1. Social Science 3

3.  Peace of Augsburg  Each prince would determine the religion of his subjects.  LUTHERAN  CATHOLIC  CALVINIST ???

4.  After the peace treaty  Suspicion (Catholic and Lutheran princes) Each tried to gain followers Both were threatened by Calvinism. Protestant Union (1608) Catholic League (1609)

5.  1618  Ferdinand II, future Holy Roman Emperor, head of the Hapsburg family  Ruled the Czech kingdom of Bohemia In Bohemia, Protestants did not trust Ferdinand Protestants revolted after their churches were closed down. Ferdinand sent an army to Bohemia Protestant princes then challenged their Catholic emperor

6.  Religion  Territory  Power among European families

7.  Hapsburg Triumphs  Hapsburg Defeats

8.  1618-1630  Hapsburg was winning in the first 12 years.  Spain and Austria = crushed troops of Protestant princes  Put down Czech uprising and defeated German Protestants who supported Czechs.  Ferdinand II to his men (125,000):  OK to plunder, rob German villages

9. “In this frenzied rage, the great and splendid city that had stood like a fair princess in the land was now...given over to the flames, and thousands of innocent men, women, and children, in the midst of a horrible din of heartrending shrieks and cries, were tortured and put to death in so cruel and shameful a manner that no words would suffice to describe it nor no tears to bewail it.” Otto von Guericke

10.  Gustavus Adolphus – Protestant  Drove the Hapsburg armies out of northern Germany  Killed in battle in 1632.

11.  1630-1648  France (Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin)  Dominated the remaining years of the war  Feared the Hapsburg more than the Protestants  1635, Richelieu sent French troops to join the German and Swedish Protestants against the Hapsburg armies.

12.  Ended the 30yrs War  Germany : severely damaged  Consequences of the Peace of Westphalia  Weakened Spain and Austria  Strengthened France (territory from Germany)  German princes now independent from the Holy Roman emperor  Ended religious wars in Europe  Introduced a new method of peace negotiation

13. Europe became a group of independent states that could negotiate for themselves

14.  Poland  Holy Roman Empire  Ottoman Empire

15. Western EuropeCentral Europe MIDDLE AGES: Serfs won freedom and moved to towns. LANDED ARISTOCRACY Middle-class gained economic power (thanks to commercial revolution and capitalism) Restrictions on serfs’ freedom Monarchs taxed towns. -- raise armies and reduce the influence of nobility Production of large harvests that would give them great profit.

16.  In Central Europe  Landowning nobles blocked development of strong kings Polish king Nobility elected the king Limited his power Had little income No law courts No standing army

17.  Ottoman Empire  No longer able to take European conquest (Suleiman the Magnificent)  Holy Roman Empire  Thirty Years War 2 German-speaking families would try to gain power in Central Europe, becoming absolute rulers themselves.

18.  The Hapsburgs of Austria

19.  Austria  After the Thirty Years War, the country remained the most powerful and important state within the Holy Roman Empire.

20.  Austrian Hapsburg’s road to absolutism:  FIRST During the Thirty Years War Hapsburgs wiped out Protestantism and reconquered Bohemia Created a Czech nobility that were loyal to them  SECOND After the Thirty Years War Hapsburg ruler centralized the government and created a standing army  THIRD 1699 Hapsburgs retook Hungary from the Ottomans

21.  Charles VI  1711  Hapsburg ruler  Difficult empire to rule  1 Austrian ruler wore Austrian, Hungarian, and Bohemian crowns kept the empire together  Persuaded other leaders of Europe to sign an agreement that declared they would recognize Charles’s eldest daughter as the heir to all his Hapsburg territories.

22.  1717-1780  Able ruler  Devoted herself to her family  She married for love  Gave birth to 16 children, 10 reached adulthood  “The peasantry must be able to sustain itself”

23. THE HOHENZOLLERNS

24.  Built up their state from small holdings (Brandenburg and Prussia)  Frederick William  The “Great Elector” of Brandenburg, later would be known as KING  Way to ensure safety: STRONG ARMY  This paved way for his and his descendants’ absolute rule

25.  Junkers- Prussia’s landowning nobility  Resisted the growing power of the king.  Frederick William I solved this dilemma by: Gave Junkers the exclusive right to be officers in his army Prussia, in effect, became a military society.

26.  The son of Frederick William, Frederick the Great loved: music, philosophy, and poetry.  His father was very worried.  He punished Frederick the Great.  The son followed his father’s military policies. But he “softened” some of his father’s laws.  “A ruler should be like a father to his people”.

28. Into tears, my father, that’s how I want to melt away, when thinking that this letter will cause the greatest grief to a faithful father's heart. That all the hopes for my future welfare and its comfort in old age has to disappear at once; that all applied effort and diligence for my upbringing to the maturity of the desired happiness even have been in vain; yes – that I will have to bow in the prime of my years without presenting to you in this world the fruits of my efforts and my achieved sciences. How didn't I think to ascend the world and make your conceived hope one satisfied; how didn't I think that I will not lack of happiness and well- being; how wasn't I occupied from the certainty of my reputation.

29. But all in vain! How futile man's thoughts are: At once everything is falling apart; and how sadly is the scenery of my life coming to an end; and how is my current state distinguished from that with which my thoughts have gone; I must – instead of promenading the way of honor and reputation – walk the path of disgrace and a shameful death. [..] Get strong again my father, and believe me, God is with me in this game, without whose will nothing happens, not even a sparrow on the earth may fall! [...] Meanwhile, I thank you with filial respect for all the father loyalty shown to me, from my childhood to the present hour [...] Now nothing is left for me but to close with this consolation: Even though, my father, you haven't experienced anything high and distinguished from me in this world, oh! so please be assured that you will find even higher in heaven. Your faithful until death son. Hans Hermann

31.  War of the Austrian Succession  Seven Years’ War

33.  Frederick wanted Silesia (Austrian land) which bordered Prussia.  Silesia- iron ore, textiles, and food products.  Thought Maria Theresa was a woman = she would not be forceful to defend her lands.

34.  Journeyed to Hungary to ask Hungarian nobles for military aid.  They pledged Maria Theresa an army.  Great Britain also sided with Austria against Prussia (and France).

35.  Austria lost Silesia at the Treaty of Aix-la- Chapelle in 1748.