1. By: Miranda and Mackenzie

2. Spring of 1960- 1961 Travelled on buses from Washington, D.C., to Jackson, Mississippi

3. Support no violence Giving rights of equality to both races Their goal was to fill all the jail cells Started with 14 people then went to 450 people

4. Buy interstate bus tickets to New Orleans for a week Test federal laws against segregation http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexp erience/freedomriders/watch http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexp erience/freedomriders/watch Started with 14 people then went to 450 people

5. Two riders were beaten and one arrested in South Carolina Before arrival Aniston, Alabama authorities gave permission for the ku klux klan to strike at the buses, riders met a mob of 100 First bus was fire bombed and passengers were forced in angry white mob http://vault.fbi.gov/freedom-riders/freedom-riders-p The FBI has 22 parts of over 100 pages of activity with the Freedom Riders http://vault.fbi.gov/freedom-riders/freedom-riders-p The freedom Riders were arrested for disobeying segregation laws

6. The freedom ride came to an end in the 1960, but was shortly started again in 1961 In Nashville freedom riders drove down to Birmingham, picking up arrested freedom riders along the way In Montgomery, riders were severely beaten by a white mob

7. It is estimated that almost 450 riders participated in one or more Freedom Rides. About 75% were male, and the same percentage were under the age of 30, mostly evenly divided between black and white. " You didn't know what you were going to encounter. You had night riders. You had hoodlums... You could be antagonized at any point in your journey.” ~ Charles Person, Freedom Rider

8. In September 1961, passengers were permitted to sit wherever they pleased on interstate buses and trains, "white" and "colored" signs came down in the terminals, separate drinking fountains, toilets, and waiting rooms were consolidated, and the lunch counters began serving people regardless of race. The FBI will not say how many of the Freedom Riders were severely injured or killed.

9. Smyer’s motivations were complex, but unquestionably they include his personal encounters with the array of forces that today we recognize as globalization. On May 7, 1963, Sidney W. Smyer stood up during a secret meeting, announced “I’m a segregationist, but I’m not a damn fool,” and handed the US civil rights movement a watershed victory. http://publicculture.org/articles/view/23/3/cultural-globalization-and-the-us-civil-rights- movement This international flow of media images amplified the effects of other transnational flows — other “scapes,” in Appadurai’s well-known terminology — that inflected the self-and place-fashioning of Birmingham’s local subjects. As commodities, people, and media images flowed into and out of the city with increasing scope and intensity, their movements eroded the rituals of deference and spatial taboo that embodied segregation. Among movement activists, for example, the city’s new contexts revealed kinships in places like Addis Ababa, Mecca, and New Delhi