1. Psychology Studying the mind of the individual

2. Who are these Psychologists? They study how and why humans act as they do Instead of studying how humans function in cultures or societies, psychologists focus on the individual, and the personal and unique experiences that influence how the individual acts and thinks

3. Types of Psychology 1. Experimental Psychology The branch of the discipline that sets up experiments to see how individuals act in particular situations Question - Would you help a complete stranger that was being threatened with violence from another person?

4. The Case of Kitty Genovese The Case of Kitty Genovese - Kitty was murdered on the street outside her New York City apartment after loud shouting was heard - 38 people witnessed the murder but did nothing to stop it Psychologists have long been interested in our unwillingness to get involved in uncomfortable situations even if someone’s personal safety is at risk People have a tendency see themselves as bystanders in such situations rather than as ACTORS ACTORS are people who become active participants in a situation

5. Types of Psychology 2.Clinical Psychology the branch of the discipline that develops programs for treating individuals suffering from mental illnesses and behavioural disorders Eg. Psychologists treat dangerous offenders in federal prisons in an attempt to prevent them from reoffending on release

6. Psychological Schools of Thought Like the other social sciences, psychology has been divided into a number of schools of thought: 1. Psychoanalytic Theory 2. Behaviouralism 3. Learning Theory

7. 1. Psychoanalytic Theory The mind is divided into two parts: the conscious and the unconscious We are aware of our conscious but not aware of our unconscious According to psychologists, our unconscious mind has more influence than our conscious mind on our personalities and our behaviour

8. The Unconscious Mind The Unconscious mind is divided into three parts: 1.Id – which encourages us to seek physical satisfaction 2.Superego – prompts us to do the moral thing, not the one that feels best 3.Ego – the referee between the two and deals with external reality, this is our most conscious self

9. Sigmund Freud The founder of psychoanalytic theory He believed our early childhood experiences, usually involving our relationships with parents and family, are stored in our unconscious mind While we are normally unaware of these memories, they can have a powerful influence on the way we function

10. Alfred Adler (1870-1937) Adler believed that difficulties people encounter in gaining self- esteem and recognition, if not overcome by the normal means lead to compensatory behaviour and resultant personality disorders which are now widely referred to as an inferiority complex.

11. Carl Jung (1875-1961) Responsible for the identification of the Extroverted (outward- looking) and Introverted (inward-looking) personality types. Worked closely with Freud but split later in their careers The other aspect of Jung's work which has been very influential is his approach to the analysis of dreams.

12. 2. Behaviouralism Behaviourlists believe that psychologists can predict and control or modify human behaviour by identifying the factors that motivate it in the first place Behaviourists placed particular stress on the early childhood years, and the rules or practices parents use to raise their children because they believe these methods have a huge influence on the character of individuals even into adulthood

13. Charles B. Watson (1878-1958) The founder of behaviouralism He used animal experiments to determine whether strict of flexible learning patterns are more effective He believed children should be brought up using strictly scheduled, rules-based models.

14. Benjamin Spock (1903-1998) He believed that a permissive approach to child rearing, rather than a strict one, would result in successful, well-adjusted adults. He encouraged parents to be loving, flexible and supportive

15. 3. Learning Theory Learning Theorists agree that humans are born with little instinct but much learning potential They believe that most human behaviour is learned, especially in children and youth

16. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) Pavlov’s experiments with dogs showed that is was possible to get a dog to associate the sound of a bell with the imminent arrival of food At the sound of a bell, the dog would salivate in anticipation

17. B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) Skinner proved that pigeons could be trained to peck at a particular coloured disk to get food rewards Rats received food rewards for pressing a bar in a complicated sequence leading many theorists to believe that learning was a STIMULUS-RESPONSE effect He believed that if the subject is correctly stimulated it will give the appropriate response

18. Albert Bandura (Born in 1925) Bandura concluded that learning is largely a modeling experience When humans observe behaviour – either acceptable or unacceptable – they are more likely to practice it Experimented with children who observed adults hitting a Bobo doll and who were either rewarded or reprimanded for their behaviour. Children learn through the experiences of others. Question - What does this mean to us?

19. Psychology and Social Change Questions a Psychologist would ask: What must people do to successfully change their behaviours? What factors make behaviour modification programs successful? Do most people need help changing their behaviours, or can they be self-changers?

20. Activity On a piece of paper, draw a five point scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Rank the following statements on this scale according to your opinion. – World hunger is a serious problem that needs attention. – Our country needs to address the growing number of people living below the poverty line. – The right to vote is one of the most valuable rights of Canadian citizens. – Our government should spend less money on the military and more money on addressing the issue of global warming. – In order for world peace to exist, we all need to take a more active role in helping our fellow man/woman.

21. Turn your paper over, and answer the next series of questions with “Yes” or “No.” – Do you personally do anything to lessen world hunger (eg. Donate food or money, work at a food bank, write your local representative)? – Do you personally do anything to help the poor or homeless (eg. Work at a homeless shelter, donate clothing or money)? – Did you take part in the last election (student vote, research parties and their platforms, etc)? – Do you personally convey your feelings about global warming to the government (eg. By writing you local MPP, protesting, etc.)? – Have you done something recently to help a person in need (eg. Donate blood, volunteer at a retirement home, food bank, etc.)? Question: Are your answers for each pair of questions consistent? If not, how does this make you feel? Will you alter your behaviour as a result?

22. Changing our Minds There is a strong connection between people’s attitudes (what they think) and behaviours (what they do). Do people’s attitudes need to be changed before their behaviour can change? Ex. People’s attitudes towards smoking or drinking and driving

23. Cognitive Dissonance / Consistency Most people strive for cognitive consistency (avoiding attitudes that conflict with each other) When two attitudes conflict, we feel discomfort, which makes us want to change our attitudes to regain cognitive consistency This theory is called cognitive dissonance theory

24. Examples of Cognitive Dissonance Ex. Person X smokes, but also believes smoking causes cancer – these attitudes conflict and may lead them to avoid reading articles that discuss smoking and health. If X has a relative that dies from cancer caused by smoking, this leads to increased conflict and dissonance, which may lead them to quit – a change in behaviour!

25. Why People Change Read pp. 53 – 59 and complete the following chart Models of Behaviour Why People Change Examples Behaviour Modification (Skinner) Personal and Collective Unconscious (Jung) Heirarchy of Human Needs (Maslow) Gender Relationships (Woodman)

26. Activity Student X is just entering grade 12 at SJAM, and has struggled through her high school career so far. She is very bright, but her transcript shows that most of her marks are in the mid 50’s and 60’s. She has a habit of procrastinating and handing assignments in late. She has done especially poorly in math, where she has had Mr. Z as a teacher for the last 2 years. She frequently asks teachers to leave the room and often complains about being hungry in class. Often, when her teachers ask her to do something, she responds by saying, “why bother” or simply putting her head down on the desk and pretending to sleep. Her school records show that when she was young, she moved 8 times and had difficulty adjusting to her new schools each time. What can Student X do to succeed in school and reach her full potential? Explain what Skinner, Jung, Maslow and Woodman would say about the origins of X’s behaviour, and what methods they may use to change it.