1. NATS 101 Lecture 11 Air Pressure Plastic bottle sealed at 14,000’; crushed at 1,000’. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure

2. Recoil Force What is Air Pressure? Pressure = Force/Area What is a Force? It’s like a push/shove In an air filled container, pressure is due to molecules pushing the sides outward by recoiling off them

3. Air Pressure Concept applies to an “air parcel” surrounded by more air parcels, but molecules create pressure through rebounding off air molecules in other neighboring parcels Recoil Force

4. Air Pressure At any point, pressure is the same in all directions But pressure can vary from one point to another point Recoil Force

5. Higher density at the same temperature creates higher pressure by more collisions among molecules of average same speed Higher temperatures at the same density creates higher pressure by collisions between faster moving molecules

6. Ideal Gas Law Relation between pressure, temperature and density is quantified by the Ideal Gas Law P(mb)=Const(mb m 3 /kg/K)  d(kg/m 3 )  T(K) Where P is pressure in millibars (mb) Where d is density in kilograms/meter 3 (kg/m 3 ) Where T is temperature in Kelvin (K) Where Const=2.87 is a constant (mb m 3 /kg/K) (Parenthetical expressions are units)

7. Ideal Gas Law Ideal Gas Law is complex P(mb) = Const  d(kg/m 3 )  T(K) P(mb) = 2.87 mb m 3 /kg/K  d(kg/m 3 )  T(K) If you change one variable, the other two will change. It is easiest to understand the concept if one variable is held constant while varying the other two

8. Ideal Gas Law P = constant  d  T (constant) With T constant, Ideal Gas Law reduces to  P varies with d  Boyle's Law Denser air has a higher pressure than less dense air at the same temperature Why? You give the physical reason at home.

9. Ideal Gas Law P = constant  d (constant)  T With d constant, Ideal Gas Law reduces to  P varies with T  Guy Lussac’s Law Warmer air has a higher pressure than colder air at the same density Why? You answer the underlying physics.

10. Ideal Gas Law P (constant) = constant  d  T With P constant, Ideal Gas Law reduces to  T varies with 1/d  Charles Law Colder air is more dense (d big, 1/d small) than warmer air at the same pressure Why? Again, you reason the mechanism.

11. Summary Ideal Gas Law Relates Temperature-Density-Pressure Fundamental Relationship that governs the state of air in our atmosphere

12. Pressure-Temperature-Density 9.0 km 300 mb 1000 mb 400 mb 500 mb 600 mb 700 mb 800 mb 900 mb MinneapolisHouston 9.0 km Pressure Decreases with height at same rate in air of same temperature Constant Pressure (Isobaric) Surfaces Slopes are horizontal

13. Pressure-Temperature-Density Pressure (vertical scale highly distorted) Decreases more rapidly with height in cold air than in warm air Isobaric surfaces will slope downward toward cold air Slope increases with height to tropopause, near 300 mb in winter 8.5 km 9.5 km 300 mb 1000 mb 400 mb 500 mb 600 mb 700 mb 800 mb 900 mb MinneapolisHouston COLD WARM

14. Pressure-Temperature-Density 8.5 km 9.5 km 300 mb 1000 mb 400 mb 500 mb 600 mb 700 mb 800 mb 900 mb MinneapolisHouston H L LH Pressure Higher along horizontal red line in warm air than in cold air Pressure difference is a non-zero force Pressure Gradient Force or PGF (red arrow) Air will accelerate from column 2 towards 1 Pressure falls at bottom of column 2, rises at 1 Animation SFC pressure risesSFC pressure falls PGF COLD WARM

15. Summary Ideal Gas Law Implies Pressure decreases more rapidly with height in cold air than in warm air. Consequently….. Horizontal temperature differences lead to horizontal pressure differences! And horizontal pressure differences lead to air motion…or the wind!

16. Surface Weather Maps NATS 101 Lecture 11 Surface Weather Maps

17. N. Pacific Pressure Analysis (isobars every 4 mb) Pressure varies by 1 mb per 100 km horizontally or 0.0001 mb per 10 m 2000 km

18. Review: Pressure-Height Remember Pressure falls very rapidly with height near sea-level 3,000 m 701 mb 2,500 m747 mb 2,000 m 795 mb 1,500 m846 mb 1,000 m899 mb 500 m955 mb 0 m1013 mb 1 mb per 10 m height Consequently………. Vertical pressure changes from differences in station elevation dominate horizontal changes

19. Station Pressure Pressure is recorded at stations with different altitudes Station pressure differences mostly reflect height differences Wind is forced by horizontal pressure differences Since true horizontal pressure changes are 1 mb per 100 km We adjust station pressures to one standard horizontal level: Mean Sea Level Ahrens, Fig. 6.7

20. Reduction to Sea-Level-Pressure Sea Level Pressure Station pressures are adjusted to Sea Level Pressure Make altitude correction of 1 mb per 10 m elevation Ahrens, Fig. 6.7

21. Correction for Tucson Elevation of Tucson AZ is ~800 m Station pressure at Tucson runs ~930 mb So SLP for Tucson would be SLP = 930 mb + (1 mb / 10 m)  800 m SLP = 930 mb + 80 mb = 1010 mb

22. Correction for Denver Elevation of Denver CO is ~1600 m Station pressure at Denver runs ~850 mb So SLP for Denver would be SLP = 850 mb + (1 mb / 10 m)  1600 m SLP = 850 mb + 160 mb = 1010 mb Actual pressure corrections take into account temperature and pressure-height variations, but 1 mb / 10 m is a good approximation

23. Local Example to Try at Home The station pressure at PHX is ~977 mb. The station pressure at TUS is ~932 mb. Which station has the higher SLP?

24. Sea Level Pressure Values Ahrens, Fig. 6.3 (October, 2005) Wilma 882 mb (26.04 in.)

25. Summary Because horizontal pressure differences are the force that drives the wind Station pressures are adjusted to one standard level…Mean Sea Level…to remove the dominating impact of different elevations on pressure change

26. Ahrens, Fig. 6.7 PGF

27. Key Points Air Pressure Force / Area (Recorded with Barometer) Ideal Gas Law Relates Temperature, Density and Pressure Pressure Changes with Height Decreases More Rapidly in Cold air than Warm Station Pressure Reduced to Mean-Sea-Level to Mitigate the Dominate Impact of Altitude on Pressure Change

28. Surface Maps Pressure reduced to Mean Sea Level is plotted and analyzed for surface maps. Estimated from station pressures Actual surface observations for other weather elements (e.g. temperatures, dew points, winds, etc.) are plotted on surface maps. NCEP/HPC Daily Weather Map

30. Next Lecture Assignment Newton’s Laws, Upper-Air Maps Reading - Ahrens 3rd: 146-155 4th: 148-157 5th: 148-156 Problems - D2L (Due Wednesday Mar 3) 3rd-Pg 162: 6.09, 10, 12, 13, 17, 19, 22 4th-Pg 164: 6.09, 10, 12, 13, 17, 19, 22 5th-Pg 165: 6.10, 11, 13, 14, 18, 20, 23