1. 1914-Present Questions from Jan 2010 to 2014

2. WW1 Causes - militarism (competition btw Germany & England) - Pan-Slavism (Balkan Powder-Keg and ethnic tensions) nationalism - imperial rivalry - entangling alliances (Triple Entente vs. Triple Alliance) - Immediate Cause: Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand

3. WWI The Sides: Allied Powers (France, England, Russia – eventually US) vs. Central Powers (Germany, Austria, and Ottomans) Trench Warfare – war of attrition (Verdun) German u-boat sink Lusitania – America enters 1917 – Russia signs Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to get out of war Technology - U-boats, tanks, poison gas Colonies (like India) help out Total War – bonds, rationing, women on homefront, propaganda (sales pitch for the concept of war)

4. Treaty of Versailles - June 28, 1919 Allies win Germany loses - forced to give up Alsace-Lorraine, pay reparations. Sign War Guilt Clause. “We shall squeeze the orange until the pips squeak.” Germany becomes “Weimer Republic” – politically unstable and economically broke. New Countries of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia formed (Pan-Slavism) Ottomans lost everything except Turkey. League of Nations formed to keep peace - The United States doesn’t join and no military force to back it up – thus weak, only can use economic sanctions (boycotts – refusal to buy goods from belligerent/warlike powers)

5. Rise of Independent Movements Since colonials died fighting for European powers – hoped to gain political rights, they did not get them Will lead to new nationalist movements in places like India (Gandhi) Desire for self-determination (self – rule)

8. June 2013 1. This cartoon refers to events immediately after which war? (1) Franco-Prussian (2) Russo-Japanese (3) World War I (4) World War II

9. June 2011 2. Which event is considered the immediate cause of World War I? (1) signing of the Treaty of Versailles (2) invasion of Poland by Germany (3) assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand (4) use of unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany

10. January 2012 3. The immediate cause of World War I was the (1) assassination of Archduke Ferdinand (2) Japanese alliance with Germany (3) treaty agreement at Versailles (4) German invasion of Poland

11. January 2013 4. Which statement regarding World War I is an opinion rather than a fact? (1) European countries increased the production of weapons during the war. (2) The governments of most countries stated that the period of conflict would be short. (3) Propaganda posters were used to gain support for the war. (4) Citizens of the Allied nations showed more patriotism than those of the Central Powers.

12. January 2013 5. Before 1914, nationalism in the Balkan Peninsula contributed to (1) resistance by ethnic groups to Austrian rule (2) campaigns by foreign diplomats against the use of trench warfare (3) the inability of countries to make reparation payments (4) the rejection of the Versailles Treaty by combatants

13. January 2010 6. One way in which the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and the Versailles Conference (1918–1919) are similar is that they both attempted to (1) restore stability after a period of conflict or disorder (2) address economic concerns by lowering tariffs (3) defend human rights by establishing written codes of law (4) encourage cultural development through the creation of universities

14. January 2014 7. The establishment of the independent countries of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Yugoslavia was the result of (1) the Franco-Prussian War (2) the Berlin Conference (3) World War I (4) the Munich Pact

15. January 2014 8. This World War I poster is an example of (1) diversity (2) dissent (3) toleration (4) propaganda

16. June 2010 9. Which hypothesis can best be supported by this passage? (1) Allied forces were on the verge of winning the war. (2) Technology had created a military stalemate. (3) Revolution in Russia hastened the end of the war. (4) Conditions contributed to low troop morale.

17. June 2010 10. One reason the League of Nations failed as a world organization was that it (1) supported the rise of fascist states (2) lacked a military force to settle conflicts (3) dealt with conflict by establishing naval blockades (4) encouraged the annexation of territory by force

18. August 2011 11. Which concept is represented in these World War I recruiting posters? (1) justice (3) nationalism (2) diversity (4) humanism

19. August 2012 12. Which statement best reflects the main idea of this cartoon? (1) The League of Nations is stopping world boycotts. (2) The League of Nations hopes to use boycotts to end war. (3) Belligerent nations wish to be included in the League of Nations. (4) War is likely if the League of Nations acts.

20. January 2014 13. Which development occurred in Germany as a result of the terms imposed by the Treaty of Versailles? (1) Soviet occupation (2) political instability (3) overseas expansion (4) economic prosperity

21. August 2013 14. Which term is defined as payment for war damages? (1) mandate (3) reparation (2) armistice (4) militarism

22. January 2010 15. Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points influenced many colonial peoples in Asia and Africa to (1) create military alliances (2) seek self-determination (3) reject terrorism (4) extend extraterritoriality

23. Great Depression – 1930s Causes Cost of WW1 Germany forced to pay reparations but no money to do so overdependence on American loans and buying Increase in tariffs (taxes on imports) and protectionism

24. Great Depression – Impact / Reaction Political extremism - totalitarianism 1. Communist say capitalism is a mess 2. Fascists (Mussolini and Hitler) want to protect enterprise and promote their nation

25. Rise of Dictators between WW1-2 Hitler – Germany Mussolini – Italy Stalin – USSR (Soviet Union/Russia) Totalitarian dictators will control media, education, what the masses know - censorship. They Will have public work programs and use Terror as a means to control people. No civil liberties (rights)

26. August 2013 16. Which heading best completes this graphic organizer? (1) Socialism (3) Fascism (2) Liberalism(4) Ethnocentrism

27. August 2012 17. One similarity in the actions of Benito Mussolini and Saddam Hussein is that both (1) established a democratic form of government (2) denied individual rights (3) expanded the power of labor unions (4) sought a classless society

28. June 2013 18. In Europe during the 1930s, economic instability led to the (1) rise of fascist dictatorships (2) development of nuclear arms (3) abandonment of colonial territories (4) establishment of the League of Nations

29. Russian/Bolshevik Revolution - 1917 Czar Nicholas II autocratic 1905 – Bloody Sunday – peasants protesting lack of food and loss in Crimean and Russo-Japanese Wars Losses in WW1, Lenin promises “Peace Land and Bread” “Bolsheviks” (wanted dictatorship w/no parties except socialism) – supported by Lenin and Trotsky (Red Army ) War Communism – peasants hoard food, cheka investigate and put people in gulacs; red terror (purging of intellectuals) Czar is assassinated with family

30. Stalin’s 5 Year Plan Heavy Industry – build up the technology and infrastructure of Soviet Union (bridges, oil refineries, steel manufacturing) – not consumer goods (purses, shoes, etc) Huge quotas (requirements) for factories with heavy punishments for those who could not meet Collective Farms – factory like farms where most food goes to govt and soldiers. Caused massive famines (Ukraine) Stalin’s Purge of Enemies- killed millions

31. January 2012 19. The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 in Russia was caused in part by (1) a forced famine in Ukraine (2) the failure of Czar Nicholas II to come to Serbia’s aid (3) a shortage of military supplies and food during World War I (4) the establishment of Lenin’s New Economic Policy (NEP)

32. August 2011 20. Which action is associated with Joseph Stalin? (1) expanding privatization (2) establishing five-year plans (3) encouraging glasnost (4) promoting détente

33. January 2010 21. One reason the Bolsheviks gained peasant support during the Russian Revolution was because the Bolsheviks promised to (1) redistribute land (2) abolish communes (3) bring modern technology to Russian farms (4) maintain an agricultural price-support program

34. January 2013 22. Which action was taken by the Bolsheviks under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin? (1) supporting a traditional economy (2) eliminating political opposition (3) surrendering to the Provisional Government (4) extending the war against Austria-Hungary

35. January 2010 23. Joseph Stalin’s policies in Ukraine during the 1930s directly resulted in (1) widespread starvation (2) agricultural self-sufficiency (3) the development of cottage industries (4) the use of subsistence farming techniques

36. August 2012 24. Which action contributed to the success of Lenin’s communist revolution in Russia? (1) Peasants were promised land reform. (2) Businessmen were encouraged to form monopolies. (3) Landowners were offered tax relief. (4) Factory workers were required to start small businesses.

