2. Sub-Human Nutrition and Digestion L.E. Bio Unit 8

3. DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS Nutrients – –Substances in food that the body needs Roughage- –(Fiber) of the digestive tract. Nutrition – –Ingestion and digestion. –Types?

4. 3 Six Essential Nutrients I.Proteins II.Carbohydrates III.Fats (Lipids) IV.Vitamins V.Minerals VI.Water

5. I. Proteins (organic) Made up of _____ ____ There are __ different amino acids and __ are essential (the body can’t synthesize). Complete proteins contain __ of the essential amino acids. Incomplete are lacking in some of them. These are used for ______ and ________ body cells. Amino Acids 20 8 All Building Repairing

6. Essential Amino Acids 1.tryptophan, 2.methionine, 3.valine 4.threonine, 5.phenylalanine, 6.leucine 7.isoleucine, 8.lysine (histidine is essential for infants)

7. Essential amino acids from a vegetarian diet.

8. II. Carbohydrates (organic) Made up of _____ ______. They are used for _____ by the body and stored as _____________ in plants and _______ in animals. Plant starch, _______ is used as roughage. Simple Sugars Energy Cellulose (starch) Glycogen Cellulose

9. III. Fats/Lipids (organic) Made of _____ ____ and _______. They are used for _____ and _________. Saturated vs. unsaturated fats- Fatty Acids EnergyInsulation Saturated- w/H- all single bonds Glycerol Unsaturated- double or triple bonds

10. Essential Fats Fatty acidsFatty acids: membrane structure unsaturated; linoleic acid

11. IV. Vitamins (organic) Vitamins serve as ________. Coenzymes Essential Vitamins 13 Vitamins13 Vitamins: Fat-soluble: vitamins A, D, E, & K Water-soluble: B complex,Vitamin C

14. V. Minerals (inorganic) Needed in small amounts for normal body functioning. Essential Minerals –Function as building materials, cofactors Ca, P, S, K, Cl, Fe, Mg, Zn, I, Na,

16. VI. Water (inorganic) The only nutrient that you can directly detect you need.

17. I. Digestion (intro. This slide is not in note packet) Chemical and mechanical breakdown of organic molecules into units small enough for the body to absorb.Chemical and mechanical breakdown of organic molecules into units small enough for the body to absorb. These molecules provide:These molecules provide: 1.Energy resources 2.Essential chemical elements 3.Raw materials for anabolism Any nutritionally adequate diet satisfiesAny nutritionally adequate diet satisfies three needs: Homeostatic mechanisms manage these resources.Homeostatic mechanisms manage these resources.

18. Digestion = ________________. –Mechanical –Chemical Hydrolysis (enzymatic)  surface area (physical change) chemical change

19. Types of Digestion Intracellular – digestive enzymes are secreted by cells & food is digested by enzymes within the cell –sponges (choanocytes) Extracellular - digestive enzymes are secreted by cells into a digestive cavity –cnidarians (both intracellular & extracellular)

20. Stages of Food Processing IngestionIngestion –the act of eating or ingesting DigestionDigestion –process of breaking food into small enough molecules for the body to absorb AbsorptionAbsorption –process of absorbing small molecules from the digestive compartment into bloodstream EgestionEgestion –act of eliminating undigested materials from the digestive compartment

21. Representative Organisms 1. Protists: ____ cellular ( chemical ) a. Ameba- a.Ingestion – uses _________. a.By what process? ____________. b.Digestion - ____vacuoles and ________. c.Egestion – Intra pseudopods phagocytosis food lysosomes Undigested materials are released when the vacuole touches the cell membrane & forms an opening to the outside.

22. Representative Organisms cont. b. Paramecium- a.Ingestion – its ____ sweep food into its “mouth” or ____ _____. b.Digestion – A ___ vacuole forms at the base of the gullet. It fuses with a _______ for hydrolysis. c.Egestion – _________ cilia oral groove food lysosome Anal pore

23. Intracellular digestion in Paramecium

24. Representative Organisms cont. 2. Hydra – ____ and ____ cellular a.Ingestion – it uses ________ to get food to its “ONE” opening. b.Digestion a.Extra cellular- Specialized cells in the lining of the gastro vascular cavity secrete digestive enzymes. b.Intracellular- Some food particles are engulfed by ____________ and digested into the cell. c.Egestion – ___________. dual role: mouth = anus d.Drawing- tentacles phagocytosis out the mouth Intraextra

25. E xtracellular digestion in a gastrovascular cavity.

26. Representative Organisms cont. 3. Earth Worm – ____ cellular and _________. a.“Tube-within-tube”- a.Digested materials must be absorbed into body cells a.Inner tube a.Inner tube- digestive tract b.Outer tube b.Outer tube- body wall intracellular extra

27. Earthworm Drawing

28. 1.Mouth- mechanical digestion and ingestion 2.Pharynx- mechanical digestion, temporary food storage 3.Esophagus- food tube 4.Crop- temporary food storage 5.Gizzard- mechanical digestion 6.Intestine- chemical digestion. Absorption happens here as well. The fold in the intestine,________, aids in increasing the surface area for absorption typhlosole 1 2 3 4 5 6

29. EarthwormDigestiveTract

30. Representative Organisms cont. 4.Grasshopper – ____ cellular and _________. Also a “Tube-within-tube” has a gastro intestinal tract intracellular extra

31. Grasshopper Digestive Tract

32. 1.Pharynx- Throat, no digestion 2.Esophagus- food tube, no digestion 3.Crop- temporary food storage 4.Gizzard- mechanical digestion muscular, grinds 5.Stomach- This contains plates of chitin. Chemical digestion 6.Intestine- Absorption. Some chemical digestion. increasing the surface area for absorption 7.Rectum- Storage of waste (water is reabsorbed) 8.Anus- Dried waste leaves (+uric acid) 9.Gastric Caeca- digestive Glands, makes digestive enzymes 10.Salivary Glands- Chemical digestion - saliva 1 2 3 4 gizzard 5 6 7 rectum 8 anus 9 10

33. Stop!