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Chapter 4
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Guiding Question: What are the components of the integumentary system?
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Not just a covering for the body Largest organ Blood vessels, connective tissue structures, glands, hair, nails, nerves, skin Plays a large role in homeostasis Has inherent and adaptive characteristics Calluses Darken in sun Elasticity Sensitive to moisture
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Guiding Questions: 1.) What embryonic layers form the integumentary system? 2.) Describe the development of the integumentary system. 3.) What are some various causes of hair loss?
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4-5 weeks: outermost layer of skin form a simple squamous tissue that becomes stratified as the embryo develops from the ectoderm In some areas forms nervous tissue that later becomes integrated into the skin structure. 6-7 weeks: deeper parts of skin begin to form from mesoderm. 8-9 wks: mesenchyme begins to mature and fibroblasts form, and dents occur in the upper squamous layer—form lanugo. 10 weeks: ridges form between the outer and inner layers of skin—so don’t separate when rubbed 11 weeks: small nails at the tips of fingers & toes, followed by development of special blood vessels in the layers of skin Angiogenic factors stimulate the production of these vessels 20 weeks: Glandular structures form Inward growths of the outermost squamous cell layer Will eventually produce oils and sweat 25 weeks: Pigmentation About 26 weeks: melanoblasts mature into melanocytes, and nervous tissue structures develop
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Ectoderm & mesoderm in origin Skin is a complex structure Many things can go wrong in its development Let’s make a timeline!
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What are the three major layers of the skin? Describe the basic characteristics of the three major layers of the skin (recommend a chart)
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1. Epidermis: Epithelial Superficial & thinnest cells are very tightly packed New cells produced here 2. Dermis: Connective Deep to epidermis & thick Primarily connective tissue loosely packed cells 3. Subcutaneous/Hypodermis (adipose tissue) Deep to the skin/dermis Layer of insulation
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Outermost: Stratum corneum Dry, dead, keratin filled (waterproof, tough) Stratum Granulosum Waterproof Contains granules of keratin Stratum Spinosum “Prickly” layer Contains Langerhans cells (fight infections)
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Stratum germinativum / basale Cells undergoing mitosis, move up and horizontally Contains malpighian layer or “Pigment layer” with melanosomes Forms epidermal ridges
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Stratum corneum: Dead squamous cells Stratum corneum: Dead squamous cells Stratum Germinativum/ Basale: dividing columnar cells Stratum Spinosum: cuboidal cells, desmosomes hold together >> spiny Stratum Spinosum: cuboidal cells, desmosomes hold together >> spiny Stratum granulosum: Granules with lipids and keratin – forms waterproof layer Stratum granulosum: Granules with lipids and keratin – forms waterproof layer Stratum lucidum: (only in thick skin); oils from lysosome disintegration
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Specialized cells within epidermis: Melanocytes Melanin: pigment, inc. w/sun (protection) Keratinocytes Keratin: tough, waterproof material Abrasion resistance for cells Langerhans cells Immune response against microbes invading the skin
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Second layer of the skin
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Collagen, elastin fibers– scattered
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Dense, irregular connective tissue Loose, connective tissue = areolar connective tissue Binds blood vessels, membranes, muscles, nerves, and skin to other structures Contains extensive meshwork of protein fibers (fibroblasts) Involved primarily in body growth Connective tissue maintenance Wound healing
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Dermal papillae: parallel rows of peg-like projections Unique to each individual; akin to fingerprints
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Third layer of the skin
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Third, innermost layer of the skin Thickness, composition vary throughout body Composed of loosely-arranged elastic fibers that anchor the skin to the fascia Sheet of fibrous connective tissue Covers muscles, skull bones, some organs Large amount of adipose (fat) cells Large network of blood vessels, capillaries, lymphatic vessels
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Glands Nerves Nails Hair
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3 Types: Ceruminous Sebaceous Sweat
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Produce cerumen (waxy secretion), an apocrine secretion (ear wax) Found lining ear canal
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Holocrine glands (secrete whole dead cells) Produce, store abundance of fat, which burst and die, releasing sebum
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Sebaceous Glands Secrete oil (sebum) for hair/skin Ducts open into hair follicles Accumulated sebum enlarges ducts>>white heads Darkened sebum>>black head