37. June 2012 25. An incompetent government, massacres on Bloody Sunday, and the high costs of World War I were causes of the (1) Mexican Revolution (2) Boxer Rebellion (3) Sepoy Mutiny (4) Russian Revolution

38. June 2010 26. Which of these groups were the major supporters of 20th-century communist revolutions? (1) priests and artisans (2) bourgeoisie and nobility (3) entrepreneurs and capitalists (4) workers and peasants

39. January 2013 27. An economic change introduced in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin would include (1) establishing free-market reforms (2) boycotting Baltic Sea trade routes (3) focusing on the production of consumer goods (4) collectivizing agriculture

40. June 2012 28. In the early 1930s, millions of Ukrainians died as a result of (1) the intifada (3) a forced famine (2) glasnost (4) trench warfare

41. August 2012 29. What was a major cause of the famines in Ukraine between 1929 and 1935? (1) war with Chechnya and Armenia (2) forced collectivization by the government (3) lack of arable land in the region (4) movement of workers to Siberia

42. January 2014 30. Forced famine in Ukraine (1932–1933) was a direct result of (1) Czar Nicholas’s involvement in World War I (2) Vladmir Lenin’s New Economic Policy (3) Joseph Stalin’s collectivization (4) Nikita Khrushchev’s removal from power

43. Chinese Communist Revolution Civil War – Nationalist Chiang Kai Shek vs. Communist Mao Mao’s - forced on Long March (1934) – even though lost lots of men – became rally cry for communist. Made People’s Republic of China – 1949 (support of peasants and women – gave women equality) Great Leap Forward (created communes - farms) Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution (Little Red Book) – got rid of old cultural values and forced everyone to be communist – no religion/no Confucianism Chiang flees to Taiwan

45. August 2013 31. The Long March is significant in Chinese history because it (1) ended Japanese occupation of China (2) reinforced the concept of the Mandate of Heaven (3) caused the Boxer Rebellion (4) established Mao Zedong as a revolutionary leader

46. June 2010 32. What was one social change Mao Zedong instituted in China after 1949? (1) granting legal equality for men and women (2) requiring arranged marriages (3) adopting the practice of foot binding (4) mandating Confucianism as the state philosophy

47. June 2012 33. Mao Zedong and some of the survivors of the Long March emerged as the core leaders in which country? (1) Angola (3) China (2) Cambodia (4) Nicaragua

48. August 2011 34. Which factor led to the rise of communist revolutions in Russia and in China? (1) increase in agricultural production around the world (2) onset of the global depression that restricted trade (3) scarcity of workers for available jobs (4) unequal distribution of wealth between social classes

49. January 2013 35. Which Chinese leader is most closely associated with leading the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution? (1) Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen) (2) Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) (3) Mao Zedong (4) Deng Xiaoping

50. August 2013 36. During the Great Leap Forward, Chinese peasants were forced to (1) join communes (2) move to the cities (3) convert to Christianity (4) attack the Red Guards

51. Rise of WW2 Hitler – uses Enabling Act to take over Weimer Republic Rise of German nationalism – anti-Semitism (Jews) Aryanism (Mein Kampf); Nuremberg Laws (Kristallnacht) Appeasement of England and France when Hitler took over Czechoslovakia and Austria – gave in to his aggression to keep peace. (Munich Pact) Alliances – Allies (France, England, US) and Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan) - Non-Aggression Pact (Germany and USSR) Japan’s attack on Manchuria; Rape of Nanjing Italy’s attack on Ethiopia with poison gas

52. Events of WW2 Blitzkrieg against Poland (last straw – England declares war) Hitler defeats Belgium and France Japan bombs Pearl Harbor – US joins war Japan makes Asia in to colonies - Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere (“Asia for Asiatics”) Battle of Stalingrad (turning pt – Russia held off Germany because Russia too cold and big) D-Day/Normandy – US & England free France from Germany – now Germany has 2 front war Hitler commits suicide US attacks Japan at Iwo Jima (amphibious) Hiroshima (atomic weapons dropped on Japan)

54. “Big Three” Decide Fate of Europe Conference at Yalta, February 1945 Soviet military assistance for the war against Japan Creation of a United Nations Require German unconditional surrender Free elections in Eastern Europe Conference at Potsdam, July 1945 Truman replaces Roosevelt Stalin refuses to allow free elections in Eastern Europe Truman hears of new atomic weapon Churchill, FDR, Stalin

55. June 2011 37. Based on the information provided by this map, how did adopting the policy of appeasement at the Munich Conference in September 1938 change Europe? (1) The Rhineland was occupied by France. (2) The Sudetenland was given to Germany. (3) Germany transferred control of Memel to Lithuania. (4) Austria became an independent state.

56. August 2012 (1) signed the Treaty of Versailles (2) wanted to avoid global conflict at any cost (3) depended on economic measures to stop aggression (4) recognized the communist government in the Soviet Unio n 38. The leaders in this 1936 cartoon are depicted as “spineless” because they

57. August 2010 Which ideology best completes this graphic organizer? (1) socialism (3) capitalism (2) democracy (4) fascism

58. Aug 2010 39. The invasions of Russia by France in 1812 and by Germany in World War II were unsuccessful in part because of the (1) Russian alliances with China (2) harsh climatic conditions in Russia (3) inexperience of French and German military leaders (4) failure of France and Germany to develop modern weapons

59. August 2010 40. Which war is most closely associated with this cartoon? (1)Boer War (2)Russo-Japanese (3)World War II (4)Cold War 41. Which policy is being questioned in this cartoon? (1) nonalignment (3) militarism (2) détente (4) isolationism

60. August 2011... No one in this country [Great Britain] who examines carefully the terms under which Hitler’s troops begin their march into Czecho- Slovakia to-day can feel other than unhappy. Certainly the Czechs will hardly appreciate Mr. Chamberlain’s phrase that it is “peace with honour.”... — “Return from Munich,” Guardian, October 1, 1938 42. The author of this excerpt is reacting to Prime Minister Chamberlain’s policy of (1) self-determination (3) containment (2) ethnic segregation (4) appeasement

61. January 2014 43. Which geographic factor was most significant in helping the Soviet Union withstand German attacks in World War II? (1) The Ural Mountains served as a barrier to advancing German armies. (2) Distance and harsh winters disrupted German supply lines. (3) Extensive food-producing areas kept the Soviet armies well fed. (4) Numerous ports along the Arctic Sea allowed for the refueling of Soviet transport ships.

62. June 2010 44. Japan’s invasion of China in 1937 and Germany’s attack on Poland in 1939 led directly to (1) the beginning of World War II in Asia and Europe (2) a meeting at Yalta between the United States and the Soviet Union (3) a conference at Munich for European leaders (4) the withdrawal of Britain and France from European affairs

63. June 2012 45. Which political leader gained power as a result of the failing economy of the Weimar Republic? (1) Adolf Hitler (2) Francisco Franco (3) Benito Mussolini (4) Charles de Gaulle

64. January 2013 46. Which factor aided Russian troops in defeating Napoleon’s armies and Soviet forces in defeating Hitler’s armies? (1) severe winters (2) mountain passes (3) superior air forces (4) United Nations peacekeepers

65. 47. Which of these World War II events happened first? (1) Battle of Britain (2) D-Day invasion (3) invasion of Poland (4) dropping of an atomic bomb on Hiroshima

66. January 2012 48. What was one geographic characteristic of Germany that influenced the outcomes of both World War I and World War II? (1) Mountainous topography protected Germany from the opposing side. (2) A lack of navigable rivers in Germany slowed transportation. (3) Excellent harbors allowed Germany to defeat Great Britain’s naval forces. (4) Its central location in Europe resulted in Germany having to fight on two fronts.

