes of assisted ventilations Provide continuous ventilations with a bag-mask device to minimize hypoxia
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Which of the following patients should you place in the recovery position?
A 19 year old conscious male with a closed head injury and normal respirations A 24 year old unconscious female who overdosed and has a reduced tidal volume A 31 year old semiconscious male with low blood sugar and adequate breathing A 40 year old conscious female with a possible neck injury and regular respirations
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Which of the following organs or tissues can survive the longest without oxygen?
Muscle Heart Liver Kidneys
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The purpose of the pin-indexing system that has been established for compressed gas cylinders is to:
Ensure that the correct regulator is used for the cylinder Help you determine what type of oxygen regulator to use Prevent destroying or stripping the threads on the cylinder Reduce the cylinder pressure to a safe and more useful range
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The pressure of gas in a full cylinder of oxygen is approximately _____ pounds per square inch (psi)
500 1,000 1,500 2,000
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Which of the following oxygen flowmeters is NOT affected by gravity and can be used in any position when attached to an oxygen cylinder? Vertical-position flowmeter Bourdon-gauge flowmeter Ball-and-flow flowmeter Pressure-compensated flowmeter
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An oxygen cylinder should be taken out of service and refilled when the pressure inside it is less than: 200 psi 500 psi 1,000 psi 1,500 psi
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Which of the following statements regarding oxygen is correct?
Oxygen cylinders must always remain in an upright position Oxygen is flammable and may explode if under high pressure Oxygen supports the combustion process and may cause a fire Oxygen is most safely administered in an enclosed environment
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A patient who is suspected of being hypoxic and is breathing adequately should be given supplemental oxygen with a Nasal cannula Nonrebreathing mask Bag-mask device Mouth-to-mask device
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With a good mask-to-face seal and an oxygen flow rate of 15 L/min, the nonrebreathing mask is capable of delivering up to ____% inspired oxygen 70 80 90 100
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Prior to applying a nonrebreathing mask on a patient, you must ensure that the:
One-way valve is sealed Flow rate is set at 6 L/min Reservoir bag is fully inflated Patient has reduced tidal volume
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At a flow rate of 6 L/min, a nasal cannula can deliver am approximate oxygen concentration of up to:
24% 35% 44% 52%
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The nasal cannula is MOST appropriately used in the prehospital setting:
When the patient cannot tolerate a nonrebreathing mask If the patient’s nasopharynx is obstructed by secretions If long-term supplemental oxygen administration is required When the patient breathes primarily through his or her mouth
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The main advantage of the Ventri mask is:
The ability to adjust the percentage of inspired oxygen when caring for a critically ill or injured patient The use of its fine adjustment capabilities in the long-term management of physiologically stable patients That it does not contain an oxygen reservoir, so the same percentage of oxygen can consistently be administered The ability to adjust the amount of oxygen administered to the patient by increasing the flow rate on the regulator
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A 51 year old female presents with a sudden onset of difficulty breathing. She is conscious and alert and able to speak in complete sentences. Her respirations are 22 breaths/min and regular. You should Administer 100% oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask Insert a nasal airway in case her mental status decreases Perform a secondary assessment and then begin treatment Assist her breathing with a bag-mask device and 100% oxygen
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What occurs when a patient is breathing very rapidly and shallowly?
Minute volume increases because of a marked increase in both tidal volume and respiratory rate Air moves primarily in the anatomic dead space and does not participate in pulmonary gas exchange Air is forcefully drawn into the lungs due to the negative pressure created by the rapid respirations The majority of tidal volume reaches the lungs and diffuses across the alveolar-capillary membrane
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As the single EMT managing an apneic patient’s airway, the preferred initial method of providing ventilations is the: Mouth-to-mouth technique One-person bag-mask device Manually triggered ventilation device Mouth-to-mask technique with a one way valve
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You and your partner are treating a 66 year old man who experienced a sudden onset of respiratory distress. He is conscious but is unable to follow simple verbal commands. Further assessment reveals that his breathing is severely labored and his oxygen saturation is 80%. You should: Attempt to insert an oropharyngeal airway Assist his ventilations with a bag-mask device Apply a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device and monitor his breathing Apply high-flow oxygen via nonrebreathing mask
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Which of the following statements regarding postive-pressure ventilations is correct?
Positive-pressure ventilation allow blood to naturally be pulled back to the heart from the body With positive-pressure ventilation, more volume is required to have the same effects as normal breathing To prevent hypotension, the EMT should increase the rate and force of positive-pressure ventilation Unlike negative-pressure ventilation, positive-pressure ventilation does not affect the esophageal opening pressure
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How does positive-pressure ventilation affect cardiac output?
