1. 陳京瑜

2.  In the assessment of many different diseases  Red blood cell production and destruction  Diagnose infection, allergies, and problems with blood clotting

3.  The hemoglobin molecule fills up the red blood cells. It carries oxygen and gives the blood cell its red color.  Measure the amount of hemoglobin in blood  Measure of the blood's ability to carry oxygen throughout the body.  Normal value  Hemoglobin (varies with altitude):  Male: 13.5 to 18.0 gm/dL  Female: 12.0 to 16.0 gm/dL

4.  To find an infection or to see how the body is dealing with cancer treatment.  Normal Value :  WBC : 4,500 to 11,000 cells/mcL  Granulocyte : 1,800 to 7,700 cells/mcL  Lymphocyte : 1,000 to 4,800 cells/mcL  Monocyte : 0 to 800 cells/mcL

5. 24 hrs before Normal value (male)Result Hgb (gm/dL) 15.3 13.5 to 18.0Normal WBC (cells/mcL) 6,3004,500 to 11,000 Normal

6. 6 hrs laterNormal value (male) Result Hgb (gm/dL)20.913.5 to 18.0High WBC (cells/mcL) 30,800 4,500 to 11,000 High Granulocyte (cells/mcL) 29,100 1,800 to 7,700 High Lymphocyte(ce lls/mcL) 1,300 1,000 to 4,800 Normal Monocyte(cells /mcL) 2500 to 800Normal

7.  Above-normal hemoglobin levels may be the result of:  dehydration  excess production of red blood cells in the bone marrow  severe lung disease  several other conditions.

8.  High numbers of WBCs is called leukocytosis  Infectious diseases  Inflammatory disease (such as RA or allergy)  Leukemia  Severe emotional or physical stress  Tissue damage (such as burns)  The use of corticosteroids, underactive adrenal glands, thyroid gland problems, certain medicines, or removal of the spleen

9.  High number of Granulocyte  May indicate bacterial infection.  Acute viral infections  Malignancy, most notably leukemia (it is the main feature of chronic myelogenous leukemia, CML)  Autoimmune disease

10.  In determining if a patient has liver disease or kidney disease, or if not enough protein is being absorbed by the body.  The normal range is 3.4 - 5.4 g/dL.

11.  24 hrs before : 4.5 gm/dL  →Normal  6 hrs after : 2.6 gm/dL  →Low

12.  Lower levels of albumin may indicate:  Ascites  Burns (extensive)  Glomerulonephritis  Liver disease (for example, hepatitis, cirrhosis, or hepatocellular necrosis)  Malabsorption syndromes (for example, Crohn's disease, sprue, or Whipple's disease)  Malnutrition  Nephrotic syndrome

13.  Evaluate respiratory diseases and conditions that affect the lungs.  Determine the effectiveness of oxygen therapy.  Normal Results  PO2 : 80 to 105 mmHg  PCO2 : 38 - 44 mmHg  pH : 7.35 - 7.45  Oxygen saturation (SaO2) : 94 to 100%

14. 2 hrs after transfusion 6 hrs after transfusion NormalResult pO2 3180 to 105Low pCO2 9638 to 44High pH7.3907.35 to 7.45Normal Oxygen saturation <80%94 to 100%Low

15.  Decreased PO2 levels are associated with:  Decreased oxygen levels in the inhaled air  Anemia  Heart decompensation  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease  Restrictive pulmonary disease  Hypoventilation  Increased pCO2 is caused by:  Pulmonary edema  Obstructive lung disease

16.  Oxygen Saturation will fall if:  Inspired oxygen levels are diminished, such as at increased altitudes.  Upper or middle airway obstruction exists (such as during an acute asthmatic attack)  Significant alveolar lung disease exists, interfering with the free flow of oxygen across the alveolar membrane.

17.  National Libarary of Medicine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nlmhome.html http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nlmhome.html  Lab Tests Online http://www.labtestsonline.org/ http://www.labtestsonline.org/  Webmed http://www.webmd.comhttp://www.webmd.com  The Medical Education Division of the Brookside Associates http://www.brooksidepress.org