2. Scientist and Science Educator Professional Development Workshop: Communicating with Your Audience LPSC 2015 Sunday, March 15, 2015

3. What is the best speech you’ve ever heard? Please chat with others at your table about it: What made it good? Why did you like it?

4. Welcome! Presenters Mark Carreau: Houston-based freelance writer and contributor to Aviation Week & Space Technology Emily Lakdawalla: (joining this afternoon), senior editor at the Planetary Society Linda Schenk (joining us virtually): brand strategist and designer Contact information is provided for presenters and participants in your folders Facilitators Christine Shupla Sanlyn Buxner Jennifer Grier Pamela Gay

5. What are we going to do? Introductions Why is clear communication important Communications and the News Media Crafting your messages 11:30-1 pm: lunch Presentation Skills Conference talks and posters Through Presentations Activities Discussions Informal; please feel free to stand and stretch, take a break. New attendees will arrive for the afternoon session and some will be leaving us at lunch. Please be respectful of your colleagues by taking phone calls, texts, Facebook, etc outside

6. Lunch on your own but Would many of you like to walk together to a restaurant? Nearby options: Baker St. Pub and Grill, Grimaldi’s Pizzeria, Hubbell & Hudson, Kona Grill? Other suggestions? We can call and make a reservation, if people are interested.

7. Time to introduce yourself Please introduce yourself, describing who you are and your work (or something else you are passionate about) in a very short (1 minute) presentation. We will all have signs, which say “Jargon” and “Awesome”—we will hold up signs while you are talking, to provide feedback.

8. What is the role of communication? Please discuss at your tables the role communication plays in sharing your science and conducting your work: – Communicating with other scientists – Communicating with the news media – Communicating with stakeholders – Communicating with (your) students – Communicating with the public

9. THE MONTILLATION OF TRAXOLINE (attributed to Judy Lanier) It is very important that you learn about traxoline. Traxoline is a new form of zionter. It is montilled in Ceristanna. The Ceristannians gristeriate large amounts of fevon and then bracter it to quasel traxoline. Traxoline may well be one of our must lukized snezlaus in the future because of our zionter lescelidge. What is a traxoline? Where is traxoline montilled? How is traxoline quaselled? Why is it important to know about traxoline?

10. Communications and the Media Mark Carreau is a Houston-based freelance writer and contributor to Aviation Week & Space Technology and its electronic publications, Aerospace Daily &Defense Report and Aviation Week Intelligence Network. As a former long time "space beat" reporter for the Houston Chronicle, Mark wrote on space policy, NASA human spaceflight activities and planetary science.

11. Crafting Messages Linda Schenk is a brand strategist, designer and creator of The Brand Builder System with Virtuallinda (www.virtuallinda.com). Her clients get a custom combination of her expertise in branding, marketing, strategy, graphic design, technology and creativity to reach their unique goals. She is also co-founder of The Sun Today (www.thesuntoday.org), one of the leading hubs on solar physics and space weather.www.virtuallinda.comwww.thesuntoday.org

12. Newsworthy Stories Refer to What Makes a Story Newsworthy? Article from the American Astronomical Society Please examine topics in your groups and sort according to your opinions on general newsworthiness or by which audiences are most likely to be interested.

13. Comparing Stories Each group will receive 7 different news stories about the same research. Please chat for 5 minutes about: – What aspects of the story are most interesting to you? Perhaps to others? – The amount of jargon – Do some of the stories “grab” you better? Please share out your top thoughts (that you’ve shared, heard, learned) about news stories.

14. Preparing News Stories – What is new – Why is it important – Why should you care Let’s spend 5 minutes applying these ideas. Please jot down the outlines of your own story for either a topic that is important to you, or about: An upcoming mission event (such as New Horizon’s Pluto flyby) A big-picture idea (such as how our understanding of the Solar System’s formation is changing) Why planetary exploration is important

15. Examining Presentations We will watch 2 videos and examine them using a rubric: – http://www.ted.com/talks/angelo_vermeulen_how_to_go _to_space_without_having_to_go_to_space http://www.ted.com/talks/angelo_vermeulen_how_to_go _to_space_without_having_to_go_to_space – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4hU-PWY7diI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4hU-PWY7diI We will then discuss what techniques they used and why we liked them.

