2. RNA

3. RNA is needed to make proteins: RNA is ribonucleic acid and is very similar to DNA except: 1. RNA has ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose sugar 2. RNA has Uracil instead of Thymine 3. RNA is a single strand

4. RNA is needed to make proteins: EUKARYOTES: RNA copies the information from the DNA inside the nucleus then travels outside to the cytoplasm PROKARYOTES: RNA and proteins are made in the cytoplasm

5. RNA is needed to make proteins: Three different types of RNA are involved in making protein: messenger RNA (mRNA) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transfer RNA (tRNA) mRNA carries the message or code outside the nucleus rRNA makes up part of the ribosome tRNA brings the correct amino acids to the ribosome for protein construction

6. Check for Understanding How is RNA different from DNA? What are the three types of RNA involved in making proteins?

7. Check for Understanding How is RNA different from DNA? 1. RNA has ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose sugar 2. RNA has Uracil instead of Thymine 3. RNA is a single strand What are the three types of RNA involved in making proteins? 1. messanger RNA (mRNA) 2. ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 3. transfer RNA (tRNA)

8. Transcription Transcription produces a single-stranded molecule of RNA One strand of DNA is the template or pattern The steps of transcription are: 1. The DNA molecule opens up along a gene 2. RNA nucleotides (A,U,C,G) match up and join the open DNA strand 3. The complete RNA strand is released and moves to the cytoplasm

9. Transcription Transcription is different than replication: 1. Only one strand of DNA is transcribed so only one strand of mRNA is produced 2. The mRNA is released, it does not stay attached to the DNA 3. Many copies of mRNA can be made from a single gene in a short period of time

10. Check for understanding What are the steps of transcription? How is transcription different than replication?

11. Check for understanding What are the steps of transcription? 1. The DNA molecule opens up along a gene 2. RNA nucleotides (A,U,C,G) match up and join the open DNA strand 3. The complete RNA strand is released and moves to the cytoplasm How is transcription different than replication? 1. Only one strand of DNA is transcribed so only one strand of mRNA is produced 2. The mRNA is released, it does not stay attached to the DNA 3. Many copies of mRNA can be made from a single gene in a short period of time

12. Translation Translation is how cells TRANSLATE the language or code of nucleotide bases into the language of amino acids Translation occurs in the cytoplasm at the ribosome If DNA is the cookbook, and mRNA is the recipe, then the ribosome is the kitchen and tRNA is the chef!

13. Translation rRNA is part of the ribosome that attaches to the mRNA tRNA has a triplet of bases on one end and can attach to a single amino acid on the other end tRNA does the translation of bases to amino acids when it matches up with mRNA

15. Brain Break! Link to video that reviews Translation and TranscriptionTranslation and Transcription

16. Translation 1. Translation begins when a ribosome attaches to the beginning of an mRNA molecule 2. A tRNA molecule carrying an amino acid matches up to a complementary triplet on mRNA on the ribosome 3. The ribosome attaches one amino acid to another as it moves along the mRNA molecule 4. The tRNA molecules are released after the amino acids they carry are attached to the growing chain of amino acids 5. The ribosome completes the translation when it reaches the end of the mRNA strand and the newly made protein molecule is released

17. The Central Dogma The process of making proteins is the same in all cells This is the foundation of molecular biology, biochemistry, and genetics DNA RNAProtein Transcription Translation Another YouTube video!

18. Check for understanding Where does translation occur? Which RNA makes up the ribosome? Which RNA is the “recipe?” Which RNA does the actual translation of bases into amino acids? What is the “central dogma” of molecular biology?

19. Check for understanding Where does translation occur? In the cytoplasm Which RNA makes up the ribosome? rRNA Which RNA is the “recipe?” mRNA Which RNA does the actual translation of bases into amino acids? tRNA What is the “central dogma” of molecular biology? DNA RNAProtein TranscriptionTranslation

20. Replication, Transcription, Translation Challenge! Copy this DNA sequence: A - T - G - A - C - G Write the base pairs of the complimentary strand of DNA (replication) Write the complimentary mRNA strand to your new strand (transcription) Use the chart to find the correct amino acids that the tRNA would attach to the protein (translation)

21. The Universal Genetic Code

23. Check your answers: Replication: T - A - C - T - G - C Transcription A - U - G - A - C - G Translation Met (Methionine) and Thr (Threonine)

24. A HISTORY OF DNA (1928) Frederick Griffith Discovers that a “transforming factor” changes harmless bacteria into deadly bacteria (1952) Rosalind Franklin Takes x-ray photographs of DNA (1953) James Watson and Francis Crick Use Franklin’s images to describe the structure of DNA (1962) Watson, Crick, and Wilkins win the Nobel Prize, Franklin has already died from cancer (1958) so she does not get recognition