1. GROUP 2 (ALKALI EARTH METALS) REACTIONS

2. How would you represent the first, second and third ionisation energies of a general metal? What does the first ionisation energy depend on? For a group two metal why is it impossible to lose 3 electrons to form a +3 ion? Does ionisation energy increase or decrease down the group? Explain your answer. Group 2 metals ( use pages 178-179 )

3. Questions from pages 179

4. Book answers

6. PROPERTIES Are ‘s’ block metals M.p. decreases down the group Have a valency +2 more reactive down the group They have more ionic character down the group Explain these properties

7. PROPERTIES Are ‘s’ block metals (2 electrons in the ‘s’ sub-shell) M.p. decreases down the group because the ionic radius increases down the group Have a valency +2 Electronegativities decrease down the group – so more reactive down the group. Ionic radius increases down the group

8. Reactions with OXYGEN ***Reactivity increases as you go down the Group These metals (X) burn in oxygen to form a simple metal oxide. 2X (s) + O 2(g)  2XO (s) Give three examples

9. Reactions with CHLORINE **Reactivity increases as you go down the group For each element’s reaction, there is a white solid residue which forms (simple chloride). X + Cl 2  XCl 2 If any of the elements are burned in chlorine, they would produce the same colours as they would if they were burned in oxygen (flame tests) *These metals are very reactive and have to be stored out of contact with air to prevent their oxidation.

10. Reactions with WATER ***Reactivity increases as you go down the group Be has no reaction with water / steam Mg has an extremely slow reaction in cold water to form a hydroxide and hydrogen... Mg (s) + 2H 2 O (l)  Mg(OH) 2(aq) + H 2(g) When heated in steam, it burns quicker to form an oxide and hydrogen... Mg (s) + H 2 O (l)  MgO (s) + H 2(g) X (s) + 2H 2 O (l)  X(OH) 2(aq) + H 2(g) Ca, Sr, Ba react with cold water with increasing vigour…

11. Simple acid-base titration Risk assessment

13. SOLUBILITY OF GROUP 2 HYDROXIDES This increases down the group: Be(OH ) 2 – insoluble Mg(OH) 2 – very slightly soluble Ca(OH) 2 – slightly soluble Sr(OH) 2 & Ba(OH) 2 – more soluble SOLUBILITY OF GROUP 2 SULFATES This decreases down the group: BeSO 4 & MgSO 4 – very soluble CaSO 4 – slightly soluble SrSO 4 - very slightly soluble BaSO 4 – insoluble

14. SOLUBILITY OF GROUP 2 CHLORIDES All Group 2 chlorides are soluble in water SUMMARY OF GROUP 1 & 2 ELEMENTS These decrease down the group:  Melting temperature  Ionisation energy  Polarising power of the metal These increase down the group:  Atomic and ionic radii  Reactivity of the metal  Thermal stability of its compounds

15. Thermal stability describes how easily a compound can be broken down by heat. It depends on the polarising power of the metal. The larger the charge and smaller the radius, the bigger the charge density. Larger charge density means more polarising THERMAL STABILITY Thermal stability increases down the group (harder to decompose the metal ) The ionic radius gets bigger down the group As the size of the ion increases, the polarising power decreases, so the compound is more stable Be Mg Ca 2+ Li Na K 1+

16. THERMAL STABILITY OF GROUP 1 NITRATES All Group 1 nitrates decompose on strong heating. However LiNO 3 decomposes differently to the others… 4LiNO 3(s)  2Li 2 O + NO 2(g) + O 2 The other nitrates decompose like so… 2NaNO 3(s)  2NaNO 2 + O 2 (g) THERMAL STABILITY OF GROUP 2 NITRATES On heating, all group 2 nitrates decompose like LiNO 3 … 2Mg(NO 3 ) 2(s)  2MgO + 4NO 2(g) + O 2 The temperature for decomposition is highest for Ba(NO 3 ) 2 and lowest for Be(NO 3 ) 2