16. Speech Anxiety What are some symptoms you’ve seen or experienced? How have you dealt with it?

17. Better Conference Talks Emily Lakdawalla is a passionate advocate for the exploration of all of the worlds of our solar system. She holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in geology from Amherst College and a Master of Science degree in planetary geology from Brown University. She has been writing and editing the Planetary Society Blog since 2005, reporting on space news, explaining planetary science, and sharing beautiful space photos. She appears weekly on the Society's Planetary Radio podcast, answering listener questions or rounding up the latest space news from the blog. Emily has been an Administrator of the forum UnmannedSpaceflight.com since 2005, and is also a contributing editor to Sky & Telescope magazine. She is now writing her first book, tentatively titled Curiosity on Mars: Design, Planning, and the First Mars Year of Operations, due out from Springer-Praxis in 2015.

18. Death by Powerpoint

19. Comparing presentations How can this next presentation be improved?

20. The Outgroup Homogeneity Effect: What happens when Faces are Angry? Mark Schaller University of British Columbia

21. Thank you Josh Ackerman Jenessa Shapiro Vaughn Becker Vladas Griskevicius Jon Maner Steve Neuberg Doug Kenrick Research supported by U.S. National Institutes of Health

22. The outgroup homogeneity effect: Definition “The tendency to perceive members of an out-group as “all alike” or more similar to each other than members of the ingroup” (Baron, Byrne, Branscombe, 2006, 11 th edition).

23. Examples of the outgroup homogeneity effect People rate students from another university as more homogeneous than students at their own university (Rothgerber, 1997). This can reverse (creating “in-group homogeneity”) among some minority groups seeking a strong sense of solidarity within their ingroup (Simon & Pettigrew, 1992). Eyewitness identification (Anthony, Copper, & Mullen, 1992).

24. Functional perspective on allocation of attention Attention is a limited resource. It is allocated selectively to things that matter most (Schaller, Park, & Kenrick, 2007). E.g., snakes (Ohman et al., 2001). E.g., attractive women (Maner et al., 2003). E.g., ingroup members)

25. Angry faces The face in the crowd effect (Fox, Lester, Russo, Bowles, Pichler, & Dutton, 2000). Angry faces are like snakes.

26. Hypothesis When people are looking at neutral faces, we will replicate the outgroup homogeneity effect (Better recognition memory for ingroup faces than outgroup faces.) When people are looking at angry faces, the outgroup homogeneity effect will be eliminated and maybe even reversed (Better recognition memory for outgroup faces than ingroup faces).

27. Methods Experimental Design: 2 (Target Race: Black, White) x 2 (Target Expression: Neutral, Angry) x 2 (Distracter: Present, Absent) x 3 (Presentation Duration: 500ms, 1000ms, 4000ms) mixed design. (Target Race and Target Expression were within-participant manipulations and Presentation Duration and Distracter were between-participants manipulations.)

28. Methods (continued) One hundred ninety-two White undergraduate students (117 male, 75 female) participated in exchange for course credit. Presentation stimuli included sixteen 5x3.5- inch grayscale, front-oriented male faces (Black/White, angry/neutral). For participants in the Distracter-Present condition, sixteen similarly sized grayscale images of abstract art were randomly paired with the faces.

29. Methods (continued) Counterbalanced across participants, sixteen new faces (Black/White, angry/neutral) were employed as foils in the recognition memory test. Participants next watched a five-minute distracter film clip before recognition memory task (including previously-presented faces and foils). For each photograph, participants responded on a 6-point scale ranging from “definitely did not see” to “definitely did see.”

