1. The American West

2. White People Move West Mining, Ranching, Farming, & Fighting

3. Mining  Young, single men  Desire to strike it rich  Some small prospectors made fortunes  Most money made by large mining corporations.  Mining towns had high populations of foreigners.  Environmental destruction due to blasting, chemicals, and water pollution.  The added gold (and silver)  Boosted U.S. economy  Increased foreign investment  Stimulated U.S. involvement in global economy

4. Cattle Drives, Ranching, & Open Range  Cattle drives were a major economic activity in the American west, particularly between 1866 and 1886.  Approx 20 million cattle were herded from Texas to railheads in Kansas for shipments to stockyards in Chicago and points east.  “A steer worth $4 in Texas was worth $14 in Kansas and $40 in New York”  By 1877, the largest of the cattle-shipping boom towns, Dodge City, Kansas, shipped out 500,000 head of cattle

5. New Technology Eases Farm Labor Reduced labor force needed for harvest. Allows farmers to maintain larger farms. Mechanized Reaper Keeps cattle from trampling crops and uses a minimal amount of lumber, which was scarce on the plains. Barbed Wire Allows cultivation of arid land by using drought-resistant crops and various techniques to minimize evaporation. Dry Farming Allows farmers to cut through dense, root-choked sod. Steel Plow Smoothes and levels ground for planting. Harrow Powers irrigation systems and pumps up ground water. Steel Windmill Cross-breeding of crop plants, which allows greater yields and uniformity. Hybridization Keeps cattle from trampling crops and uses a minimal amount of lumber, which was scarce on the plains. Improved Comm. Array of multiple drills used to carve small trenches in the ground and feed seed into the soil. Grain Drill Farms controlled by large businesses, managed by professionals, raised massive quantities of a single cash crop. Bonanza Farm

6. An Increase in Migrant Population brings… The Decimation of the Buffalo Violent Confrontations over land with the Indigenous &

7. The near-extinction of the bison  Buffalo were hunted for sport, for their valuable furs, and as an intentional way to hurt Indian tribes that relied on the animal for survival.

8. Violent Confrontations  The Apache  After 2 decades of fighting,the government forced Cochise to agree to move his tribe to a reservation.  1/2 of the Apache complied the other half led by Geronimo, escaped to the hills of Mexico.  2 years later in 1887, Geronimo surrenders and confesses on his deathbed that he regretted it.  The Navajo  Kit Carson, a famous Army officer, led a campaign burning Navajo farms, stealing livestock, and destroying villages.  3,000 Navajo’s surrendered and hundreds died being marched to the reservation and hundreds more died of starvation due to corrupt government agents.

9. Violent Confrontations  Nez Perce  When gold was found on their territory the Nez Perce agreed to move to a reservation near their traditional lands in central Idaho.  Battle of Bear Paw Mountain  “From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever.” – Chief Joseph  Cheyenne  Sand Creek Massacre  Chief Black Kettle believing his people had amnesty raised the American flag and white flag to General Chivington.  150 Cheyenne were brutally massacred and scalped…100 of which were women and children.

10. Nez Perce  When gold was found in the Nez Perce land of Idaho and Oregon Government moved them to reservations.  Chief Joseph agreed to go to a reservation in Idaho in 1877.  While on route a few warriors killed some settlers over a horse dispute.  Joseph realized retaliation was coming led the tribe to Canada  30 miles short of Canada they were attacked by federal troops.  After 4 days of fighting and many women and children killed the Nez Perce surrendered.  The Nez Perce were removed to reservations in Oklahoma.

11. Cheyenne (1860-1870) General Chivington Black Kettle The Sand Creek Massacre Chief Black Kettle believing his people had amnesty raised the American flag and white flag to General Chivington. Chivington who had faced criticism from the press for not engaging in battle, ordered his troops to attack. 150 Cheyenne were brutally massacred and scalped. 100 of which were women and children…

12. Warring Sioux  Several Sioux tribes fought to stay on their land and protect their hunting grounds  Captain Fetterman v Red Cloud  Red Cloud’s forces appear outside Fetterman’s command. Fetterman gives chase, only to be ambushed killing 83 soldiers..  Red Cloud is able to negotiate a treaty (1868) giving the Sioux their hunting grounds from the Black Hills to the Bozeman trail.  Sitting Bull  Leader of non-treaty Sioux  Strong fighting expertise

13. Little Bighorn  Army moved to assault roaming Sioux in 1876  600 troops marched on Little Bighorn River  Custer separated his men and sent half of his forces straight into battle  This group and the rest were wiped out by Cheyenne and Sioux  Defeat angered the army who became even more ruthless

14. Battle of the Little Bighorn (Custer’s Last Stand)

15. Wounded Knee  The Dawes Act changed the Natives way of life and in despair they turned to Wovoka in 1890  The Ghost Dance  The reservation officials became alarmed by the dance and arrested Sitting Bull as the leader of the movement.  In response the Sioux gathered at a creek called Wounded Knee in South Dakota and were confronted by the army. In the battle 150 Sioux and 25 soldiers were killed.  More than 300 Indians killed in minutes

16. Wounded Knee  The last conflict of the “Indian Wars”  December 29 th, 1890

17. US Indian Territory Lost 1784 - 1870

18. NATIVE AMERICAN TERRITORY IN THE WEST, 1890

19. A Century of Dishonor  Helen Hunt Jackson  Documented the mistreatment of Native Americans and outlined the broken promises of the United States. “It makes little difference… where one opens the record of the history of Indians; every page and every year has a dark stain.”

