1. Nationalism 1850-1914

2. Napoleon III in France France’s Second Republic ◦ Louis Napoleon’s great name ◦ Property owners feared socialism and wanted tough ruler ◦ Gov’t should represent the people ◦ Dismissed the Assembly and elected emperor Napoleon III’s Second Empire ◦ Economic Success: banks, railroads, public works, right to form unions ◦ Middle-class liberals denounced his rule and he responded by liberalizing empire

3. Nation Building in Italy Italian Unification: 3 ideas ◦ Mazzini: republic based on male suffrage and will of people ◦ Gioberti: federation of existing states under presidency of a pope ◦ Looked to autocratic kingdom of Sardinia- Piedmont for leadership  Victor Emmanuel, liberal constitution w/ strong monarch

4. Nation Building in Italy Cavour ◦ Unity for states of northern and central Italy ◦ Highways and railroads, civil liberties and opposition to clerical privilege ◦ Allied with Napoleon III who helped then abandoned him ◦ Returned to power in 1860 and ceded land to France to get Napoleon’s support Garibaldi ◦ Popular support in southern cities and joined Kingdom of Sardinia to unite north and south

5. Nation Building in Germany The Growing Austro-Prussian Rivalry ◦ Growing tension over territory and Austria’s exclusion from customs union (zollverein) ◦ Liberal Parliament vs. William I  William I defies and calls on Otto von Bismarck Bismarck and the Austro-Prussian War ◦ “might makes right” ◦ Attempt to capture northern part of German confederation w/out involving major powers ◦ Prussia won and generous terms to Austria but Prussia was expanding

6. Nation Building in Germany Taming of the Parliament ◦ Federal constitution for new North German Confederation and King of Prussia was president of confederation ◦ Legislature elected by vote but had no power Franco-Prussian War ◦ Patriotic war with France to unite southern states ◦ Issue of succession on Spanish throne ◦ Prussians dominate and severe penalty on France ◦ Terrible relations between French and Germans

7. Russia “Great Reforms” after Crimean War ◦ Freeing of serfs, local gov’t (zemstvo), independent courts and equality before law ◦ Private railway companies, industrial suburbs ◦ Sergei Witte: industrial backwardness held Russia back  railroad, tariffs, westerners Russian Revolution in 1905 ◦ Bloody Sunday at Winter Palace in St. Petersburg ◦ October Manifesto granted full civil rights and Duma ◦ Fundamental Laws  tsar retained powers ◦ Tsar dismissed Duma

8. Ottoman Empire Reforms known as the Tanzimat ◦ Failed to halt growing nationalism ◦ Europe still looked to expand into Ottoman ◦ Increased religious disputes

9. National State: German Empire Chancellor and Reichstag Kulturkampf – attack on Church Eventually abandoned it and passed protectionism legislation  international trade war Controlled socialism Social Welfare programs William II forces Bismarck to resign and socialism gains power but never rises to power

10. France Paris Commune in 1871 after National Assembly gives up Alsace and Lorraine Adolphe Thiers has Commune crushed Third Republic is established as lesser of two evils over Bourbon dynasty Trade unions legalized, colonial expansion, free education were all nation-building tools Dreyfus Affair: Falsely convicted of treason … army and Catholics vs civil libertarians and radical republicans … gov’t cuts ties with church

11. Great Britain and Ireland Second Reform Bill in 1867 gave suffrage to middle-class males; Third Reform Bill in 1884 gave to all House of Commons able to pass People’s Budget to increase social welfare services 1906-1914 saw rapid social welfare programs Irish Catholic Majority in south wanted home rule but Irish Protestants in North did not

12. Austro-Hungarian Empire Hungary ruled as conquered territory and Francis Joseph tried to centralize state and Germanize language and culture Defeat by Prussia in 1866 split empire in half Hungary restored constitution of 1848 and used it until 1914 and only elite could vote ◦ Hungarian language used in schools/gov’t ◦ Destroyed by nationalism

13. Jewish Emancipation By 1871, majority of Jewish people improved economic situation and entered middle class Stock market crash in 1873 led to drastic increase in anti-semitism Zionism: Theodor Herzl  creation of a Jewish state Russia used anti-semitism to displace anger from gov’t to Jews

14. Marxism International Working Men’s Association and Second International ◦ Met every three years Unions and Revisionism ◦ Gradual change and improvement for working class ◦ Workers standard of living rose after 1850 ◦ Unions were acknowledged  Bread-and-butter issues like wages, hours, working conditions

15. Marxism Russians and Austro-Hungarians most radical Germans practiced reformism French talked revolution but never recognized it England looked for gradual reform Spain and Italy very weak