30. Methods (continued) Nonparametric signal detection measures of sensitivity (A') and response bias (B''d) (Stanislaw & Todorov, 1999; Donaldson 1992). Analyses: 2 (Target Race: Black, White) x 2 (Target Expression: Neutral, Angry) x 2 (Distracter: Present, Absent) x 3 (Presentation Duration: 500ms, 1000ms, 4000ms) ANOVA on A’ and B”d.

31. Results (A’ and B’’d) A’: 2-way Target Race X Target Expression interaction: F(1,191)=44.90, p<.001. B’’d: 2-way Target Race X Target Expression interaction: F(1,191)=70.43, p<.001.

32. HRFARA’B”d White Neutral.677.121.844-.406 Black Neutral.793.421.742.371 White Angry.773.223.833.022 Black Angry.802.178.873-.058

33. Effects of Processing Time and Distractors on A’ A planned contrast comparing the Target Race X Target Expressions interaction in the most highly constrained condition (500ms/distracter) to that in the least constrained condition (4000ms/no distracter), indicated a significant change in the strength of the memory crossover, F(1,186)=4.51, p<.05. These results support the possibility that the out-group heterogeneity effect for angry faces may emerge primarily when processing ability is limited.

34. Limitations Only Male target faces. Only Black/White target faces. Only White participants. Only angry faces. Only university students as participants. Only people from one culture as participants.

35. Comparing presentations How is this version better?

36. They All Look the Same to Me (But Not When They Are Angry) They All Look the Same to Me (But Not When They Are Angry) Mark Schaller University of British Columbia

37. Quick Overview Background on the outgroup homogeneity bias in recognition memory. –What it is. –Why it happens. –Implications for its disappearance. Experiment testing novel hypothesis about a specific set of circumstances under which the bias disappears. –And sometimes even reverses. Implications.

38. Outgroup Homogeneity Bias in Recognition Memory The “They all look the same to me” effect. Recognition memory for faces of ethnic ingroup members is reasonably accurate. –High accuracy in distinguishing previously-seen faces from faces encountered for the first time. But recognition memory for faces of outgroup members is typically much worse. –Much greater tendency for people to mistakenly believe that they’ve previously seen a particular outgroup member when, in fact, they haven’t.

39. A Robust and Important Effect A classic, highly-replicable finding. –Chance & Goldstein (1996): “Few psychological findings are so easy to duplicate.” Many real-life implications –Eyewitness testimony, etc.

40. Why Does This Bias Occur: A Functional Perspective Recognition requires allocation of attention and encoding resources to distinctive facial features. These cognitive resources are costly. These cognitive resources are allocated selectively to individuals with greater relevance to perceivers’ own future outcomes. Future outcomes influenced more by ingroup members than by outgroup members.

41. Ingroup  “Relevant”  Encode  Accurate Member Features Recognition Outgroup  “Irrelevant”  Minimal  Poor Member Encoding Recognition

42. Impact of Facial Expression? In prior studies, faces were affectively neutral. What if faces are angry?

43. Impact of Facial Expression? Angry facial expression connotes: –Clear implications for own outcomes. –High utility of encoding individuating features. –Implies: disappearance of usual memory bias. The encoding of individuating features is perhaps especially functional if the angry face is attached to an outgroup member. –Fewer “brakes” on intergroup violence. –Implies: possible reversal of usual memory bias.

44. Ingroup  “Relevant”  Encode  Accurate Member Features Recognition Outgroup  “Relevant!”  Encode  Accurate Member Features! Recognition!

45. An Experimental Test (Ackerman et al., 2006; Psychological Science) Participants: 192 White university students. Stimuli: 16 male faces. –4 Neutral White; 4 Neutral Black. –4 Angry White; 4 Angry Black. Recognition memory –16 old faces, 16 new faces. –Signal-detection measure of recognition accuracy (A’).

46. Recognition Accuracy for Faces

47. Additional Methods and Results Two additional manipulations: –Actual presentation time (½ sec., 1 sec., 4 sec.) –Distracter image either present or absent when each target face originally presented. Were ample cognitive resources necessary for increased accuracy in recognizing angry Black faces? No; the opposite was true: –Reversal of usual bias occurred most strongly under conditions of least processing time (1/2 sec. presentation time coupled with distraction). –Implies highly efficient encoding of individuating features of angry outgroup faces.