67. June 2012 49. Which sequence of events is in the correct chronological order? (1) rise of Nazism → Treaty of Versailles → German invasion of the Soviet Union (2) Treaty of Versailles → rise of Nazism → German invasion of the Soviet Union (3) German invasion of the Soviet Union → rise of Nazism → Treaty of Versailles (4) Treaty of Versailles → German invasion of the Soviet Union → rise of Nazism

68. June 2011 50. Which conflict is most closely associated with events in Nanjing, Dunkirk, and Hiroshima? (1) Russian Revolution (3) World War II (2) Cultural Revolution (4) Korean War

69. August 2010 “Japan Presses Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Policy on Southeast Asia”/ “Tokyo Is Firebombed” / “Atom Bomb Dropped on Nagasaki” 51. Which period of Japanese history is associated with these headlines? (1) Tokugawa shogunate (2) Meiji Restoration (3) reign of Emperor Hirohito (4) Japan’s economic miracle

70. January 2010... “You should take steps now to cease military resistance. Otherwise, we shall resolutely employ this bomb and all our other superior weapons to promptly and forcefully end the war.”... 52. This paragraph from a 1945 Allied leaflet warned the (1) Czechs of a German invasion (2) Americans in Hawaii of a Japanese attack (3) Koreans of a Russian invasion (4) Japanese civilians of a United States attack

71. August 2012 53. Which headline is most closely associated with the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki? (1) “Japan Signs Treaty of Kanagawa” (2) “Nuclear Bombs Dropped on Japan” (3) “Japan Invades Korea” (4) “Japan Hosts Discussion on Greenhouse Gases”

72. Holocaust Kristallnacht – night of shattered glass – Jewish businesses were destroyed, Jews forced to wear star of David Einsatzgruppen – special strike force created to round up all Polish Jews and concentrate them in Ghettos – mobile group, but deemed inefficient Created death camps – Treblinka, Auschwitz, etc. using Zyklon B (hydrogen cyanide) in gas chambers. At Auschwitz – 70% were killed automatically 90% of Jewish population of Baltic Countries and Germany were exterminated Others also exterminated 6 million – homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Catholics, Gypsies, Slavs, mentally retarded

73. Result of Holocaust Death of millions of Jews Nuremberg Trials to find out who committed crimes and prosecute them Creation of United Nations to protect human rights Movement of millions of Jews to United States Creation of the state of Israel as a Jewish national home (zionism)

74. June 2013 The privilege of opening the first trial in history for crimes against the peace of the world imposes a grave responsibility. The wrongs which we seek to condemn and punish have been so calculated, so malignant, and so devastating, that civilization cannot tolerate their being ignored, because it cannot survive their being repeated. That four great nations, flushed with victory and stung with injury stay [stop] the hand of vengeance and voluntarily submit their captive enemies to the judgment of the law is one of the most significant tributes that Power has ever paid to Reason.… — Chief Prosecutor Robert H. Jackson, November 21, 1945, Nuremberg

75. Question to go with last quote 54. The wrongs referred to in this passage include the (1) occupation of Ethiopia by Italy (2) invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union (3) mass murder of Jews and others in concentration camps (4) deaths of American soldiers during the Bataan Death March 55. The speaker maintains that the guiding principle of the trial will be the (1) payment of reparations (2) denial of responsibility (3) celebration of victory (4) judgment of the law

76. January 2012 The German people were never more pitiable than when they stood by and watched this thing done. For the raiders who were let loose on the streets and given a day to sate [indulge] the lowest instincts of cruelty and revenge were indeed an enemy army. No foreign invader could have done more harm. This is Germany in the hour of her greatest defeat, the best overcome by the worst. While many protested at the outrages, and millions must have been sickened and shamed by the crimes committed in their name, many others looked on stolidly or approvingly while the hunters hunted and the wreckers worked. There are stories of mothers who took their children to see the fun.... — New York Times, November 12, 1938

77. Question to go with last passage 56. This 1938 passage criticizes those German people who did not (1) participate in these demonstrations (2) condemn the violent acts of Kristallnacht (3) support the government’s policy in Austria (4) resist the war effort

78. January 2010 57. As a result of discrimination during the 19 th century, where were many Jews in eastern Europe forced to live? (1) on collective farms (2) in fortified villages (3) in urban ghettos (4) in industrial areas

79. June 2010 58. The Nuremberg Trials are considered an important event in the 20th century because they (1) brought an end to genocide (2) condemned the use of nuclear weapons (3) ruled on provisions for the postwar occupation of Germany (4) established principles of responsibility for human rights violations

80. Aug 2010 59. Which statement is consistent with the author’s point concerning the Holocaust? (1) The evils of the past are best ignored and forgotten. (2) Frequent and full discussion of the historical evidence of certain events is desirable. (3) All eras of history include individuals that reject existing values. (4) Every generation must apologize for the failures of earlier generations.

81. January 2013 60. The Nuremberg laws are best described as (1) efforts of the Roman Catholic Church to punish heresy (2) major articles in the Declaration of the Rights of Man (3) specific laws contained in Justinian’s Code (4) anti-Semitic laws of 20th-century Germany

82. Cold War (1945-89) Containment (stop spread of communism) Iron Curtain / Soviet Bloc Truman Doctrine in Greece/Turkey (US will give arms to those countries facing communist civil war) Marshall Plan – (US will give money to western Europe to rebuild to avoid communism) Berlin Blockade/Airlift/Wall (Germany)– East Germany will build wall to stop movement of people to East (democratic side) Korean War (divided North Communist, South Democratic at the 38 th parallel ) – 1960-70s – war was stalemate – still divided today Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 – Castro, Bay of Pigs Afghanistan War – (Soviets invaded – US funds Taliban to stop – will lead to well-armed terrorist in Afghanistan) Vietnam War (North Communist, South Democratic – divided at 17 th parallel)

83. Cold War Alliances NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization – protective alliance if a communist nation attacks the rest will come to protect); EU (European Union – end trade barriers in western European nations, will create common currency with euro) – after collapse of soviet union eastern European countries will want to join Warsaw Pact (communist version of NATO) Comecon Non-aligned (countries not taking side in cold war like India) Competition Space Race – Sputnik, Apollo lunar landing (1969), Apollo-Soyuz Arms Race – NPT (do not give Nuclear Weapon technology to those who do not already have it – Iran, Libya, North Korea trying to get nuclear weapon technology today), SALT (strategic arms limitation talks – decrease number of nuclear weapons) (détente – lessoning of cold war tensions in 1970s)

84. Satellite states – countries that are politically and Economically part of USSR

85. June 2010 61. What is a long-term effect of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979? (1) Communism was strengthened in South Asia. (2) Hostilities between China and India lessened. (3) The influence of militant Islamic groups increased in the region. (4) Tensions along the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan were reduced.

86. August 2012 62. The purpose of both the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan was to (1) support the construction of the Iron Curtain (2) increase membership in the United Nations (3) prevent the spread of communism (4) attempt to solve world hunger

87. June 2012 63. The use of the Marshall Plan in Western Europe after World War II strengthened the forces of (1) democracy (3) isolationism (2) communism (4) autocracy

88. June 2010 64. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was initially formed to (1) promote religious freedom (2) defend Western Europe from Soviet aggression (3) isolate member nations from the rest of the world (4) stop the flow of immigration between member nations

89. June 2011 65. During the Cold War, nations that adopted a policy of nonalignment believed they should (1) be exempt from United Nations decisions (2) restrict trade with neighboring countries (3) reject international environmental treaties (4) follow a course independent of superpowers

90. June 2013 66. The Great Wall of China and the Berlin Wall were both intended to (1) halt the spread of communism (2) isolate unpopular governments (3) limit the movement of peoples (4) keep people from smuggling illegal goods

91. August 2011 67. Which title best completes the partial outline below? I. __________________________________ A. Berlin blockade B. Cuban missile crisis C. Vietnam War (1) Path to World War I (2) Victories for Democracy (3) Cold War Confrontations (4) Terrorism in the 20th Century

92. June 2013 68. In what way were Korea and Germany similar after World War II? (1) They refused to align with the superpowers. (2) Their former emperors stood trial for war crimes. (3) Both remained divided during the Cold War. (4) Ethnic tensions threatened civil war in each country.

93. August 2011 69. What is the main idea of this 1997 cartoon? (1) South Korea has more mineral resources than North Korea. (2) South Korea has flourished while North Korea is struggling to survive. (3) North Koreans have chosen to separate themselves from the South Koreans. (4) North Korea was devastated by the war with South Korea.

