2. Please write the answer in your notes as a complete sentence…. Ex. It is important to know how and why the human body systems work because…

4. 1. Skeletal 2. Muscular 3. Circulatory 4. Nervous 5. Respiratory 6. Digestive 7. Lymphatic (Immune) 8. Endocrine 9. Reproductive 10. Excretory

5.  The purpose of all body systems working together is to maintain homeostasis  Homeostasis is a state of equilibrium (balance)

7. 1. Understand the characteristics and function of the skeletal system 2. Identify different bone types and tissues 3. Recall the organization of the skeleton 4. Describe different types of joints and how they work

8.  “Firm but Flexible” (What would happen if bones had no elasticity?)  Porous (How do bird’s bones allow them to fly?)

9. 1. Gives shape and support 2. Protects organs 3. Provides a place for muscle attachment and movement 4. Blood cell formation 5. Calcium (Ca) and Phosphorus (P) are stored

10.  A tough, tight fitting membrane that covers the outsides of bones.

11.  Compact ◦ Directly under periosteum ◦ Hard, Strong layer ◦ Gives bone strength ◦ Blood vessels  Spongy Bone ◦ Located at the end of long bones ◦ Very porous and lightweight ◦ Cavities filled with marrow

12.  The ends of bones are covered with a smooth, slippery, thick layer of tissue.  Acts as a shock absorber in joints (where two bones meet)  Also makes movement easier by reducing friction.

13.  Read p. 152  What was the skeleton made of before birth? ◦ Cartilage  What are bone forming cells called? ◦ Osteoblasts  How many bones did you have at birth? ◦ Over 300  How many bones do you have now? ◦ 206

14. Most human babies are born with 300 bones. However, most adults have 206 bones in their body. Why or How does this change occur?

15.  Bone Types: 1. Long 2. Short 3. Flat 4. Irregular

16.  Long Bones ◦ Longer than they are wide ◦ Femur, Tibia, Fibula (leg) ◦ Humerous, Radius, Ulna (arm) ◦ Metacarpals & Metatarsals (hands) ◦ Phalanges (feet & hands) ◦ Clavicles ◦ Most RBC (red blood cell) formation

17.  Short Bones ◦ As wide as they are tall ◦ Carpus (wrist) ◦ Tarsus (ankle) ◦ Patella (knee cap)

18.  Flat Bones ◦ Functions as protection or broad surface for muscle attachment ◦ Cranium ◦ Sternum ◦ Rib cage ◦ Scapula

19.  Irregular Bones ◦ Cannot be classified as long or short ◦ Serve various purposes ◦ Vertebrae ◦ Pelvis ◦ mandible

20.  Where are the smallest bones in your body? ◦ Ear! Humans and giraffes have the same number of vertebrae in the neck (7)! Giraffe’s are just much larger! What percentage of bones are water? 50%!

22.  Any place where two or more bones meet

23. 1.Ball and Socket 2.Hinge 3.Pivot 4.Gliding 4 Different Types of Joints

24.  Allow twisting and turning movements. ◦ Some of these joints are the shoulder and the hip. The shoulder joint is the most flexible joint in the entire body. It allows movement in any direction.

25.  This joint is similar to the opening and closing of a door.  Hinge joints allow the body parts to bend and straighten.  Some examples of hinge joints are the elbow, knee, and inbetween the fingers and toes.

26.  Allows turning. ◦ In the pivot joint, the bone turns in a circle (or half- circle). An example is the neck, which allows partial turning of the head at about a 180 degree angle.

27.  Allows bones to move back and forth against each other. ◦ An example of this is the backbone, or the vertebrae. (Also the wrist and ankle) ◦ The bones in the backbone can move freely move against each other, allowing a person to move in a wide range of motions with their spine.

28.  Arthritis: inflammation of the joint, causes swelling and stiffness  Osteoporosis: thinning of bone tissue and loss of bone density

29.  Positive choices 1. Maintain a healthy weight 2. Eat a diet rich in calcium and vitamin D 3. Don’t smoke 4. Exercise 5. Limit the amount of sodium intake