17. THERMAL STABILITY OF GROUP 1 CARBONATES Group 1 - Li 2 CO 3, Na 2 CO 3, K 2 CO 3, Rb 2 CO 3, Cs 2 CO 3 Group 2 - BeCO 3, MgCO 3, CaCO 3, SrCO 3, BaCO 3 Only Li 2 CO 3 decomposes on heating because it is a small ion and polarises the CO 3 ion enough to break easily...Li 2 CO 3 (s)  Li 2 O (s) + CO 2 (g) All group 2 carbonates decompose on heating. BeCO 3 doesn’t exist at room temperature. The rest are: XCO 3 (s)  XO (s) + CO 2 (g) THERMAL STABILITY OF GROUP 2 CARBONATES

19. COMPARING GROUP 1 & GROUP 2  Melting Point - Group 2 metals have higher m.p. than Group 1 because they lose 2 e - to form the metallic bond which is stronger than the group 1 metallic bond. Also the radius of the group 2 metal is smaller than group 1 metal.  Thermal Stability – Group 2 are more polarising than Group 1 so they are less stable to heat and decompose more easily.

20. Group 1 salts are more thermally stable than Group 2 salts because Gp 2 cations are more polarising and distort their electron cloud more than Gp 1 cations. Therefore Group 2 compounds are less thermally stable than Group 1 compounds. Remember: the polarising effect is greatest between a small densely charged cation and a large anion. 11 11 22 22 The polarising power of the metal cation decreases down the group as the charge-size ratio decreases

21. The positive ion attracts the delocalised electrons in the carbonate/nitrate ion towards itself. The carbonate / nitrate ion then becomes polarised (distortion of charge). The more polarised the carbonate / nitrate ion becomes, the easier it is to break the bond in these compounds.

22. The Group 1 cation only has a 1+ charge, so the carbonate / nitrate ion would be less polarised by this cation. Therefore more heat is needed to break the bonds. The Group 2 cation has a 2+ charge, which is more polarising to the carbonate / nitrate ion and so less energy is needed to break bonds… so Group 1 compounds are more thermally stable than Group 2 compounds.

23. GROUP 1 OXIDE REACTIONS

24. GROUP 1 OXIDES – Reactions with Water The Simple Oxides, [Li 2 O, Na 2 O] react with water to give strong alkaline solutions… Li 2 O (s) + H 2 O (l)  2LiOH (aq) Na 2 O (s) + H 2 O (l)  2NaOH (aq)

25. The Peroxides: Na 2 O 2, K 2 O 2 If the reaction is done ice cold, a solution of the metal hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide is formed… Na 2 O 2 + 2H 2 O  2NaOH + H 2 O 2 K 2 O 2 + 2H 2 O  2KOH + H 2 O 2 If the temperature increases, the hydrogen peroxide then decomposes into water and oxygen. The reaction can be very violent overall.

26. The Superoxides: KO 2, RbO 2, CsO 2 give a metal hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide, with oxygen gas also… 2KO 2 + 2H 2 O  2KOH + H 2 O 2 + O 2 2RbO 2 + 2H 2 O  2CsO 2 + 2RbOH + H 2 O 2 + O 2 Again, these are strongly exothermic reactions and the heat produced will decompose the hydrogen peroxide to water and more oxygen. Again violent! 2H 2 O  2CsOH + H 2 O 2 + O 2

27. Reactions with Acids The Simple Oxides [Li 2 O, Na 2 O] act as bases and are neutralised by the acid to form a salt and water Li 2 O (s) + 2HCl (aq)  2LiCl (aq) + H 2 O (l) Na 2 O (s) + 2HCl (aq)  2NaCl (aq) + H 2 O (l)

28. The Peroxides: Na 2 O 2, K 2 O 2 give a salt and hydrogen peroxide... Na 2 O 2 + 2HCl  2NaCl + H 2 O 2 K 2 O 2 + 2HCl  2KCl + H 2 O 2 The hydrogen peroxide will decompose to give water and oxygen if the temperature rises - again, it is almost impossible to avoid this. Another potentially violent reaction!