94. June 2011 70. The imaginary line that divided the Western European countries from the Eastern European countries after World War II was known as the (1) prime meridian (3) Iron Curtain (2) line of demarcation (4) Berlin Wall

95. August 2011 71. In the 1950s, what was the status of most countries in Eastern Europe? (1) members of the Common Market (2) participants in the Marshall Plan (3) allies of the United States (4) satellites of the Soviet Union

96. January 2010 72. The Marshall Plan was designed to stop the spread of communism by providing (1) government housing to refugees (2) military assistance to Vietnam (3) funds for economic recovery in war-torn European nations (4) nuclear weapons to North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) members

97. January 2012 73. In the post–World War II time period, the purpose of both the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Warsaw Pact was to (1) discourage religious toleration (2) establish a military alliance (3) promote economic self-sufficiency (4) eliminate political corrup

98. August 2012 74. Both the division of Germany and the division of Korea following World War II led to (1) uneven economic development between the divided portions (2) democratic governments for all citizens (3) open warfare between the divided parts (4) space exploration agreements with the superpowers

99. June 2012 … All this means that the people of any country have the right, and should have the power by constitutional action, by free unfettered [unrestrained] elections, with secret ballot, to choose or change the character or form of government under which they dwell; that freedom of speech and thought should reign; that courts of justice, independent of the executive, unbiased by any party, should administer laws which have received the broad assent of large majorities or are consecrated by time and custom. Here are the title deeds of freedom which should lie in every cottage home. Here is the message of the British and American peoples to mankind. Let us preach what we practice — let us practice what we preach.…— Winston Churchill, 1946

100. Question with last passage 75. In this excerpt, Winston Churchill is maintaining that the people of a country have a right to (1) economic prosperity (2) collective security (3) self-determination (4) freedom of religion

101. Cold War Leaders Truman Eisenhower – Domino Theory (if one country fell to communism – others would too; reason for getting involved in Vietnam) JFKennedy – Cuban Missile Crisis Nixon – visits China 1972 (time of détente) Reagan – Star Wars (SDI); Iran-Contra Scandal (heats up cold war) Stalin – 5 Year Plan; purges, KGB Khrushchev – destalination, Berlin Wall Castro – Cuban Missile Crisis

102. Gorbachev vs. Deng Gorbachev – leader of Soviet Union - 1989 glasnost (freedom of speech), perestroika (limited privatization – increased capitalism); Berlin Wall Falls; 1991 end of USSR Deng – leader of China, 1989 4 Modernizations (lmt priv – new technologies, more capitalism), Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989) – killed students who were protesting for more democracy and rights

103. Post-Gorbachev Russia Chechens – wants to break off from Russia but Russia will intervene with force to suppress, Chechens will use terrorism Ukraine – pro- Russian separatist make Crimea Peninsula separate from Ukraine, ongoing civil war Yugoslavia – Slobodan Milosevic of Serbia – responsible for Ethnic Cleansing of Muslims in Kosovo and Bosnia – UN Attempted to help but was unable to.

104. June 2012 76. What do the darkest areas of this map represent? (1) former republics of the Soviet Union (2) current members of the European Union (3) original member countries of the Warsaw Pact (4) recent additions to the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

105. January 2014 77. The economic policies of Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet Union and of Deng Xiaoping of China included (1) elements of capitalism (2) boycotts on foreign products (3) a one-child policy (4) a reliance on agricultural self- sufficiency

106. January 2013 78. The treatment of untouchables in India, the treatment of Jews during the Holocaust, and the treatment of Chinese student demonstrators in Tiananmen Square are all examples of (1) fascist policies (2) extraterritoriality (3) excommunication (4) human rights violations

107. June 2011 79. What was a direct result of the Four Modernizations introduced in China by Deng Xiaoping? (1) Freedom of speech was guaranteed. (2) Goods and services were evenly distributed. (3) Economic opportunities were expanded. (4) Fewer consumer goods were produced.

108. August 2010 80. The gathering at Amritsar (1919), the rallies in Soweto (1976), and the demonstrations in Tiananmen Square (1989) directly resulted in (1) rejection of Western ideas (2) promises of economic reform (3) movements toward democracy (4) violence against the protestors

109. August 2012 81. Changes in the political borders of Eastern European countries during the 1990s were a result of the (1) failure of communism (2) expansion of the Warsaw Pact (3) end of free trade (4) decline of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

110. January 2010 (1) The development of computer technology is prohibited in China. (2) Chinese prisoners are denied access to computers. (3) Foreign software developers have flooded the Chinese market. (4) Some American firms have assisted the Chinese government in monitoring citizen computer usage. 82. Which statement best reflects this cartoonist’s point of view?

111. January 2012 83. The primary goal of the student protests in Tiananmen Square (1989) was to (1) support the policies of the Chinese Communist Party (2) decrease the amount of Western influence in China (3) encourage the spread of industrialization throughout China (4) increase political freedom and rights in China

112. June 2010 84. This 1989 cartoon suggests that the governments of both China and East Germany (1) removed the military from power (2) allowed a shift in rule from autocracy to fascism (3) gave people the right to decide how they would be ruled (4) faced challenges in their ability to maintain communist governments

113. Question with previous cartoon 85. Which event in China is symbolized by the “Lady with the Light” in this 1989 cartoon? (1) Long March (2) Great Leap Forward (3) Cultural Revolution (4) Tiananmen Square protests

114. June 2011 86. Since the end of the Cold War, what has been the primary cause of conflicts in Chechnya, Azerbaijan, and Bosnia? (1) religious and ethnic tensions (2) adoption of capitalism (3) poor health care and starvation (4) efforts at Russification

115. August 2013 87. Which event is shown in this cartoon? (1) Parisians attacking the Bastille prison and starting the French Revolution (2) Allied soldiers tearing down walls in concentration camps after World War II (3) Germans destroying the Berlin Wall symbolizing the collapse of communism in Europe (4) Koreans breaking through the Great Wall of China

116. August 2010 88. Five-year plans and collectivization are most closely associated with (1) Joseph Stalin (2) Mikhail Gorbachev (3) Adolf Hitler (4) Deng Xiaoping

117. 89. Which two countries are represented by the characters arguing over the border? (1) the Soviet Union and China (2) North Korea and Great Britain (3) China and Great Britain (4) the Soviet Union and North Korea 90. The tools shown in this cartoon represent traditional symbols of (1)manorialism (2)Communism (3)western capitalism (4)national socialism

118. June 2013 The United States offered aid to Turkey (1947). The Soviet Union helped finance the Aswan Dam in Egypt (1956). A coup d’état in Iraq was supported by the United States (1963). 91. Which conclusion about the Middle East can be drawn from these situations that occurred during the Cold War? (1) It served as a key ally for the Soviet Union. (2) It developed a policy of appeasement. (3) It became a site of strategic competition between the superpowers. (4) It allowed the United Nations to establish the region’s foreign policies.

119. August 2013 92. The Truman Doctrine and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) were United States responses to the (1) threat of the Nazis in the 1930s (2) fear of economic depression after World War I (3) concern about the partition of India in 1947 (4) communist threat after World War II

120. June 2012 93. During the Cold War, which event occurred last? (1) Cuban missile crisis (2) destruction of the Berlin Wall (3) Berlin airlift (4) launch of Sputnik by the Soviet Union

121. Vietnam’s Nationalism Colony of France and then part of Japan’s Greater East Asia Co- Prosperity Sphere during WW2 Ho Chi Minh – NATIONALIST and COMMUNIST – will use guerrilla fighters Viet Cong to free from European and US influence Geneva Accord – 1954 (divided Vietnam at 17 th parallel, but allow free elections) American invasion 1956-1975 Unconventional warfare – Agent Orange, Napalm, limited air (Operation Rolling Thunder), My Lai Massacre American anti-war sentiments –Martin Luther King’s civil rights march, Kent State Massacre, Woodstock US will leave Vietnam which will maintain its communist govt

122. June 2013 94. One way in which Miguel Hidalgo, Ho Chi Minh, and Jomo Kenyatta are similar is that they all were (1) leaders of independence movements (2) communist dictators (3) enlightened despots (4) advocates of liberation theology

123. August 2012 95. In the struggle to gain independence for their countries, both Kwame Nkrumah and Ho Chi Minh relied on (1) nationalist sentiments (2) trench warfare (3) collective security agreements (4) nonviolent resistance

124. January 2012 96. Which Southeast Asian nation fought in wars against Japan, France, and the United States during the 20th century? (1) Myanmar (Burma) (3) Philippines (2) Thailand (4) Vietnam

125. January 2013 97. One way in which Toussaint L’Ouverture, Kwame Nkrumah, and Ho Chi Minh are similar is that each leader (1) opposed the role of the Roman Catholic Church in politics (2) established the first democratic government in his country (3) fought to free his country from European control (4) embraced the principles of civil disobedience

126. June 2013 98. In which geographic region has Aung San Suu Kyi labored to bring about democratic reform? (1) Southeast Asia (3) Central Asia (2) Middle East (4) West Africa She is chairman of the national league of democracy in Burma which has been under a military dictatorship. She has been a political prisoner for years.

