1. September 8, 1998 Comments: Email… fears and concerns Phone/Fax in office 887- Pre-Test problems The BIG BANG…….. That first second… E = m c 2 Energy to Quarks charges +2/3 and -1/3 Strong Force acts ≤ 10 -15 meters

2. September 8, 1998 2 Formation of Protons, Neutrons, Particles and Anti-particles Formation of Electrons and Positrons Electrical Forces F = k Q q / r 2 Formation of Atoms & Molecules Gravitational Forces F = G M m / r 2 Formation of Quasars, Galaxies, Solar (Polymer Fun)

3. September 8, 1998 3 Evidences for what we know… Telescopes… Existence of galaxies.. velocities, expansion, age Accelerators… elementary particles, energies, bonds, quarks Sizes of small spaces… 10 -18 -- 10 -15 -- 10 -10 m Filling Empty Space Shrinking the Earth

4. September 8, 1998 4 10 -10 m 10 -15 m 10 -10 m About how many neutrons COULD fit within the volume occupied by one atom? _______________

5. September 8, 1998 5 Models of the Universe…the “Laws of Nature” Earth Centered… Aristotle, Ptolemy Earth, Water, Air, Fire.. Falling Cycles in cycles Sun Centered… Coepernicus, Kepler’s Empirical Laws Ellipses, Areas, Periods Galileo’s Experimental Laws Inertia, Falling

6. September 8, 1998 6 Motion of Objects in Gravitational Field Cone Cuts Curved Space Motions in Our Solar System Sun, Earth Moon Periods Sun around galaxy Stars around earth... Earth around sun, spin, seasons Phases of moon, planets

7. September 8, 1998 7 1 light year = 3 x 10^8 meter/sec x1 year x 365 day/year x 24 hour/day x 60 min/hr x 60 sec/min = 9.5 x 10^15 meters = 9,500,000,000,000,000 meters Nearest star = 4.3 light years

8. 8 Big Bang Now ---------------------15 Billion Years--------------------- Stars & Galaxies… 4 - 4x10 8 ly away Quasars… 10 10 ly away Light Cone Strong….Electro-weak….Electricity…. Gravity Earth