48. Implications & Future Directions Immediate questions for future research: –Does this effect hold with other ethnic ingroup / outgroup categories? –Is this effect specific to angry facial expressions? Broader implications: –A more nuanced perspective on the so-called outgroup homogeneity bias. –Implications for eyewitness identification? –Utility of functional perspective on social cognition.

49. Thank You Collaborators: Josh Ackerman, Vaughn Becker, Vladas Griskevicius, Doug Kenrick, Jon Maner, Steve Neuberg, Jenessa Shapiro Funding: United States National Institutes of Health For more information about the research itself: Ackerman, J. M., Shapiro, J. R., Neuberg, S. L., Kenrick, D. T., Becker, D. V., Griskevicius, V., Maner, J. K., & Schaller, M. (2006). They all look the same to me (unless they’re angry): From out-group homogeneity to out-group heterogeneity. Psychological Science, 17, 836-840.

50. Improving Posters What is important when designing posters for a science conference? – Please jot down your top thoughts on a poster paper. What can be done to improve these next few posters?

51. A Sensitive Period of Acculturation: An Exploratory Study of Hong Kong Immigrants in Vancouver Jesse H. Lo, Benjamin Y. Cheung, & Steven J. Heine Discussion The results were approaching to converging evidence about the relationship between age of immigration and acculturation from the four measurements. Such marginally significant results might due to the limitations of the study: Lack of Exposure to Mainstream Culture. Vancouver is heavily populated by Chinese. Especially in Richmond, 43.4% of population is Chinese (Statistics Canada, 2008). The high density of Chinese immigrants in town reduced immigrants’ opportunity to acculturate to Western culture. Cultural Change in Asian Society. Asian cultures are becoming more individualistic due to modernization (Pye, 1988). When immigrants are more westernized before they immigrate, the difference of acculturation level among immigrants at different ages would be minimized. Immigration Age Distribution. 75% of our participants immigrated to Canada before age 19 and less than 16% of participants who immigrated at their twenties and thirties. The uneven distribution of immigration age could diminish the significance level of our results. Introduction Minoura (1992) first suggested the sensitive period of acculturation in young Japanese immigrants in the United States. However, the effect of one’s age of immigration on acculturation is still not well investigated in the field of cultural psychology. We aimed to test the existence of a sensitive period for acculturation in another population: Hong Kong immigrants in Vancouver. The primary purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between acculturation and the age of immigration mainly by implicit measures. Our hypothesis is that Hong Kong immigrants who arrived to Vancouver at an earlier age will have a higher acculturation level than those who arrived at a later age. Method We recruited 58 Hong Kong immigrants in Vancouver in this study (24 men, 34 women, M age = 30.7, age range: 19 - 61 years). This study included one online questionnaire in two languages, English and Chinese. In the questionnaire, we first asked participants’ ages of immigration, then we assessed their acculturation level by the following four measures. Vancouver Index of Acculturation. We asked 20 questions to measure participants’ identification with their own heritage culture and the American mainstream