127. Cambodia 1975-79 – Communist Control by Pol Pot (dictator) Killing Fields – intellectuals targeted, 30% of population killed Year Zero – agrarian society, close banks, closed schools, no religion, landmines to keep people on communes (farms)

128. January 2010 99. Armenians under Ottoman rule and Cambodians under the Khmer Rouge both experienced (1) an outbreak of the plague (2) human rights violations (3) economic sanctions (4) an agricultural revolution

129. January 2013 100. Pol Pot, the Khmer Rouge, the “killing fields,” and Year Zero are all associated with a violent period in which country? (1) Vietnam (3) China (2) Cambodia (4) Korea

130. January 2012 101. Which country was ruled by Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge? (1) Afghanistan (3) Cambodia (2) Kazakhstan (4) Bangladesh

131. August 2011 102. Which characteristic is most closely associated with both Pol Pot’s government in Cambodia and Slobodan Milosevic’s government in Yugoslavia? (1) use of terror to achieve political goals (2) support for freedom of speech (3) establishment of a theocratic system (4) respect for ethnic minorities

132. India’s Nationalism Previously colony of England Helped in WW1, but did not get rights Main Goal – remove foreign control Organizations – INC (Indian National Congress and Muslim League – problem is they have religious issues that made it hard to unite Western-educated leaders – Gandhi – used non- violence or civil disobedience (boycotts of British textiles, marches, fasts)

133. India’s Nationalism (continued) Amritsar Massacre – Indians were peacefully protesting for more rights but were killed by British General Dyer – changed Gandhi to wanting home rule (self rule) not just equality Salt March (1930) – Gandhi’s famous boycott of British controlled salt works Gained Independence from England in 1948 – but Pakistan/Bangladesh/India split (fight over Kashmir) based on religious tensions (Hindu vs Muslim) – required movement of peoples

134. Aug 2013 104. Which statement can best be supported by the information on this 2003 map? (1) India and Pakistan have agreed on shared borders. (2) Several borders are in dispute between India and China. (3) India and Nepal are currently involved in border disputes with each other. (4) The inhabitants of the territory claimed by both India and China have little voice in the conflict.

135. January 2014 105. Which goal was most important to the Indian nationalist movement? (1) independence from British rule (2) establishing a laissez-faire economy (3) forming a totalitarian state (4) expansion of territory

136. January 2013 106. Why did large numbers of Hindus and Muslims migrate immediately after India gained its independence? (1) Many jobs were being outsourced overseas. (2) The government offered housing incentives in newly developed areas. (3) Religious pilgrimages to neighboring countries were required based on their beliefs. (4) The subcontinent was divided into countries based primarily on the location of religious majorities.

137. August 2012 107. The British reliance on India as a market for its manufactured goods caused Mohandas Gandhi to (1) run for a seat in the British Parliament (2) lead the Sepoy Rebellion (3) support traditional caste divisions (4) refuse to buy British textiles

138. August 2012 108. Which change occurred immediately after the region of British India gained its independence in 1947? (1) India became an ally of the Soviet Union. (2) India adopted Islam as the official state religion. (3) The region was partitioned into two separate states. (4) A military dictatorship took control of the entire region.

139. August 2013 109. The primary goal of both the Indian National Congress in India and the Mau Mau movement in Kenya was to (1) establish military rule (2) colonize lands overseas (3) remove foreign control (4) achieve social equality

140. June 2012 110. Which leader is associated with civil disobedience and the Salt March? (1) Kwame Nkrumah (2) Jomo Kenyatta 3) Mohandas Gandhi (4) Ho Chi Minh

141. January 2014 111. What is one way the conflict between India and Pakistan over Kashmir and the conflict between the Palestinians and Israelis in the Middle East are similar? (1) Both conflicts concern territorial and religious issues. (2) Hostilities within these regions were provoked by the United Nations. (3) Both conflicts emerged as a result of the breakup of the Soviet Union. (4) Tensions in these regions were caused by efforts to remain nonaligned.

142. June 2011 Which pair of countries that gained independence in the 20th century experienced the migration of millions of people across their shared borders due to religious tensions? (1) Czech Republic and Slovakia (2) Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan (3) Egypt and Libya (4) India and Pakistan

143. August 2011 112. The Amritsar Massacre and the Salt March are both associated with the independence movement in (1) Iraq (3) China (2) India (4) Kenya

144. January 2012 113. Which event in the history of the Indian subcontinent occurred last? (1) Salt March (2) Amritsar Massacre (3) creation of Pakistan (4) Sepoy Rebellion

145. Turkey - Nationalism Turkey was part of Ottoman Empire – lost to Allied Powers in WW1. To avoid becoming a mandate of Allies During WW1 – Armenian Christians killed by Muslim turks as part of ethnic cleansing (Armenian massacre) Mustapha Kemal “Ataturk” – modernizes (women gain education/vote, light industry – 5yr plan, but not communist) and westernizes (alphabet – forced citizens to write in western alphabet not Arabic, laws) /secularizes (forbid fezzes, veils) country

146. Modernization in Turkey and Iran replaced Islamic law with a European-style law code replaced the Muslim calendar with the western calendar forced people to wear western dress opened state schools encouraged industrial expansion outlawed polygamy and gave rights to women built factories, roads, and railroads and strengthened the army adopted the western alphabet forced Iranians to wear western clothing set up modern, secular schools. replaced Islamic law with secular law encouraged women to take part in public life TURKEY - Ataturk IRAN – Reza Khan

148. Question to go with last picture 114. The clothes worn by Mohandas Gandhi of India and by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk of Turkey indicate the desire of these leaders to (1) conform to traditional religious beliefs (2) adapt to the cultural norms of urban life (3) protest the oppression of communist rule (4) make a political statement to their respective nations Both leaders were known for their commitment to (1) Islamic fundamentalism (2) nationalist movements (3) civil disobedience (4) five-year plans

149. June 2012 115. Which reform is most closely associated with Turkish leader Kemal Atatürk? (1) implementation of Sharia law (2) introduction of Arabic script (3) establishment of a communist government (4) adoption of Western culture

150. June 2011 116. Which reform was included in Atatürk’s efforts to modernize Turkey? (1) reintroducing strict Islamic law (2) granting women the right to vote (3) adopting Arabic script (4) requiring men to wear a fez

151. January 2012 117. One way in which Kemal Atatürk of Turkey and Shah Reza Pahlavi of Iran are similar is that both leaders (1) implemented programs to modernize their nations (2) supported increased rights for ethnic minorities (3) adopted policies of nonalignment (4) established theocracies based on Islam

152. January 2014 118. One way in which Emperor Meiji of Japan and Kemal Atatürk of Turkey are similar is that they both (1) crushed secessionist movements (2) worked to modernize their nations (3) conquered eastern neighboring territories (4) protested against economic sanctions

153. August 2013 119. Which leader is responsible for westernizing Turkey and creating a secular government? (1) Kemal Atatürk (2) Saddam Hussein (3) Ayatollah Khomeini (4) Anwar Sadat

154. Israel-Palestine Conflict Zionism – desire for national home of Jews in Israel Balfour Declaration (1917) – British gave Jews the land of Palestine to create a homeland as thanks for help in WW1 UN creates state of Israel (1948)/refugees PLO under Arafat – Intifada terrorism /hamas Six Day War / Yom Kippur War (1973) / Camp- David Accord (1979) Oslo Accord – 1993 Israel and PLO reach an agreement calling for Palestinian autonomy in selected areas of Israel in return for PLO recognition of the legitimacy of the Israeli state Road Map for Peace (2002) – by Bush – two state division (problems Israeli settlers in Gaza; terrorist bombings by Hamas; access to fresh water; new wall built by Israel in 2003

155. June 2010 120. Which document is most closely associated with the Arab-Israeli conflict? (1) Balfour Declaration (2) Kyoto Protocol (3) Communist Manifesto (4) Treaty of Nanjing

156. January 2010 “A Jewish State Is Created” “Six-Day War Results in Major Arab Losses” “Withdrawal Begins from West Bank” 121. Which situation is referred to in these headlines? (1) Persian Gulf War (2) Scramble for Africa (3) conflict between Israelis and Palestinians (4) collapse of the Ottoman Empire

157. August 2013 122. Which letter represents the location of a country created in part as a result of the Zionist movement? (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D

158. June 2011 123. The desire of the Kurds and of the Palestinians for independent states is based on the principle of (1) free trade (3) collective security (2) nationalism (4) modernization

159. August 2011 Partition of India Creation of the State of Israel Division of Berlin 124. Which development directly resulted from each of these events? (1) Large numbers of people migrated. (2) Nuclear weapons were developed. (3) Communist governments were established. (4) Ethnic tensions decreased.