There is no effect on cardiac output because positive-pressure ventilation is the act of normal breathing It decreases intrathoracic pressure, which facilitates venous return to the heart and increases cardiac output It causes pressure in the chest to decrease, which increases stroke volume and cardiac output It increases intrathoracic pressure, which decreases venous return to the heart and causes a decrease in cardiac output
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Reevaluate the rate and volume of your ventilations
You are ventilating a 40 year old uninjured man who is apneic but has a pulse. When your partner reassesses his blood pressure, he notes that it has decreased significantly from previous readings. You elevate the patient’s legs, but this action has no effect. You should: Reevaluate the rate and volume of your ventilations Perform a head-to-toe assessment to look for bleeding Increase the volume of your ventilations and reassess his blood pressure Ensure that you are delivering one breath every 3 to 5 seconds
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You are performing mouth-to-mask ventilations with oxygen connected and set at a flow rate of 15 L/min. What percentage of oxygen is your patient receiving? 45% 55% 65% 75%
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Begin ventilation using the mouth-to-mask technique
You and your partner are caring for a critically injured patient. Your partner is controlling severe bleeding from the patient’s lower extremities as you attempt ventiliations with a bag-mask device. After repositioning the mask several times, you are unable to effectively ventilate the patient. You should: Begin ventilation using the mouth-to-mask technique Hyperextend the patient’s head and reattempt ventilations Continue attempted ventilations and transport immediately Suction the patient’s airway for 30 seconds and reattempt ventilations
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Which of the following statements regarding the one-person bag-mask technique is correct?
Bag-mask ventilations should be delivered every 2 seconds when the device is being operated by one person The C-clamp method of holding the mask to the face is not effective when ventilating a patient with a bag-mask device Adequate tidal volume is often difficult to achieve when one EMT is operating the bag-mask device The bag-mask device delivers more tidal volume and a higher oxygen concentration than the mouth-to-mask technique
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Despite your attempts to coach a conscious young female’s respirationss, she continues to hyperventilate with a marked reduction in tidal volume. You should Restrain her and provide ventilatory assistance Insert a nasopharyngeal airway and give oxygen Explain to her that you will assist her ventilations Ventilate her at the rate at which she is breathing
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All of the following will help minimize the risk of gastric distention when ventilating an apneic patient with a bag-mask device, EXCEPT Delivering each breath over 1 second Ensuring the appropriate airway position Ventilating the patient at the appropriate rate Increasing the amount of delivered tidal volume
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Which of the following is the MOST reliable indicator of adequately performed bag-mask ventilations in an apneic adult with a pulse? 20 breaths/min being delivered to the adult Decreased compliance when squeezing the bag An adult’s heart rate that is consistently increasing Adequate rise of the chest when squeezing the bag
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On which of the following patients would it be MOST appropriate to use the flow-restricted, oxygen-powered ventilation device? An 8 year old female with respiratory failure A 21 year old male with traumatic cardiac arrest A 38 year old apneic female with blunt chest trauma A 59 year old male with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
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How does CPAP improve oxygenation and ventilation in patients with certain respiratory problems?
It forces the alveoli open and pushes more oxygen across the alveolar membrane It pushes thick, infected pulmonary secretions into isolated areas of lung tissue It decreases intrathoracic pressure, which allows more room for the lungs to expand It prevents alveolar collapse by pushing air into the lungs during the inhalation phase
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CPAP is indicated for patients who:
Have signs of pneumonia but are breathing adequately Are unresponsive and have signs of inadequate ventilation Have pulmonary edema and can follow verbal commands Are hypotensive and have a marked reduction in tidal volume
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You are ventilating a patient with a stoma; however, air is escaping from the mouth and nose. To prevent this, you should: Thrust the jaw forward Seal the mouth and nose Ventilate with less pressure Thoroughly suction the stoma
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A 37 year old male has a apparent foreign body airway-obstruction
A 37 year old male has a apparent foreign body airway-obstruction. He is conscious and alert and is coughing forcefully. His skin is pink, warm and moist. The MOST appropriate treatment for this patient includes: A series of back blows and chest thrusts Finger sweeps to remove the obstruction Performing a series of abdominal thrusts Encouraging him to cough and transporting
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While eating dinner, your partner suddenly grabs his throat and has a panicked look on his face. He has a weak cough, faint inspiratory stridor, and cyanosis around the lips. You should: Encourage him to cough as forcefully as he can Deliver up to five back blows and reassess him Place him in a supine position and open his airway Stand behind him and administer abdominal thrusts
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Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of airway obstruction?
Relaxation of the tongue Aspirated vomitus Shallow breathing Foreign objects
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You are ventilating an apneic woman with a bag-mask device
You are ventilating an apneic woman with a bag-mask device. She has dentures, which are tight-fitting. Adequate chest rise is present with each ventilation, and the patient’s oxygen saturation reads 96%. When you reassess the patency of her airway, you note that her dentures are now loose, although your ventilations are still producing adequate chest rise. You should: Remove her dentures, resume ventilations, and assess for adequate chest rise Attempt to replace her dentures so that they fit tightly and resume ventilations Leave her dentures in place, but carefully monitor her for an airway obstruction Remove her dentures at once and increase the rate and volume of your ventilations
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