culture. e.g. “I am interested in having North American friends” and “I often behave in ways that are typical of my heritage culture”. Preference for Uniqueness. We asked participants to rank the unique and common subfigures in the order of their preference (from 1 = most favorite to 9 = least favorite) (see figure 1). One’s preference for uniqueness revealed one’s acculturation levels. Rule- Versus Family-based Classification. We measured whether participants categorized novel objects via rule-based classification or family-based classification (see figure 2). Different strategies of classification revealed different acculturation levels. Field Dependence. We asked participants to judge whether the orange rod appeared perfectly vertical or a few degrees off vertical regardless of the position of the frame (see figure 3). Different error rates among participants revealed differences in their acculturation levels. Results Vancouver Index of Acculturation. There was no significant relationship between age of immigration and heritage score, B = -.15, t (52) = -.87, p =.386 and there was a marginally significant relationship between age of immigration and mainstream score, B = -.23, t (52) = - 1.69, p =.098. Preference for Uniqueness. There was a marginally significant relationship between age of immigration and preference for uniqueness, B =.043, t (52) = 1.90, p =.064. Rule- Versus Family Resemblance-based Classification. There was no significant relationship between age of immigration and the choice of classification, B = -.05, t (52) = -.97, p =.334. However, there was a marginally significant relationship between age of immigration and length of time spent in Canada, B = -.19, t (52) = - 1.78, p =.082. Field Dependence. There was no significant relationship between age of immigration and performance in the rod-and- frame test, B =.00, t (52) = -.28, p =.778. Interestingly, we found that language version had a significant effect on the test performance, B = - 0.15, t (52) = - 2.28, p = 0.027 (See Figure 4). Reference Minoura, Y. (1992). A Sensitive Period for the Incorporation of a Cultural Meaning System: A study of Japanese Children Growing up in the United States. Ethos, 20(3), 304-339. doi:10.1525/eth.1992.20.3.02a00030 Pye, L.W. (1988). Asian Power and Politics: The Cultural Dimensions of Authority. MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Statistics Canada. (2008, June 12). 2006 Census Profile. Retrieved from http://www.richmond.ca/discover/demographics/Census2006.htm Future Direction Subjects Recruitment. As some of our results were approaching significance, recruiting more subjects would provide a clearer picture of the relationship between immigration age and acculturation. The regression analysis in this study would require about 200 subjects. Moreover, we would need to recruit more participants at a wider range of immigration age in order to have more variation in the independent variable in our future study. Collecting Data from Different Populations and Comparing Data Between Populations. We would collect data from European Canadians and Hong Kong non-immigrants as the reference groups. By comparing data from Hong Kong immigrants with the reference groups, we would be able to examine: (1) the trend of Hong Kong immigrants’ acculturation, and (2) the degree to which various psychological aspects of Hong Kong immigrants arriving at various ages mimic those of European Canadians, thus indicating acculturative success. Figure 2 Figure 1 Figure 3