160. Aug 2010 (1) Theocratic governments dominated the Middle East. (2) The governments of Southwest Asia were in transition. (3) Many different types of government existed in the Middle East. (4) Military dictatorships were replaced by republics in northern Africa. 125. Which generalization can best be supported by the information on this 2003 map?

161. Iranian Revolution 1979 Iran was a cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy after WWII. Led by pro-United States ruler Mohammad Reza Shah, Iran built a large military using U.S. aid and petroleum revenues The Shaw was overthrown in 1979 and Iran became an Islamic Republic (fundamentalist) (theocratic rule – laws were Islamic) led by the Ayatollah Khomeini (1902-1989) Iran calls the U.S. as “the Great Satan” Demanded the Shah stand trial After the U.S. refused, the U.S. embassy was occupied and the staff taken hostage in 1979 They were released in January 1981

162. June 2012 126. Which statement about Shah Reza Pahlavi and the Iranian Revolution is an opinion rather than a fact? (1) Shah Reza Pahlavi was supported by major Western powers. (2) Members of the Islamic clergy opposed Shah Reza Pahlavi. (3) The primary cause for the revolution was the exile of Shah Reza Pahlavi’s critics. (4) Supporters of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini overthrew Shah Reza Pahlavi.

163. June 2011 127. A goal of modern-day religious fundamentalism is to (1) combine the religious teachings of Islam and Christianity (2) maintain traditional religious values in society (3) encourage the practice of other religions (4) adopt secular attitudes instead of religious beliefs

164. January 2010 128. Which event can be considered a conflict brought about in part by a religious reform movement? (1) World War I (2) Cuban Revolution (3) World War II (4) Iranian Revolution

165. IRAQ Has Oil – important member of OPEC Led by dictator – Saddam Hussein who used terror and poison gas against Shiites and Kurds in his nation and Iran Attacked both Iran (1979) and Kuwait (1990s) – Persian Gulf War to get access to more oil and trade route in Indian Ocean – US and coalition of supporters will intervene militarily in last to keep access to oil Saddam Hussein eventually taken out of power as part of War on Terror by US and put on trial – will be executed.

166. January 2010 129. Which country best completes this graphic organizer? (1) Egypt (3) Sudan (2) Iraq (4) Bangladesh

167. Latin America During Cold War Rise of dictatorships (Good Neighbor Policy of America – send in military to protect American economic interests - will lead to anti-American sentiments) – eventually to democracies in 1980s Brazil – Vargas w/emphasis on labor union

168. Cuban History Fidel Castro – communist dictator gained support of peasants Bay of Pigs – US attempted to invade in order to oust Castro. Castro goes to USSR to get missiles Kennedy puts up naval blockade to stop missiles – stalemate – Cuban Missile Crisis Castro gives up hope of missiles, US puts embargo on sales to Cuba

169. January 2012 130. Fidel Castro was successful at leading a revolution in Cuba because he gained the support of (1) wealthy landowners (2) government officials (3) peasant farmers (4) foreign investors

170. Aug 2011 131. Which event came first in Latin American history? (1) Panama regained control of the Panama Canal. (2) Simón Bolívar established Gran Colombia. (3) Fidel Castro became the communist leader of Cuba. (4) The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was signed by Mexico, Canada, and the United States.

171. June 2012 132. One way in which the Chinese Revolution (1945–1949) and the Cuban Revolution (1956– 1959) are similar is that the leaders of both revolutions (1) embraced capitalist ideas (2) rejected industrial development (3) used peaceful methods to achieve their goals (4) relied on support from the peasants

172. June 2013 133. Which development in the history of Cuba occurred first? (1) The United States imposed a naval quarantine against Cuba. (2) The Soviet Union built missile sites in Cuba. (3) Fidel Castro forcibly took power in Cuba. (4) The communist government in Cuba seized foreign properties.

173. World War I Africa Africa almost entirely under rule of European colonial powers during war Hundreds of thousands of Africans served in European armies during war Tens of thousands of Africans lost their lives during war Wartime experience increased nationalist feeling in Africa Africans believed they earned independence through wartime sacrifices War caused economic hardship Trade with Europe dried up, European spending in Africa slowed Nationalism Grows Africans felt they had suffered for Europe, had little to show for it No Africans involved in negotiations of Treaty of Versailles Did not grant independence; transferred Germany’s colonies to other countries Little to Show Nationalism in Africa

174. African Nationalism Gold Coast – renamed Ghana was first to achieve independence in 1957 led by US-educated Kwame Nkrumah In Kenya, the Kikuyu protested the loss of their land, forced labor, heavy taxes, and required identification cards. Jomo Kenyatta will speak for Pan-Africanism – encouraging the Africans to improve themselves morally so they can rightly claim equality with Europeans. Kenya had a large European population who blocked independence – armed revolt eventually led to independence in 1963

175. APARTHEID – SOUTH AFRICA Social inequality based on race – blacks can not vote and must have passbook identification at all time, lived in homelands (reservations) 87% of land for whites, rest for blacks, unequal access to education and doctors ANC (African National Congress) – organized resistance led by Nelson Mandela – copied Gandhi’s civil disobedience (jail, boycotts, etc). Helped by Desmond Tutu and DeKlerk Foreign economic sanctions (no trade) will end apartheid in Africa 1994 Nelson Mandela will become first black president in all race election.

176. Rwanda Tutsis and Hutus – over 2,000 years same culture, single religion, common religious beliefs, dances, etc. 18 th c. rulers began categorizing people into those who were wealthy – Tutsi (rich in cattle) and Hutu (subordinate). Marriage within tribe created genetic characteristics: Tutsi are tall and thin; Hutus are shorter and stronger. When Belgians made it a colony, gave jobs and prominence to richer and better educated Tutsis.

177. Hutus Revolution 1961 – Rwanda gains independence. Hutus make up 80% of population and had political control. March 1994 – Government gives firearms and machetes to Hutu population and told to kill the Tutsis. Given food if they did. 1 million Tutsis killed in 100 days. United Nations workers killed trying to keep peace

178. January 2014 What was the main reason refugees fled Rwanda in the 1990s? (1) ethnic conflict (2) expansion of the Sahel (3) devastation from an earthquake (4) Cold War tensions

179. Aug 2010 A major goal of the Hutu-led regime in Rwanda in mid-1994 was to (1) eliminate the Tutsi minority (2) align with the Soviet Union (3) promote ethnic tolerance (4) strengthen ties with Belgium

180. June 2013 … Once thought of as a model for other young African democracies, Nigeria has buckled under the weight of persistent enmities [hostilities] among four major tribes—the Moslem Hausas and Fulanis in the North, the Yorubas in the West and the clever Ibos in the East. In January 1966, five years after independence, a group led by Eastern army officers toppled the Northern dominated regime of Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa and exposed the raw nerves of those ancient rivalries. Northerners countered with a coup that installed [General Yakubu] Gowon, and their pent- up fury exploded in the massacre of thousands of Ibos living in the North.… — Time, June 9, 1967