20. The Dawes Act (1887)  Congressman Henry Dawes, author of the act, once expressed his faith in the civilizing power of private property with the claim that to be civilized was to "wear civilized clothes...cultivate the ground, live in houses, ride in Studebaker wagons, send children to school, drink whiskey and own property."  The law aimed to give Native Americans private individual ownership of land, eliminate their nomadic lifestyle, and encourage them to become farmers.  The law broke up the reservations in an attempt to end tribal identification.  Native American children were sent to white-run boarding schools for de- culturization and assimilation.  The plan failed and speculators acquired most of the valuable land with Natives receiving land that was often dry and ill-suited for farming.

21. Assimilation and the Indian Schools  Attempted to ‘save the Indian’ by making them assimilate into American culture, manners and customs  The Carlisle Indian Industrial School founded by Richard Henry Pratt in 1879 was the first Indian boarding school established.  Haskell Institute was founded in Lawrence, KS in 1884 (22 Students)  Formed by people who empathized with the plight of the Indians and wanted a “humanitarian” solution

22. “Kill the Indian, Save the Man”

23. Land Grant Colleges  Morrill Acts (1862 and 1890) – funded educational institutions by granting federally controlled land to states for them to sell and raise funds to establish “land-grant” colleges.  Mission of these schools was to focus on teaching of practical agriculture, science, military science, and engineering (but didn’t necessarily exclude classical studies)  The was a contrast of the liberal arts model and a response to the changing demands of the United States population

24. History of Haskell  1884 : Formed as the United States Indian Industrial Training School, the school opened for 22 students, a number that increased to 400 within one semester. According to the university's website, the early trades for boys included tailoring, wagon making, blacksmithing, harness making, painting, shoe making, and farming. Girls studied cooking, sewing and homemaking. Most of the students' food was produced on the Haskell farm, and students were expected to participate in various industrial duties.  1887 : Name changed to Haskell Institute to honor Dudley Haskell, the U.S. Representative responsible for the school being in Lawrence. Under a semi-military system, students wore uniforms, marched to classes and exercised regularly. Facilities included a brig, or jail for unruly students.Dudley HaskellU.S. Representative  1894 : 606 students from 36 states.  1927 : High school classes were accredited by the state of Kansas, and Haskell also began offering post high school courses in a variety of areas.  1965 : Haskell graduated its last high school class.  1970 : Haskell began offering a junior college curriculum and changes its name to Haskell Indian Junior College.  1988 : Planning begins for the transformation from a junior college into a baccalaureate-degree granting university and national center for Indian education, research, and cultural preservation.  1993 : The Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs, Ada Deer, approves the vision developed by and for Haskell, and the junior college's name is changed to Haskell Indian Nations University. Haskell offers its first four-year baccalaureate degree program in elementary teacher education.Ada Deer  1998 : Haskell begins to offer baccalaureate degrees in American Indian studies, Business Administration, and Environmental Sciences.  Indigenous Philosophy & Religion, Social Work, & Environmental & Scientific Justice are now offered.

26. Populism & The Election of 1896 An Agrarian Revolt?

27. The Background Farmers Establish the American Midwest The Homestead Act of 1862 Settlers could acquire as much as 160 acres of land by applying for land… Promising to live on it for 5 years Improve it Pay ~$30 to file for the deed. You could not have previously taken up arms against the US.

28. Farmers in Protest After the War farming expanded and as more land was cultivated supplies grew faster than demand which caused prices to fall while the farmers costs of transporting their goods to market, for seed, and for equipment all rose. After the Civil War farming expanded and as more land was cultivated supplies grew faster than demand which caused prices to fall while the farmers costs of transporting their goods to market, for seed, and for equipment all rose. 1.Railroads, because they engaged in pools and rebates. 2.Eastern manufacturers because they charged high prices for their products. 3.Bankers because of their lending practices and a money supply based on gold. Farmers blamed their troubles on three groups:

29. The Grange Offered farmers education, fellowship, and support encouraged economic self- sufficiency. It set-up cash only cooperatives in an attempt to end buying on credit that burdened farmers with debt they often could not pay. Worked to gets states to limit railroad rates and did get many laws passed. The railroads put pressure on the state legislatures and the laws were repealed. The Grange also failed as farmers, always short of cash, had to borrow money until their next crop was sold. The Grange was replaced by Farmers Alliances. Farmers began to organize to solve their problems. In a short time they created a political movement. The movement started with local self help groups that eventually became called the National Grange