52. Evolved Disease-Avoidance Processes and Implicit Antipathy Toward the Elderly Lesley A. Duncan and Mark Schaller University of British Columbia INTRODUCTION Anomalous facial features can automatically elicit aversive reactions from perceivers. These reactions may be the result, in part, of evolved disease avoidance mechanisms that (a) are sensitive to cues (such as deviations from morphological prototypes) indicating the possible presence of parasites in other people, and (b) automatically activate aversive cognitions when such cues are perceived. In addition, an evolutionary cost/benefit analysis implies that these mechanisms are likely to be functionally flexible: They are especially likely to be triggered when perceivers feel especially vulnerable to infection themselves (Schaller & Duncan, 2007). The present research investigates whether visible signs of aging (e.g. wrinkles) activate these disease-avoidance mechanisms, thus contributing to implicit negative responses to elderly people. We assessed implicit cognitive associations linking elderly people to semantic concepts connoting disease and other unpleasant things. And we tested the extent to which these implicit negative associations are affected by chronic concerns about germ transmission, and by the temporary salience of germs. METHODS Individual Difference Measures: 55 university students completed two questionnaire measures relevant to chronic concerns with germ transmission and contagion: Perceived Vulnerability to Disease and Disgust Sensitivity. Manipulation of Temporary Germ Salience: Participants viewed one of two brief slide show presentations. One slide show depicted the threat posed by germs and infectious diseases. The other depicted disease-irrelevant threats to well-being (e.g., electrocution, and other kinds of accidents). Implicit Association Tasks (IATs): Participants performed two different computer- based reaction-time tasks. One IAT assessed the extent to which old people (in comparison to young people) were implicitly associated with the semantic concept "unpleasant." The other IAT assessed the extent to which old people (vs. young people) were implicitly associated with the more specific semantic concept "disease." Participants were presented serially with target words that were either pleasant or unpleasant (or that either connoted disease or health) and with photographs of either young faces or old faces (Levy & Banaji, 2002). Participants responded to each stimulus word by categorizing it as either "pleasant" or "unpleasant" (or as connoting either "disease" or "health"), and they responded to each photograph as depicting either "young" or "old". On one critical block of trials (Figure 1), the category "old" shared a response key with the category "unpleasant" (or "disease"); on another critical block of trials, "young" shared a response key with "unpleasant" (or "disease“). Overall IAT indices were computed (in the manner prescribed by Greenwald et al., 2003) that compared response times on the two critical blocks of trials. More highly positive values on these IAT indices indicate the activation of implicit cognitive associations in which old people (compared to young people) are more strongly linked with the concepts "unpleasant" and "disease." RESULTS Regression analyses tested the extent to which the individual difference measures and the germ-salience manipulation influenced implicit cognitive associations. No meaningful effects emerged on the IAT task that focused specifically on "disease," but several effects emerged on implicit associations linking old people to more generally "unpleasant" concepts. This implicit antipathy toward old people was stronger among individuals who scored more highly on Perceived Vulnerability to Disease (beta =.31, p =.021), and was also stronger among people with a greater Disgust Sensitivity (beta =.26, p =.051). There also was a trend (p =.098) toward an interaction between Disgust Sensitivity and the experimental manipulation of germ salience. This interaction is depicted in Figure 2. DISCUSSION These results provide preliminary evidence that evolved disease-avoidance processes may contribute to ageist attitudes. Implicit antipathy toward old people was stronger among people who are chronically more worried about contagion. Plus (although the interaction was not quite statistically significant) the results suggested that even people who aren't chronically worried about contagion may also sometimes show greater antipathy toward old people – if the threat of disease is made temporarily salient. It is interesting that that these effects emerged only on the implicit measure of general antipathy, but not the measure that focused specifically on disease-connoting cognition. Why would this be? One possibility is that the observed effects may not implicate a disease-avoidance mechanism after all. But if so, it's not clear why feelings of vulnerability to disease specifically produced the results that were observed. Another possibility is this: A more generally aversive set of cognitions may often be activated by disease-connoting cues because negative cognitions in general (even those that seem irrelevant to the immediate functional context) may still compel the adaptive behavioral response: Avoidance. Figure 1. A Trial in the Old-Unpleasant IAT Task OLD or UNPLEASANT YOUNG or PLEASANT Note: In this trial, “Old” and “Unpleasant” shared the same response key. Figure 2. Interaction between Disgust Sensitivity and Temporary Germ Salience REFERENCES Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. (2003). Understanding and using the implicit association test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 197–216. Levy, B., & Banaji, M. R. (2002). Implicit ageism. In T. Nelson (Ed.), Ageism: Stereotyping and prejudice against older persons (pp. 49-75). Cambridge: MIT Press. Schaller, M., & Duncan, L. A. (2007). The behavioral immune system: Its evolution and social psychological implications. In J. P. Forgas, M. G. Haselton, & W. von Hippel (Eds.), Evolution and the social mind: Evolutionary psychology and social cognition (pp. 293-307). New York: Psychology Press.