181. Question to go with last passage This passage illustrates the impact ethnic loyalties can have on (1) maintaining colonial control (2) sustaining nonalignment (3) building national unity (4) preserving traditional religions

182. June 2010

183. Question with past chart Which conclusion about South Africa’s economy can be drawn from this chart? (1) Since the end of apartheid, most blacks have gained economic equality. (2) In some sectors of the economy, blacks earn more than whites. (3) Despite the end of apartheid, many blacks continue to struggle economically. (4) Economic opportunity for blacks is directly related to education reform

184. January 2012...We have triumphed in the effort to implant hope in the breasts of the millions of our people. We enter into a covenant [agreement] that we shall build the society in which all South Africans, both black and white, will be able to walk tall, without any fear in their hearts, assured of their inalienable right to human dignity—a rainbow nation at peace with itself and the world.... — Nelson Mandela, excerpt from Inaugural Address

185. Question with last passage These words were delivered in 1994 by the newly elected president of South Africa to praise his countrymen’s rejection of (1) nationalism (3) apartheid (2) Pan-Africanism (4) democracy

186. June 2011 Which leader is most closely associated with Desmond Tutu and F. W. de Klerk? (1) Jomo Kenyatta (2) Kwame Nkruhmah (3) Nelson Mandela (4) Jawaharlal Nehru

187. August 2011 In the second half of the 20th century, what was one action taken by both Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu? (1) protesting against apartheid in South Africa (2) supporting the white government of Rhodesia (3) sending troops to liberate captives in Sudan (4) leading the independence movement in Ghana

188. June 2012 Which policy is the focus of this diagram? (1) apartheid (2) isolationism 3) appeasement (4) neutrality

189. January 2013 What is one factor that has affected economic development in southern African nations in the 21st century? (1) reliance on coffee exports (2) equal distribution of wealth (3) establishment of communist governments (4) spread of the AIDS epidemic

190. January 2013 F. W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela received the Nobel Peace Prize for their work to end the (1) foreign control of the diamond mines (2) discriminatory policy of apartheid (3) anarchy in Somalia (4) Boer War

191. August 2013 …There is hardly an editor or political journalist who has not at some time during this apartheid period been pressured unduly, personally intimidated or seriously threatened either for what he/she had written or to coerce him/her into writing or publishing what was desired.… This passage describes the use of threats to achieve (1)diversification (2) Censorship (3) perestroika (4) Suffrage With which country is this passage associated? (1) South Africa (3) Cuba (2) Soviet Union (4) Iraq

192. January 2014 The original goal of Pan-Africanism was to (1) demand democratic reforms (2) encourage ethnic rivalry (3) promote a united Africa (4) divide Africa into separate countries

193. Economics Mixed Economies – blends communism and capitalism (India) Rising Outsourcing to cheaper labor (India) Asian Tigers (fast growing markets using sweatshop labor) Japan - forced demilitarization after WW2, lead to economic/technology expansion, closed market only export no imports Latin America – cash crop during Great Depression to import-substitution and rise of industry (Brazil) Organizations – NAFTA (North American Free Trade Assoc) and EU (European Union) – created to end trade barriers and increase trade amongst members. EU will create euro as organization’s currency. Theme of globalization and interdependence (relying upon each other).

194. Korea Today South Korea – democratic, economy boomed in the 1980s – emphasis on technological exports (Hyundai cars and ships, Samsung and LG electronics) North Korea – economically devastated, ruled by communist dictators (Kim Jong Il), building up nuclear weapons programs, isolating itself (detain foreigners), human right abuses (labor camps)

195. OPEC – Organization of Petroleum Exporting Country Goal – control production, supply and price of Oil Commodity Result – can control political events like Oil embargo against supporters of Israel

196. August 2012 The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was formed with the intent of (1) stabilizing the supply of oil to Japan (2) cutting off the supply of oil to the United States and its allies (3) increasing the supply of oil available for use within Middle Eastern countries (4) controlling the supply of oil to raise prices

197. August 2014 The main reason that oil-producing states formed the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was to (1) allow foreign ownership in oil fields (2) influence the price of oil and set production levels (3) improve diplomatic relations with the West (4) lift economic sanctions and establish free trade

198. January 2010 In Japan, the Meiji Restoration and the post–World War II “economic miracle” can be described as periods of (1) political decentralization (2) revolutionary democratization (3) reactionary social change (4) innovative industrial development

199. June 2011 What have members of the European Union (EU) and countries of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) both attempted to do? (1) reduce regional trade barriers (2) monopolize iron and steel production (3) establish collective farms (4) seize control of the production and distribution of resources

200. June 2010 “Reliance on Imported Oil Raises Concerns in China, Europe, and the United States” “Coca-Cola Accused of Wasting Precious Water in India” “Competition for Control of Cobalt Mines Causes Violence in Congo” These headlines best illustrate the economic concept of (1) inflation (2) embargo (3) boycott of goods (4) scarcity of resources

201. June 2010 Rapid industrialization in developing nations has often resulted in (1) little growth in urban centers (2) decreases in the levels of pollution (3) the continuation of traditional ideas in the workplace (4) a growing gap between the rich and the poor

202. June 2011 What is the main idea of this cartoon? (1) Petroleum is being overproduced. (2) The demand for petroleum exceeds production. (3) Fossil fuels are unevenly distributed. (4) The demands of global environmental groups have increased.

203. January 2014 Which geographic region has the greatest number of members in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)? (1) South America (3) Southeast Asia (2) sub-Saharan Africa (4) Middle East

204. January 2012 The policies of the European Union (EU) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) have both resulted in (1) an increase in interdependence (2) the expansion of totalitarianism (3) an improvement in containment efforts (4) the support of isolationist practices

205. August 2013 Which statement about the economies of South Korea and North Korea can best be supported by the information found in this chart? (1) The GDP in North Korea is higher than the GDP in South Korea. (2) A higher percentage of the GDP in South Korea is based on farming than it is in North Korea. (3) The real growth rate of North Korea is 10 times greater than the growth rate in South Korea. (4) The service sector in South Korea plays a more important role than it does in North Korea.

206. June 2013 A central theme of this cartoon is that those most able to assist poor countries (1) have too many commitments (2) contribute little of substance 3) offer great strength 4) agree to share the burden 43 One purpose of this cartoon is to (1)arouse public opinion (2)explain foreign programs (3)justify neutrality (4) expose environmental issues

207. Technologies – Contemporary Issues Weapons – machine gun to atomic, ethical use – chemical and biological (North Korea and Iran trying to get nuclear weapons – NPT attempted to stop spread) Green Revolution – fertilizer, insecticides (increase of food by using man-made fertilizers, etc) – ended Bengal famine in India, but hurting bio-diversity Computer Revolution – communication (www, google, cell phones, social networks) Industrial Growth causing - environmental problems like fossil fuels and acid rain, global warming

208. January 2014 Which current global problem was initiated with the development of atomic weapons? (1) threats to world peace from unrestricted nuclear proliferation (2) increased health risks for humans and animals from industrial pollution (3) elevated carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to the deforestation of the rainforests (4) changes in world weather patterns and species habitats due to melting polar ice caps

209. Aug 2010 Which global issue is depicted in this 1974 cartoon? (1) overpopulation (2) space exploration (3) nuclear proliferation (4) ethnic tension Which question is raised by the way the cartoonist depicted the world leaders in this 1974 cartoon? (1) Does technology control these leaders? (2) Are tax revenues being used? (3) What are the terms of these military alliances? (4) What settlement was negotiated?

210. June 2013 Which issue is the focus of this 2004 cartoon? (1) global warming (2) global migration (3) ethnic tensions (4) nuclear proliferation

211. August 2011 What is the main idea of this 2004 cartoon? (1) The lack of energy resources in Iran has led to the importation of uranium. (2) A drop in oil production has led to an increased dependence on uranium in Iran. (3) It is questionable whether Iran needs uranium to produce energy. (4) Frequent oil spills in Iran have resulted in its use of uranium-based fuels.

