1. Classification

2. Classifying: _______________________________________ _________________________________________________ Taxonomy: ________________________________________ _________________________________________________ Aristotle: _________________________________________ _________________________________________________ Carolus Linnaeus: __________________________________ _________________________________________________ Binomial Nomenclature: a 2-name system where organisms are called by their __________ and ______________ names. Ex: Felis catus is a ___________________. to group ideas, information, or objects based on similarities the science of grouping and naming organisms the first to classify living things into 2 kingdoms: plants and animals came up with a two-word naming system called binomial nomenclature Genusspecies housecat

3. Today’s classification system has 7 groups: ________________, _________________, _______________, __________________, __________________, ______________, and __________________. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species Organisms are divided into ____ Kingdoms: ___________________, _______________, _________________, _______________, _______________, and _________________. 6ArchaebacteriaEubacteria ProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia Dichotomous Key: ______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ a tool used to identify organisms by going through a series of steps with 2 descriptions at each step ***You must always start with the ____________ pair of descriptions!first Reasons for using Scientific Names (usually based on ________________ or ________________ words): Latin Greek 1. To avoid ______________________ __________________ due to common names referring to different organisms. communication errors 2. To give ________________ __________________ about the organism. descriptive information 3. To _________________ and easily find ________________ about an organism. organize information

4. Characteristics of Organisms in the 6 Kingdoms I. Archebacteria and Eubacteria – The members of these 2 kingdoms are ________________ meaning that they have no __________________________ __________________. Cells in these 2 kingdoms are __________________ than cells in the other 4 kingdoms. They have a single, circular _____________________ and a __________ ____________. They come in 3 basic shapes: _______________ (spherical), __________________ (rod-shaped), and ____________________ (spiral-shaped). Most reproduce by _________________ _________________. Some bacteria survive in harsh conditions by becoming _____________________ when they grow a thick, protective _____________________. Endospores can survive ________________, ______________________, and ________________ _________ environments. Some bacteria can move through liquids using ______________________. prokaryotic membrane-covered organelles smaller chromosome cell wallcocci bacillispirilla binary fission endospores membranefreezing boilingextremely dry flagella II. Eubacteria – These are classified by the way they get _____________. Many are _______________, breaking down dead organisms. Others are __________________, obtaining food from other _________________ organisms. Still others are ________________________, called ____________________, which make their own food in the process of ______________________________, which is ________________ + _____________ + ______________  ___________ + ________. food decomposersparasites living producerscyanobacteria photosynthesis carbon dioxidewatersunlightglucoseoxygen

5. III. Archebacteria – These bacteria live in _________________ _____________________ such as the hot springs in ____________________ _______________ _____________ and in the ice in ______________________. Their ___________ ___________ are chemically different than those of _______________________, or they may not have them at all. The 3 kinds are ______________ _______________, ___________ _______________, and _______________ _________________. extreme environments Yellowstone National Park Antarcticacell walls Eubacteria methane makersheat loverssalt lovers IV. Uses for Bacteria A. Since bacteria break down substances, they can change some of the food we eat. Yogurt is made by the bacterial breakdown of _____________, as is ____________. Sauerkraut is made from _______________ and a bacterial culture. Vinegar is made from the bacterial decomposition of ___________ ______________. milkcheese cabbage grape juice B. Bacteria are also used to make _________________, cleansers, and other products. They are also used to clean up ________ _____________. medicines oil spills C. Nature uses bacteria to clean up ____________ organisms. These bacteria are called _______________________ because they decompose dead plants and animals and recycle the nutrients so other organisms can use them. Without bacteria, there would be ______________ of dead organisms spread all over the Earth. dead saprophytes layers D. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria change the ______________ in the air into a usable form for plants and animals. nitrogen