53. INTRODUCTION PURPOSE METHOD RESULTS DISCUSSION “Their acts result not from a deranged mind but from a cold, calculating rationality combined with a chilling inability to treat others as thinking, feeling human beings” – Robert HARE (1999) Melanie Tremblay, Julia Kam, & Scott R. Carlson Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Psychopathy features personality and interpersonal characteristics such as deceit, manipulation, and associated lack of empathy and ignorance of the feelings and suffering of others. Psychopathic personality is also associated with recklessness, impulsivity and sensation seeking that may be related to limitations of executive control of behaviours, response inhibition and attention 1. Recent theories suggest that these characteristics are potentially independent dimensions of psychopathic personality 2. Recently, Patrick and Bernat (2009) proposed the Two-Process Theory suggesting that psychopathy includes two separate dimensions; Trait Fearlessness, associated with the affective and interpersonal aspects, and Externalizing Vulnerability relating to the characteristic impulsivity, poor inhibition capacities and higher level of aggressiveness also seen in individuals with drug and alcohol dependence 3. The P3 Event-Related Potential (ERP) component reflects cognitive processes such as executive attention, working memory, and inhibition related to executive functions. Evidence suggests that the two dimensions of psychopathy could have opposite underlying cognitive mechanisms with Externalizing Vulnerability associated with reduced P3 and Trait Fearlessness associated with enhanced executive cognitive functioning 4. Carlson et al., (2009) found a specific relationship between a reduction in P3 amplitude and the externalizing dimension of psychopathy. The authors also found the reverse results with an increase in P3 amplitude associated with the Trait Fearlessness dimension. Externalizing characteristics could also be related to P3 differently as a function of stimulus modality 5. Researchers suggested that visual P3 is associated more strongly with externalizing risk 6. No one has yet examined whether or not stimulus modality influences the relationship between P3 amplitude and psychopathic trait dimensions. Discourse of a Mind The findings of this study aimed at increasing understanding of the phenomenon and etiology surrounding psychopathy by suggesting underlying neural functions associated with the disorder. We tried to determine if visual P3 amplitude was more strongly associated with the Externalizing Vulnerability dimension. Establishing differences in P3 in psychopathic individuals could give insight for possible genetic markers for psychopathy, but also other disorders such as internalizing and anxiety related disorders. REFERENCES 1. Morgan, A. B., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2000). A meta-analytic review of the relation between antisocial behavior and neuropsychological measures of executive function. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 113–136. doi: 10.1016/S0272- 7358(98)00096-8 2. Patrick, C. J. & Bernat, E. M. (2009). Neurobiology of psychopathy: A two-process theory. In G. G. Berntson & J. T. Cacioppo (Eds.), Handbook of neuroscience for the behavioural sciences. New-York: John Wiley & Sons. 3. Krueger, R. F., Hicks, B., Patrick, C. J., Carlson, S. R., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. K. (2002). Etiologic connections among substance dependence, antisocial behavior, and personality: Modeling the externalizing spectrum. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 411-424. doi: 10.1037//0021-843X.111.3.411 4. Selbom, M., & Verona, E. (2007). Neuropsychological correlates of psychopathic traits in a non-incarcerated sample. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 276–294. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2006.04.001 5. Reese, C. & Polich, J. (2003). Alcoholism risk and the P300 event-related brain potential: Modality, task, and gender effects. Brain and Cognition, 53, 46-57. doi: 10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00202-1 6. Polich, J., Pollock, V. E. & Bloom, F. E. (1994). Meta-Analysis of P300 amplitude from males at risk for alcoholism. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 55-73. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.55 7. Carlson, S. R., Thai, S. & McLarnon, M. E. (2009). Visual P3 amplitude and self-reported psychopathic personality traits: Frontal reduction is associated with self-centered impulsivity. Psychophysiology, 46, 100-113. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00756.x 8. Benning, S. D., Patrick, C. J., Hicks, B. M., Blonigen, D. M., & Krueger, R. F. (2003). Factor structure of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory: Validity and implications for clinical assessment. Psychological Assessment, 15, 340-350. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.15.3.340 This study found a moderate correlation between the two dimensions of psychopathy; Externalizing Vulnerability and Trait-Fearlessness (r =.43, p =.008) such that individuals who scored high on one dimension also scores high on the other, and vice versa. We did not find a significantly stronger association between reduction in P3 amplitude and the Externalizing Vulnerability dimension of Psychopathy, compared to the Trait- Fearlessness dimension. Contrary to our prediction, we found a non significant but small positive correlation between the Externalizing factor and P3 amplitude. Finally, we found no relationship between either dimensions of the Two Process Theory of Psychopathy and task modality, or between task modality and P3 amplitude at different scalp locations. Table 1 demonstrates our results correlations between task modality at specific scalp locations and the two dimensions of psychopathic personality. Participants The data were collected from 30 right handed undergraduate students between the age of 17 and 25 recruited from a university research pool. Measures Experimenters used the Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised (PPI-R) in order to assess psychopathic traits in the sample of participants. Trait Fearlessness and Externalizing Vulnerability are tapped by PPI-R factor scores (also known as Fearless Dominance and Self- Centered Impulsivity, respectively). Participants also responded to questionnaires enquiring on their substance use habits such as caffeine and alcohol consumption, and drug use. Procedure and Apparatus P3 Assessment. Participants executed two consecutive oddball tasks presented in two different modalities; visual and auditory, provided in a random order across individuals established by counterbalancing. Participants pressed one of two buttons on a response box that were either on the same side (easy condition) or on the opposite side (hard condition) of a stimulus as fast and accurately as possible. Each task required about 15 minutes to complete. Visual task. A circle with a nose pointing up with either a right or left ear constituted the easy condition and required a response on the corresponding side of the presentation of the ear. A nose pointing down constituted the hard condition and required a response opposite to the side from which the ear was presented. A plain circle did not require a response. Auditory task. A high frequency tone of 2400Hz presented to only one ear constituted the easy condition and required a response on the corresponding side of the ear in which the tone was presented. A low frequency tone of 800Hz presented to only one ear constituted the hard condition and required a response on the opposite side of the ear in which the tone was presented. A medium frequency tone of 1600Hz presented to both ears did not require a response. Psychopathy is a complex phenomenon. This research project attempted to reconcile previous inconsistency in results that studied P3 amplitude and its relationship with psychopathic traits by looking at specific associations with the two dimensions of psychopathy assessed by the Psychopathic Personality Inventory Revised (PPI-R). In contrast with previous studies 7, we did not find a relationship between P3 amplitude and the two dimension of psychopathy proposed by the Two-Process model. Our small sample could account for our failure to replicate previous studies. It would be logical to observe an inverse relationship in P3 amplitude between the two dimensions of psychopathy since Externalizing Vulnerability is relates to a deficit in executive cognitive functioning associated with reduced P3, whereas Trait Fearlessness relates to an enhanced executive cognitive functioning associated with increased P3 4. In addition, undergraduate students may not possess strong externalizing traits and antisocial tendencies as would be expected in a convicted inmate population. Students who score high on the PPI-R could have developed self-discipline and cognitive capacities that compensate for a reduction in executive functioning that would have resulted in reduced P3 amplitude. This was the first study to look at modality as a moderator of the relationship between P3 amplitude and the two dimensions of psychopathy. It is possible that task modality does not significantly affect underlying cognitive processes involved in decision making necessary for simple oddball visual and auditory tasks. However, stimulus demand such as the simplicity and artificiality of the tasks could also account for our failure to find significant results. Consumption of different substances such as caffeine, nicotine and alcohol 7, in addition to an early-onset substance use disorder 2,8 could also alter brain activity and act as potential confounds by being associated with the Externalizing Vulnerability dimension of the PPI-R, possibly accounting for our lack of outcomes. Despite our lack of significant results, evidences from past studies suggest that differences in brain mechanism and related P3 amplitude exist not only between individuals with psychopathic traits and non-psychopathic subjects, but also between the two dimensions of psychopathy. Relationship Between the Two-Process Theory of Psychopathy, P3 and Stimulus Modality

54. Some Bad Deliveries Some of our group will give some very short presentations. Please identify what they did poorly.

55. Your Turn Please give a revised short (1 minute) presentation, describing who you are and your work (or something else you are passionate about). We will all have signs, which say “Jargon” and “Awesome”—we will hold up signs while you are talking, to provide feedback.

56. We need your feedback Please jot down 3 post-it notes: What did you like best about today’s workshop? What challenges will you face applying this to what you do? What would you like to learn more about in the future?

57. Thank you! These resources are all online, at http://smdepo.org/post/7856 http://smdepo.org/post/7856 Presenters’ information and further resource links are in your folders. For further information and questions, please email Christine at shupla@lpi.usra.edu.shupla@lpi.usra.edu