3. CNS Outer Coverings –Brain cranial bones –Spinal Cord vertebrate Inner Coverings –________________ Dura mater Arachnoid membrane Pia mater

4. Meninges Dura Mater –Outer layer –_________, white fibrous tissue Arachnoid Membrane –Middle layer –_______________, cobwebby ____ Mater –Inner layer (adheres to outer surface of brain and spinal cord) –Transparent –Contains blood vessels

5. Meninges Spaces Epidural Space –Between dura mater and bony covering of brain and spinal cord –Supportive cushion of ___ Subdural Space –Between dura mater and arachnoid membrane –Lubricating serous _______ Subarachnoid Space –Between arachnoid and pia mater –Contains cerebrospinal fluid (_____)

6. Pia Mater Arachnoid Membrane Dura Mater Epidural Space Subdural Space Subarachnoid Space sc vertebrate Pia Arachnoid Dura Subarachnoid Space (contains CSF) Subdural Space Epidural Space Falx cerebri – extension of dura mater that extends vertically to separate two hemispheres

9. ___________________ infection/swelling of meninges caused by infection with viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms may also arise due to certain drugs or other diseases. potentially life threatening due to the inflammation's proximity to the brain and spinal cord; it is therefore a medical emergency symptoms –headache and neck stiffness –Fever, confusion or altered consciousness –inability to tolerate light (photophobia) or loud noises (phonophobia). Sometimes, especially in small children, only nonspecific symptoms may be present, such as irritability and drowsiness. If a rash is present, it may indicate a particular cause of meningitis (meningococcal bacteria diagnosed by a spinal tap must be treated promptly with antibiotics and sometimes antiviral drugs In some situations, corticosteroid drugs can also be used to prevent complications from overactive inflammation. can lead to serious long-term consequences such as deafness, epilepsy, hydrocephalus and cognitive deficit, especially if not treated quickly. Some forms of meningitis may be prevented by immunization

10. CSF Provides supportive, protective cushioning Reservoir of circulating fluid Monitored by brain to detect changes in internal environment Located in subarachnoid space and within cavities and canals of brain and spinal cord Average adult has ____ ml of CSF

11. Hydrocephalus “______ _______” Sometimes in the unborn child, the drainage canal for CSF becomes stopped up. The fluid builds up and the pressure causes the brain to expand like a balloon. Causes the child to have a very large head and to be mentally retarded Accompanies diseases (spina bifida, brain tumor, blood clots) –Possible coma or death

13. Spinal Cord Within spinal cavity (vertebral column) Extends from foramen magnum to L 1 Reflex center Dorsal nerve root –carries sensory info _______ spinal cord Ventral nerve root –carries motor info _____ of spinal cord Interneurons – in s.c. ________ matter Spinal nerve – single mixed nerve on each side of s.c where dorsal and ventral nerve roots join

14. Spinal Cord Gray Matter –Extends length of s.c –Consists of _____ ________ of interneurons and motor neurons –Spinal reflex centers located here Incoming sensory, outgoing motor White Matter –Surrounds gray matter –Consists of _________

15. Spinal Cord

16. Brain One of largest organs in adults ____ lbs 6 major divisions –Medulla oblongata –Pons ____________ –Midbrain –Cerebellum –Diencephalon –Cerebrum

18. Brainstem Medulla Oblongata ________ part of brainstem Attaches brain to s.c. just above foramen magnum Reticular Formation – arousal, sleep (damaged=coma) [Reticular Activating System] Controls breathing, heart rate and the activities of the gut Coordinates swallowing, yawning, hiccuping, vomiting, coughing and sneezing Injury often causes ______

19. Brainstem Pons Between medulla and midbrain motor control and sensory analysis Regulate _____________

20. Brainstem Midbrain Above pons, below cerebrum Auditory and visual centers Muscular control

21. Cerebellum 2 nd largest part of brain Numerous ______ (grooves) and _______ (raised area) Acts with cerebral cortex to produce skilled movements (____________) Controls skeletal muscles for balance Controls _________ Subconscious level; automatic processor Impulses travel from cerebellum to cerebrum and muscles to coordinate movement

22. Diencephalon Between cerebrum and midbrain Consists of –Thalamus –Hypothalamus –Optic chiasma –Pineal body

23. Diencephalon Thalamus Major _____ station for sensory impulses on their way to cerebral cortex Sensations –Conscious recognition of pain, temperature, touch –Relay sensory info (except smell) to cerebrum ___________ of pleasant and unpleasantness Complex reflexes

24. Diencephalon Hypothalamus Below thalamus Links mind and body Regulates and coordinates autonomic activities Synthesizes hormones secreted by pituitary gland ________ balance Regulates __________ Maintains normal body ________________

25. Diencephalon Pineal Body Regulates body’s biological clock Produces some hormones –__________

26. Cerebrum Cerebral cortex, cerebral tracts, cerebral nuclei. Four general functions –Consciousness –Language –Emotions –Memory ______ (bumps) and _________ (shallow grooves) ______________ – deep grooves, divides lobes –Longitudinal fissure – divides hemispheres –Central sulcus – between frontal and parietal lobes –Lateral fissure – between temporal and parietal lobes –Parietooccipital fissure – between occipital and parietal lobes Outer surface made up of ___ layers of gray matter Largest and uppermost division of brain Right and left hemispheres –Separated by _________ _______________ Each hemisphere has 4 lobes –Frontal –Parietal –Temporal –occipital Parietooccipital fissure Lateral fissure

27. Frontal lobe Prefrontal: ______________ –And adaptation of the personality to events and experiences –Foresight and imagination –Sense of self Frontal: –main motor areas (originate movement that is coordinated elsewhere) –_____________ Area: speech production

28. Parietal lobe Principle ___________area Touch Proprioception Lesions cause sensory losses Involvement in cognition Receptive speech loss

29. Temporal lobe Cognition Emotion Memory Auditory _______________ area: speech comprehension

30. Occipital lobe _________ Visual processing and visual association Involved in eye movement

31. Limbic System emotion, behavior, long term memory, and olfaction Set of brain structures that forms the inner border of the cortex –Corpus callosum: connects left and right hemispheres –______________: long-term memory; cognitive maps –______________: reward, fear, mating

32. ____________ Hemisphere Language Dominating hand movements Reasoning (tangible data) Positive emotion _____________ Hemisphere Hearing Touch Spatial relationships Nonsymbolic data –Art –Spiritual –Negative emotions

33. busy wave relaxed wave drowsy wave deep sleep wave EEG/ECG Electroencephalogram

35. CNS Disorders Aphasia –loss of _______ Hemiplegia, paraplegia, triplegia, quadriplegia Cerebral palsy –drippling disease involving permanent damage to _______ control areas of the brain Spastic paralysis CVA (cerebrovascular accident) aka ___________________ –cessation or hemorrhage of blood causing neuronal damage Dementia –Alzheimer’s: inherited form of dementia –Huntington’s Disease: affects memory in middle to late adulthood, causing cortex lesions –AIDS Seizures –___________