6. E. Many bacteria are _________________, which means they cause disease. Some diseases caused by bacteria are: _____________, _________________, _________________, ______________ ____________, _____________ _______________, and ________________ ________________. These diseases are treated with _______________________ which kill bacteria, some by preventing the bacteria from making their _________ __________ (Ex: penicillin). Some bacteria produce a ______________ which is poisonous (Ex: botulism, a form of ____________ ________________). Harmful bacteria can be killed through ____________________, which heats food up to a high temperature (as in ____________ and ___________ ____________). pathogens anthraxdiptheria tetanuswhooping coughLymes disease strep throat antibiotics cell walls toxin food poisoning pasteurization milkfruit juices Draw the 3 shapes of bacteria below and label them with their name and shape. Cocci - spherical Bacilli – rod-shaped Spirilla – spiral shaped

7. Classification

8. Classifying: _______________________________________ _________________________________________________ Taxonomy: ________________________________________ _________________________________________________ Aristotle: _________________________________________ _________________________________________________ Carolus Linnaeus: __________________________________ _________________________________________________ Binomial Nomenclature: a 2-name system where organisms are called by their __________ and ______________ names. Ex: Felis catus is a ___________________.

9. Today’s classification system has 7 groups: ________________, _________________, _______________, __________________, __________________, ______________, and __________________. Organisms are divided into ____ Kingdoms: ___________________, _______________, _________________, _______________, _______________, and _________________. Dichotomous Key: ______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ ***You must always start with the ____________ pair of descriptions! Reasons for using Scientific Names (usually based on ________________ or ________________ words): 1. To avoid ______________________ __________________ due to common names referring to different organisms. 2. To give ________________ __________________ about the organism. 3. To _________________ and easily find ________________ about an organism.

10. Characteristics of Organisms in the 6 Kingdoms I. Archebacteria and Eubacteria – The members of these 2 kingdoms are ________________ meaning that they have no __________________________ __________________. Cells in these 2 kingdoms are __________________ than cells in the other 4 kingdoms. They have a single, circular _____________________ and a __________ ____________. They come in 3 basic shapes: _______________ (spherical), __________________ (rod-shaped), and ____________________ (spiral-shaped). Most reproduce by _________________ _________________. Some bacteria survive in harsh conditions by becoming _____________________ when they grow a thick, protective _____________________. Endospores can survive ________________, ______________________, and ________________ _________ environments. Some bacteria can move through liquids using ______________________. II. Eubacteria – These are classified by the way they get _____________. Many are _______________, breaking down dead organisms. Others are __________________, obtaining food from other _________________ organisms. Still others are ________________________, called ____________________, which make their own food in the process of ______________________________, which is ________________ + _____________ + ______________  ___________ + ________.

11. III. Archebacteria – These bacteria live in _________________ _____________________ such as the hot springs in ____________________ _______________ _____________ and in the ice in ______________________. Their ___________ ___________ are chemically different than those of _______________________, or they may not have them at all. The 3 kinds are ______________ _______________, ___________ _______________, and _______________ _________________. IV. Uses for Bacteria A. Since bacteria break down substances, they can change some of the food we eat. Yogurt is made by the bacterial breakdown of _____________, as is ____________. Sauerkraut is made from _______________ and a bacterial culture. Vinegar is made from the bacterial decomposition of ___________ ______________. B. Bacteria are also used to make _________________, cleansers, and other products. They are also used to clean up ________ _____________. C. Nature uses bacteria to clean up ____________ organisms. These bacteria are called _______________________ because they decompose dead plants and animals and recycle the nutrients so other organisms can use them. Without bacteria, there would be ______________ of dead organisms spread all over the Earth. D. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria change the ______________ in the air into a usable form for plants and animals.

12. E. Many bacteria are _________________, which means they cause disease. Some diseases caused by bacteria are: _____________, _________________, _________________, ______________ ____________, _____________ _______________, and ________________ ________________. These diseases are treated with _______________________ which kill bacteria, some by preventing the bacteria from making their _________ __________ (Ex: penicillin). Some bacteria produce a ______________ which is poisonous (Ex: botulism, a form of ____________ ________________). Harmful bacteria can be killed through ____________________, which heats food up to a high temperature (as in ____________ and ___________ ____________). Draw the 3 shapes of bacteria below and label them with their name and shape.