1. Choosing Effective Language Words are the garment with which the speakers clothe their ideas. Choosing the effective language for a speech is like choosing the right clothes for a special occasion.

2. Differences between written language and spoken language 1. Spoken language makes greater use of short simple words 2. S.L. tends to be more concrete 3. S.L. is usually specific 4. S.L. makes greater use of restatement 5. S.L. generally includes fewer unnecessary words

3. Making spoken language clear (some rules/ideas to follow) Short and simple Use concrete language Restate Remove unnecessary words Variety sets the stage

4. Making spoken language clear (some rules/ideas to follow) Contrast and sticky Rhetorical questions demand attention Repetition highlight important Climax emphasis

5. Using figures of speech Figures of speech are phrases and sentences that make a point by stating something that is not literally of exact true. Similes and metaphors Personification Hyperbole Understatement Irony

6. Avoiding Common Problems Watch out for unintentional connotation Use emphasis carefully Word clichés Don’t stereotype Use slang sparingly