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Sudoriferous Glands Eccrine Glands Widespread Watery Fluid Apocrine Glands Armpits/Genitals Thick/milky fluid
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Aprocrine Odorous, sweat-like material in armpits, navel, groin region, areolae Inactive until puberty Contain pheromones Broken down by bacteria, creating odor Eccrine Skin of armpits, foreheads, palms, soles Mostly secrete water, w/ salts, organic compounds, and wastes (like urea) Microbes feed on these as well, producing odors
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Specialized structures: Hair follicle: cells of the epidermis extend into the dermis forming a small tube Hair bulb: base of the follicle Hair papilla: cluster of cells (live); nourished by BV’s Root: part of hair hidden in follicle Shaft: visible part of hair
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Sensory receptors Communicate information from environment to the body Found in all skin layers Mostly in innermost regions, fascia Free nerve endings Pain-sensing structures Found throughout inner part of epidermis Detect chemicals associated with tissue damage and bleeding
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Merkel cells Sensitive to gentle physical sensation Found in stratum germinativum Abundant in fingertips
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Elongated, club-shaped pile of connective tissue Upper region of dermis (in dermal papilla) Respond to touch
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Look like onions Deeper parts of hypodermis Hard pressure, vibrations
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Pressure, constant touch
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Sensitive touch receptors Found mostly in mucous membrane of mouth
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Merely a keratin secretion Nail root Lies beneath skin-nail fold Grow back as long as nail root and skin-nail fold are not severely damaged Grow 1/8 in per month
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Modified stratum corneum Grows from an individual follicle buried in subcutaneous layer
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Specialized Structures (continued) Arrector pili: tiny, smooth muscle attached to base of dermal papillae & side of hair follicle Contracts: pulls on both simultaneously>>goose bumps
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What are the major roles of the integumentary system? What are “commensals”? How does heat regulation in the skin work? How does sensation in the skin work? Briefly describe the three classifications of burns
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Protection Heat regulation Sensation Waste excretion
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The skin protects from: Chemical Damage Can break down connections between cells Can disintegrate cells Sweat dilutes & neutralizes Cerumen and sebum are oily barriers Repels water Repels dangerous chemicals that are dissolved in water Prevents water from escaping the body through the skin.
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The skin protects from: Mechanical Damage Any type of force that can compress, erode, stretch or tear the skin. Loose connective tissue = flexibility Shedding stratum corneum = reduce erosion Calluses, adipose tissue and reticular fibers = shock absorption to minimize compression damage
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The skin protects from Microorganism damage Produce destructive secretions in sebum / sweat Kept in check by chemicals that benefit commensals— ”good” bacteria and yeast that reduce the chance that harmful bacteria will survive on the skin. Shedding of stratum corneum removes microorganisms
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The body’s ability to maintain a constant internal temperature (98.6F) Blood vessels contract / expand Evaporation of the sweat from the surface Adipose tissue is a natural “blanket”
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Sensation: received stimuli from the environment which is interpreted in a way that the brain can comprehend Done by sensory nerves in the skin Cold, heat, injury, pressure, stretching, touch Transducers: nerve cells that convert various environmental messages into body signals.
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Eccrine sweat glands Removes urea, organic chemicals, and excess salts Not as efficient as the Excretory System Other functions Vitamin D production when exposed to sunlight Predictor of a person’s health
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Skin loses ability to maintain homeostasis locally and for the whole body Sun, cooking, acids, bases, corrosive chemicals, electricity, fires, and steam rooms Damage the skin differently Severity of burn is based on the extent of the skin damage.
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Reddening, swelling Superficial damage Steam, sun
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Damage to Strata spinosum & basale Blisters, reddening, swelling and fluid build up under the epidermis
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Entire epidermis affected, could be missing so stratum basale not available Damage to dermis: nerve cell loss Pain registers b/c histamine from immune system is released in response to the damage. Susceptible to dehydration, loss of body heat, and infection
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Skin entirely damaged; bone, muscle underlying skin damaged as well. (Too graphic to show)
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