3. SignificanceNormal valueTest See reduction in thrombocytopenia. 150,000 – 400,000 cells/mm 3 Increased in thrombocytopenia or in qualitative platelet disorders, such as prolonged aspirin intake and von Willebrand’s disease. < 4 min 3 – 9 min Measures extrinsic and common pathways. Prolonged in deficiencies of factors I, II, VI, VII, and X in anticoagulant therapy and liver disease. 11 sec (depends on laboratory control. Result expressed as ratio of test/control) Prolonged with deficiencies in factors VIII, X, XI, and XII (intrinsic) and in common pathway. Also increased in heparin therapy. 35 sec (depends on laboratory control. Results expressed as ratio of test/control)

4. SignificanceNormal valueTest Reduced in some anemias. Increased in polycythemia. 4 – 5 million cells/mm 3 Increased in tissue destructive disorders such as trauma, infections, and malignancies. ♂ < 10 mm/hr ♀ < 20 mm/hr Volume of average red blood cell. Reduced in microcytic anemia. Increased in macrocytic anemia. 82 – 98 μ 3 Hgb content of individual RBC. Reduced in microcytic anemia. Incraesed in macrocytic anemia. 30  g Average amount of Hgb in 100 ml of packed red blood cells. Reduced in hereditary spherocytosis. Decreased in microcytic anemia. 35/dl

5. SignificanceNormal valueTest Increased in diabetes mellitus, Cushing’s disease, acromegaly, stress, and increased epinephrine output. Decreased in pancreatic tumors of islet cells, metabolic defects, advanced cirrhosis, hepatitis, and insulin overdose. 80 – 120 mg/dl Increased in renal failure. Affected by metabolic abnormalities and diet. 10 – 20 mg/ml Intracellular enzyme in hair, liver, and heart. Increased in myocardial infarction. 5 – 50 l mU/ml

6. SignificanceNormal valueTest Seen in patients with active hepatitis B and in patients who are carriers. Normally not present See in primary and secondary stages. Positive 2 – 3 weeks after chancre formation. 100% positive in secondary stage. 80% in later stages. Can see false positive results.

7. SignificanceNormal valueTest Increased in diabetes mellitus. Normal levels two hours after standard glucose load. Should not exceed 2X fasting level and should return to normal within 2 hr. Periodic sampling for 2 hr after glucose load. Increased in hyperparathyroidism and bone malignancies. 8.5 – 10.5 mg/dl Increased in hypoparathyroidism. Decreased in hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, and malabsorption syndromes. 2.5 – 4.5 mg/dl Increased in hyperparathyroidism, Paget’s disease, hepatic disease, tumors of bone, and osteogenesis imperfecta. Reduced in hypophosphatasia, hypothyroidism, and malnutrition. 1.5 – 4.5 Bodansky units

8. SignificanceNormal valueTest Enzyme found in brain, liver, heart, skeletal muscle, and pancreas, tissue destruction causes increase, especially in myocardial infarction and hepatitis. 10 – 150 mU/ml Intracellualr enzyme of hepatocytes. Increased in liver disease (hypatitis). 6 – 36 mU/ml Intracellular enzyme found in many tissues including heart, skeletal muscle, liver, kidney, blood cells, and skin. Increased in tissue-destructive diseases. 90 – 200 mU/ml Breakdown product of bilirubin. Increased in liver disease increased production, and inability to excrete. 0.8 mg/dl Increased in pancreatic and salivary gland disease and bowel obstruction. 60 – 150 somogyi units/dl Increased in kidney failure and breakdown of muscle. 0.7 – 1.4 mg/dl

9. SignificanceNormal valueTest May indicate anemia if reduced, polycythemia if increased. ♂ 14 – 18 g/dl ♀ 12 – 16 g/dl newborn 16 – 19 g/dl children 11 – 16 g/dl Reduced in anemia. Increased in polycythemia. ♂ 40 – 54% ♀ 37 – 47% newborn 49 – 54% children 35 – 49% Increased in bacterial infection, tissue-destructive disease, and some leukemia. Reduced in aplastic anemia, drug-induced myelosuppression, viral infection, and overwhelming bacterial sepsis, cyetic neutropenia 5,000 – 1,000 cells/mm 3

10. SignificanceNormal valueTest Increased in bacterial infection, steroid therapy, following acute hemorrhage. Reduced in aplastic anemia, cyclic neutropenia, cancer chemotheapy, and viral infections, and overwhelming bacterial sepsis. 50 – 70% Increased in certain viral infections, such as mononucleosis. 30 – 40% Increased in some bacteria infections, such as subacute bacterial endocarditis, tuberculosis, and typhoid fever. 3 – 7% Increased in allergy, parasitic infections, Hodgkin’s disease, sarcoidosis, metastatic carcinoma, and chronic skin (outoimmune) diseases. 0 – 5% 0 – 1%