212. January 2012 Iran and North Korea attracted worldwide attention in the early 21st century because they both have (1) experienced widespread famine (2) discovered oil reserves (3) strengthened humanitarian practices (4) developed nuclear capabilities

213. June 2010 One way in which the Aswan Dam in Egypt and the Three Gorges Dam in China are similar is that both (1) convert salt water to freshwater (2) harness natural forces to produce energy (3) provide fertilizers for agricultural production (4) connect small bodies of water to larger bodies of water

214. Details- Demography and the Environment Global diseases- AIDS, SARS, bird flu Rapid Urbanization, especially in the less developed countries – CHINA ONE CHILD POLICY – human right violation Global warming as a result of industrialization Agricultural innovations- Green Revolution Deforestation – Amazon Rain Forest (logging and urbanization) Desertification – increasing Sahara desert caused by farming – leads to famine Chernobyl – Nuclear Reactor Melt Down

215. June 2012 By the late 1970s in China, the growing size of its population influenced the government’s decision to (1) encourage people to migrate to other countries (2) force families to work on communes (3) engage in wars to gain territory (4) institute a one-child policy

216. June 2011 The southern edge of the Sahara is expanding in a process called (1) annexation (3) desertification (2) conservation (4) desalination

217. January 2010 Which conclusion can best be drawn using all of these statements? (1) The governments of different countries reacted in various ways to the same problem. (2) Population explosions took place in some countries during the 20th century. (3) Some countries looked toward other nations to help solve their problems. (4) Countries have had to address a variety of economic and social problems. China implemented a one-child policy. African nations established educational and health care agendas. Latin American nations worked with the United States to reduce drug trafficking.

218. August 2010 The “one child” policy in China, established during the late 1970s, was an attempt to (1) gain the support of the upper classes (2) increase tax revenue for government programs (3) eliminate Western influence (4) reduce the population growth rate

219. January 2012 Which issue has raised significant environmental concerns in the Amazon Basin? (1) desertification (3) tsunami threats (2) deforestation (4) acid rain

220. January 2010 Which hypothesis about the economies of sub- Saharan Africa can be derived from the data in this graph? (1) Economic growth may be slowed by the epidemic. (2) Wages for workers will probably decline. (3) Diversification will promote economic growth. (4) The United Nations will probably reduce support for economic development.

221. August 2011 In Africa, a key factor that has led to desertification is the (1) loss of animal species (2) burning of fossil fuels (3) disposal of toxic waste (4) overgrazing of livestock

222. January 2012 Many scientists believe global warming is the direct result of (1) using solar panels (2) burning fossil fuels (3) generating nuclear power (4) producing hydroelectric power

223. January 2013 Which condition, in combination with drought, has most directly forced the migration of people out of the southern regions bordering the Sahara? (1) urbanization (3) wildlife tourism (2) coastal pollution (4) desertification

224. August 2010... Traditionally, [African] farmers cleared land, grew crops for a few harvests, then let the fields lie fallow for 10 or 15 years to rejuvenate as they moved on to clear more land, the study reports. But as they try to feed a rapidly growing population, the farmers instead grow crop after crop, sapping the soil’s fertility. “Nothing grows, so the topsoil is blown away by the wind and washed away by the rains,” said Amit H. Roy, president of the International Fertilizer Development Center, a nonprofit agricultural aid organization, which produced the study. “It goes into the river system, silting them, and out to the oceans.”...

225. Question with previous Which problem in sub-Saharan Africa is being described in this passage? (1) global warming (3) urbanization (2) acid rain (4) desertification

226. January 2013 What is one factor that has affected economic development in southern African nations in the 21st century? (1) reliance on coffee exports (2) equal distribution of wealth (3) establishment of communist governments (4) spread of the AIDS epidemic

227. August 2014

228. Question with previous What is a valid conclusion based on the information shown in this chart? (1) The primary cause of soil degradation throughout the world is bio-industrial. (2) Deforestation causes soil degradation to more hectares of land in South America than in Asia. (3) The largest number of hectares affected by soil degradation due to overgrazing is located in Africa. (4) The fewest number of hectares affected by soil degradation due to arable farming is located in North America.

229. January 2013 … For Ukraine, however, contamination via river water is still a major problem, since most of the rivers flow southwards. To slow the spread of radiation, protective dams were built along the Dnieper after the accident. “But of course not all riverbanks could be protected in this way,” as the Ukrainian government agency Chernobyl Interinform points out in its summary of the situation. “Particularly during flooding, radiation is still leached into rivers. This is a particular threat for the 30 million people who obtain their drinking water from the Dnieper basin.” …— Chernobyl.info

230. Question with last passage The aftermath of which problem is being described in this passage? (1) volcanic eruption (3) global warming (2) nuclear disaster (4) deforestation

231. August 2013 Which global issue is a primary threat to biodiversity in the tropical regions of Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Amazon basin? (1) Deforestation (3) acid rain (2) oil spills (4) drought

232. January 2013 (1) Riding a horse is more dangerous than riding in an automobile. (2) The use of bio-fuels made from corn will improve automobile safety. (3) Using corn to make bio-fuels for automobiles will increase food shortages. (4) Feeding corn to horses is less efficient than using it to make fuel for automobiles What is the main idea of this cartoon?

233. January 2014 The data on this map suggest that HIV/AIDS (1)originated in South and Southeast Asia (2) is declining in developing societies (3) requires global cooperation to solve the problem (4) has been restricted to temperate climates

234. Globalization Interdependence between countries NAFTA (North American Free Trade Association) – end trade barriers in North and South America EU (European Union) – end trade barriers in Europe – created currency (Euro) NATO – organization to use military to intervene when peace is threatened by violence UN (United Nations)– protect human rights, tries to maintain peace

235. June 2011 Which title best describes the cartoonist’s point of view about globalization? (1) Growing Closer Together (2) The Road to Stability (3) An Economic Miracle (4) An Uncertain Path

236. June 2010 Which statement about the United Nations is a fact rather than an opinion? (1) The United Nations has too many committees to be effective. (2) The United Nations would be more efficient if its headquarters moved to Europe. (3) The membership of the United Nations has increased since its formation. (4) The United Nations has successfully met most of its goals.

237. January 2014 Which concept is being shown by this 2005 diagram? (1) recession (3) socialism (2) urbanization (4) globalization

238. Aug 2010 What is the best title for this cartoon? (1) “Breaking Through the Iron Curtain” (2) “Globalization Reaches the Wall” (3) “Separating East from West” (4) “A Road to Cultural Uniqueness”

239. June 2012 Which generalization can best be supported using the information in these graphs? (1) Conflicts between religious groups in Afghanistan have divided the country. (2) Western countries have had a major influence on the cultural makeup of Afghanistan. (3) The primary languages in Afghanistan are Turkic. (4) Diversity is evident in Afghanistan.

240. Aug 2012 (1) Genocide in Cambodia, Rwanda, Bosnia, and Darfur has been stopped. (2) Human rights issues are best dealt with by the United Nations. (3) The United Nations has not been effective in ending genocide. (4) Fear of war crimes trials has brought peace to troubled regions. What is the key idea of this cartoon?

241. August 2013 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and the founding of Amnesty International (1961) are both associated with efforts to recognize and protect the (1) economic diversity of nations (2) dignity of individuals (3) right of each nation to enforce its own laws (4) balance of power between nations

242. Since 1999, what has been the primary role of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in world affairs? (1) conducting war crimes trials (2) protecting Western Europe from Soviet aggression (3) lowering tariffs between member nations (4) carrying out crisis management and peace enforcement tasks

243. January 2014 The creation of the European Union (EU) and of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) were efforts to (1) attain economic benefits through regional organization (2) achieve world peace through military alliances (3) reduce resource depletion through economic planning (4) address environmental problems through coordinated research

244. January 2013 A goal of both the European Union (EU) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is to (1) reduce trade barriers between member nations (2) decrease competition between key industries (3) control the supply of oil available to industrialized nations (4) increase nationalism in western nations

245. June 2013 The creation of the European Union (EU) and of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was intended to (1) benefit member nations through the reduction of tariffs (2) implement sustainable energy policies (3) institute a system of impartial courts (4) establish stronger regional military alliances

246. June 2010 (1) has failed to take root (2) requires a strong military response (3) is extremely difficult to defeat (4) will be overcome through diplomacy The author of this 2006 passage concludes that terrorism