29. The Superoxides: KO 2, RbO 2, CsO 2 form a solution containing a salt and hydrogen peroxide is formed together with oxygen gas... 2KO 2 + 2HCl  2KCl + H 2 O 2 + O 2 2RbO 2 + 2HCl  2CsO 2 + 2RbCl + H 2 O 2 + O 2 The hydrogen peroxide will again decompose to give water and oxygen as the temperature rises. Violent reaction again! 2HCl  2CsCl + H 2 O 2 + O 2

30. As you go down a group, the atom gets bigger, hence the positive ion gets bigger and so they have less polarising effect on the carbonate / nitrate ions near them. Therefore as you go down the group, the group 1 and group 2 nitrates and carbonates become more thermally stable. 1+2+

31. GROUP 2 OXIDES REACTIONS

32. Reactions with Water BeO does not react with water MgO only reacts slightly The other oxides react with water to give a weakly alkaline solution (metal hydroxide)… CaO (s) + H 2 O (l)  Ca(OH) 2(aq) This process is called slaking lime Uses of Ca(OH) 2 can be found on pg. 182

33. Reaction with Acids The Simple Oxides, [BeO, MgO, CaO, SrO, BaO] act as bases and react with acids to form a salt and water. XO (s) + 2HCl (aq)  XCl 2(aq) + H 2 O (l) XO (s) + 2HNO 3(aq)  X(NO 3 ) 2(aq) + H 2 O (l)

34. GROUP 2 HYDROXIDES REACTIONS

35. Reaction with Acids These hydroxides, react in a similar way to the oxides to form salt and water X(OH) 2(s) + 2HCl (aq)  XCl 2(aq) + 2H 2 O (l) X(OH) 2(s) + 2HNO 3(aq)  X(NO 3 ) 2(aq) + 2H 2 O (l)

36. The hydroxides aren't very soluble, but they get more soluble as you go down the Group. The calcium hydroxide formed shows up mainly as a white precipitate (although some does dissolve). You get less precipitate as you go down the Group because more of the hydroxide dissolves in the water.

37. Ionisation energies decrease as you go down the group. This is due to the increase in atomic size and hence increased shielding between the outermost electron and the nucleus. This increases the distance between the outermost electron and the nucleus, thus making it easier to remove.

38. QUESTIONS  Describe and explain happens to the atomic radii of elements as you go down the group.  Describe what happens to the reactivity of group 1 and 2 elements as you go down the group.  Describe and explain the trends in first ionisation energies of group 1 and 2 elements as you go down the group.  What sub-shell section do elements in group 1 and 2 belong to?  What is the valency of group 1 and 2 elements?

39.  How strong is the bonding of group 1 and 2 elements?  Write the symbol and word equation for the reaction of Li with water.  Write the symbol and word equation Ba and water.  Write the symbol and word equation for Mg and cold water.  Write the symbol and word equation for the Mg and steam.  Write 2 symbol and word equations for Na and O.  Write the symbol and word equation for Rb and O.

40. ANSWERS The atomic radii of elements increase as you go down the group because of the increased number of electrons and thus the shielding between the outer electrons and the nucleus. The reactivity of the Gp1 and 2 elements increases. Generally decrease S-block Group 1 have low m.p., b.p., density, Group 2 have fairly high m.p., b.p., density Valency (charge) : +1, +2 Group 1 have weak metallic bonding due to delocalised electrons. Group 2 have stronger bonding

41. 8. Li (s) + H 2 O (l)  LiOH (aq) + H 2 (g) 9. Ba + 2H 2 O  Ba(OH) 2 + H 2 10. Mg + 2H 2 O  Mg(OH) 2 + H 2 11. Mg + H 2 O  MgO + H 2 12. 4Na + O 2  2Na 2 O 2Na + O 2  Na 2 O 2 13. Rb + O 2  RbO 2 14. Ca + Cl 2  CaCl 2