2. Bucket Review Conservatives, Moderates, Radicals What type of government did each party support in France? When did their specific type of government come about? Hint: democracy, monarchy, republic, constitutional monarchy, oligarchy, aristocracy

3. The Age of Napoleon

4. Fun Facts  He was not rich; he went to military school on a scholarship.  May have been taller than the average European  Hand-in-waistcoat pose.  “A good sketch is better than a long speech”  Married Josephine & her daughter married his brother  A newspaper affair  2 nd wife Marie Louise  Napoleonic Code & pigs

5. Limited Republic: The Directory  New Constitution (again) - brought government under the control of the wealthy MIDDLE CLASS  Universal male suffrage ended  Only men with property could vote  Executive Council of 5 men called Directors  2-house legislature (bicameral)  Government was corrupt  Both Royalists & Jacobins were dissatisfied with the new government

6. Napoleon during the Directory  Put down a royalist revolt in Paris  Became the war hero  Led France to victory against Austria  Captured Egypt to cut off British trade with India

7. Hero or Villain?

8. OH SO HUMBLE….. “… let that impatiently awaited savior give a sudden sign of his existence, and the people’s instinct will divine him and call upon him… a whole great nation, flying to see him pass, will seem to be saying: ‘Here is the man’…. A consecutive series of great actions never is t he result of chance and luck; it always is the product of planning and genius.” Napoleon Coup d'état: Napoleon changed the name of the Directory to the Consulate (borrowed from Rome) and named himself First Consul – two years later he crowned himself Emperor of France.

9. Those who did not agree that he was the savior, saw him more as the devil.

10. The Consulate New Constitution: Executive Branch; 3 Consuls Napoleon: First Consul; had concentrated power 1802: Napoleon named himself Consul for Life Approved by Plebiscite (popular vote) (99.9%)

11. Hero or Villain?

12. Reforms to Restore Order  Centralized Government: replaced elected local officials with appointed men  Education under Government: created central board of education to govern secondary schools & universities  Bank of France: everyone paid taxes, government made loans to businesses, leveled inflation  New Law Code:  The Napoleonic Code

13. PROS  Retained equality of all citizens before the law  Religious toleration  Advancement based on merit  Guaranteed trial by jury Napoleonic Code: Pros & Cons CONS  No freedom of speech or press (censorship!)  Codified inferior status of women; males given extensive authority over wives & children  Heavy taxes to pay for programs & military

14. Peace with the Catholic Church Concordat of 1801 –The State got to keep the church lands that were confiscated by the first phase of the Revolution. –Catholicism was recognized as the majority religion in France. –Toleration of other religions –Church stayed out of national affairs

15. 1804 – Napoleon named the Emperor of France! Invites the Pope but... crowns himself Emperor! Again approved by plebiscite!!!!

16. Hero or Villain?

17. Homework 1.Finish Reading Through Slides & Fill in Sheet 2.Write Traitor, Hero, Warmonger, Corrupt, or Megalomaniac next to Each New Underlined Topic. 3.Read & Summarize the Congress of Vienna. 1.What was it? 2.Why was it important?

18. Military Reorganization  Confederation of the Rhine: An alliance of all of the German states except Austria and Prussia.  Created Poland out of Prussia & Austria  Napoleon put his relatives on the thrones of Spain, Holland, Kingdom of Italy, Swiss Republic, the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and the Confederation of the Rhine. (resentment & nationalism)  Applied Napoleonic Code

19. Warm-Up 2/10 1) Which of the following was NOT a reason for which the public supported Napoleon’s seizure of power? a)He was a famous & tremendously successful military leader b)He preserved equality before the law c)He was a member of the French royal family & was next in line for the French throne d)People wanted stability, order and protection 2) Napoleon used the plebiscite to gain support for his reforms: “plebiscite” refers to: a)Propaganda designed to influence public opinion b)A popular vote by the public c)Use of force, such as secret police, to get public support d)A court order requiring all citizens to take an oath of loyalty to the government 1) Which of the following was NOT a reason for which the public supported Napoleon’s seizure of power? a)He was a famous & tremendously successful military leader b)He preserved equality before the law c)He was a member of the French royal family & was next in line for the French throne d)People wanted stability, order and protection 2) Napoleon used the plebiscite to gain support for his reforms: “plebiscite” refers to: a)Propaganda designed to influence public opinion b)A popular vote by the public c)Use of force, such as secret police, to get public support d)A court order requiring all citizens to take an oath of loyalty to the government

20. Napoleon’s Empire

21. Road to Ruin 1805 Battle of Trafalgar – defeated by British Navy at the strait of Gibraltar; Napoleon’s 1 st loss This loss prevented a direct French invasion of Britain

24. The Grand Alliance  Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria  Napoleon saw the British as his greatest threat. –He started the Continental System: a blockade of British goods. –Britain responded by finding new markets in Asia, Africa and the Middle East & not allowing ships to France –Hurt French trade

25.  Guerillas led attacks against Napoleon  Resentment ignited feelings of nationalism – overthrew French occupation with British aid Spanish Rebellions

26. Oops! Napoleon made a mistake when he attacked Russia and got stuck in the infamous Russian Winter. –Scorched Earth Policy. –560,000 men died or were taken prisoner. Napoleon’s Army Entering Russia… Napoleon’s Army Leaving Russia.

27. Exile  Battle of Leipzig – Napoleon lost to the combined forces of Austria, Russia, Prussia & Sweden  Napoleon abdicated the throne  Exiled to Elba  Returns from exile & reigns again as emperor for 100 DAYS!!!!!

28. Waterloo  Napoleon defeated (again!) by Great Britain, Prussia & Netherlands (June 1815)  Napoleon is exiled (again!) & placed under house arrest on island of Saint Helena

33. Congress of Vienna 1814-1815

34. Peace settlementPeace settlement Legitimacy: restore “legal” government (hereditary monarchy)Legitimacy: restore “legal” government (hereditary monarchy) Compensation: reward nations that helped to defeat NapoleonCompensation: reward nations that helped to defeat Napoleon Goals of the Congress

35. Balance of power: agreed to keep any one country from becoming too powerfulBalance of power: agreed to keep any one country from becoming too powerful Surround France with strong countriesSurround France with strong countries Goals of the Congress

36. Quadruple Alliance AustriaAustria PrussiaPrussia RussiaRussia Great BritainGreat Britain Prince Clemens von Metternich