30. Begun in the late 1880s Built upon the ashes of the Grange. More political and less social than the Grange. The plan would reduce the power railroads, merchants, and banks had over them by offering the farmers federal protection. Ran candidates for office. Controlled 8 state legislatures & had 47 representatives in Congress during the 1890s. Their platform, the Ocala Demands, were the 7 guiding principals of the party. The Farmer’s Alliance

31. The Populist (People’s) Party Founded by James B. Weaver and Tom Watson. Appealed to poor, cotton farmers in the South and hard-pressed wheat farmers in the plains states Omaha, NE Convention in July, 1892. Got 1 million popular votes in the Presidential Election. Several Congressional seats won. James B. Weaver, Presidential Candidate & James G. Field, VP

32. 1. System of “sub-treasuries.” 2. Abolition of the National Bank. 3. Direct election of Senators. 4. Govt. ownership of RRs, telephone & telegraph companies. 5. Government-operated postal savings banks. 6. Restriction of undesirable immigration. 7. 8-hour work day for government employees. 8. Abolition of the Pinkerton detective agency. 9. Australian secret ballot. 10. Re-monitization of silver. 11. A single term for President & Vice President. Omaha Platform

33. Frederick Jackson Turner’s Frontier Thesis

34. The Populists A Party of the People The issues the Populists endorsed were: Banking Reform. The Populists believed that much of their economic hardship had been caused by bankers' unfair practices. Government Ownership of the Railroads. During the Theodore Roosevelt administration, steps were taken toward reform of the railroads.) Graduated Income Tax. The Populists viewed the graduated income tax as a means to pry loose a portion of the tremendous wealth of the nation's most prosperous citizens. Free and Unlimited Coinage of Silver. The Populists in 1892 raised the silver issue the free silver crusade would die a natural death in the years following 1896 as prosperity returned and the world's gold supply increased.

35. Bi-Metallism A monetary standard in which the value of the unit is defined as equivalent both to a certain quantity of gold and to a certain quantity of silver; Establishes a fixed rate of exchange between the two metals.

36. Causes of the Panic of 1893  10 days after Cleveland took office. 1. Several major corps. went bankrupt.  Over 16,000 businesses disappeared.  Triggered a stock market crash.  Over-extended investments. 2. Bank failures followed causing a contraction of credit [nearly 500 banks closed]. 3. By 1895, unemployment reached 3 million.  Americans cried out for relief, but the Govt. continued its laissez faire policies!!

37. A look at some Primary Sources… Read both D. and F. starting on pg 158. Answer Thought Provokers 4 and 6 on pg 173 Here Lies Prosperity

38. The Election of 1896

39. William Jennings Bryan You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns; you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold! Bi-Metallism Revivalist Style Oratory Skills 18,000 miles of campaign “whistle stops.” The Cross of Gold SpeechCross Gold

40. William McKinley Civil War Vet Lawyer Crazy Successful Congressman Governor of Ohio

41. Into which box will the voter of ‘96 place his ballot?

42. What’s the Matter With Kansas? William Allen White – Emporia Gazette: August 1896 Claimed that the Populists were the root of Kansas’ population and economic problems. Suggested that Americans should vote in their economic interest and support strong and consistent monetary policies

43. 1896 Election Results

44. Gold Triumphs Over Silver  1873  4 th Coinage Act  Crime of ‘73  1900  Gold Standard Act  confirmed the nation’s commitment to the gold standard.  A victory for the forces of conservatism.

45. Why did populism decline? 1. The economy experienced rapid change. 2. The era of small producers and farmers was fading away. 3. Race divided the Populist Party, especially in the South. 4. The Populists were not able to break existing party loyalties. 5. Most of their agenda was co-opted by the Democratic Party.

46. The Wizard of Oz by Frank L Baum

47. What do you think they might represent? Oz Yellow Brick Road Scarecrow Cowardly Lion Tin Man Dorothy’s Silver Slippers Dorothy Wizard Winged Monkeys Wicked Witch of the East Wicked Witch of the West Good Witch of the North Munchkins Emerald City Tornado Any other stuff?

48. Long Essay Practice Compare the objectives and strategies of Andrew Carnegie and John Rockefeller in their rise to economic prominence and their managing of their wealth. Compare the perspectives and philosophies of practitioners of the Social Gospel and followers of Social Darwinism in their beliefs of government/social intervention in poverty and why poverty occurs. Take a look at the “Essay Formulas” sheet online… I’ll go over it again on Test Day

49. Example Formula 1 Although Carnegie and Rockefeller had different monopolistic practices of integration, they were largely similar captains of industry because they utilized their wealth philanthropically and commanded integral industries to American development.

50. Review the American West