1. The Philippines- American War and Historiography of US Imperialism

2. Filipino Insurgency

3. Spanish-American War

4. II. C. Filipino-American War Political Background 1. US involvement and interest in Pacific and Asia 2. Filipino Autonomy and Independence a. Ethnic and Religious Diversity 3. Ilustrado Revolt a. José Rizal – La Liga Filipina, Noli Me Tangere i. Rizal caught and executed (1896) b. Andrés Bonifacio, 1893-1898 i. Katipunan, 1893-1899 c. Emilio Aguinaldo – Heir to the revolution i. Spanish buy him off – ii. Sent to Hong Kong iii. Dewey and Aguinaldo agreement 4. Malolos Republic i. Builds on Katipunan Lodges ii. Declared before start of hostilities

5. II. C. US intervention 5. Dewey destroys Spanish Asiatic Fleet A. US troops land C. Fil. troops and US troops surround Manila 6. Spanish-American Sham Battle A. Americans “conquer” Manila, exclude Filipinos B. Filipinos prepare for war C. Americans fire on Filipino troops 7. McKinley, Christianization a. Philippines 90% Christian b. Treaty had been signed in Paris c. Senate approves treaty after Fil-AM agreement d. Senate approves treaty before conquest e. French – US Revolutionary War?

6. 8. Aguinaldo calls for guerrilla war a. US wins engagements, loses troops b. Racialization of conflict c. US troops use epithets for African- Americans, Native Americans d. Racialization of War i. Balangiga “Massacre” ii. Smith – “Howling Wilderness” iii.“Over Ten” iv. Concentration Camps v. Water Cure, Waterboarding e. Lodge Hearings

7. 9. The Long War a. Tagalog Republic Defeated, 1901 b. Gen. Simeon Ola defeated 1903 c. Muslim “Moro” resistance ends 1911 d. Guerrilla Resistance, ends, 1920s 10. US Results a. 10k Americans dead, 200k-1 million Filipino deaths b. New sugar colony! c. AIL (Anti-Imperialist League) debates i. Racist argument – No brown “brothers”! b. Humanitarian argument – WHAT ARE WE DOING?!? d. New labor source for Hawai’i and California i.Anti-miscegenation laws ii. “Racial recognition” e. History and Spanish Philippines

8. 11. a. “Informal Empire” i. Little opposition to this idea ii. Trade & eco power b. Latin America i. Preserve Monroe - Keep Europe out ii. Expand trade iii. Canal c. China i. European Spheres of Influence ii. John Hay iii. “Open Door” - Trade in China - “Not require taking colonies” - Kept markets without tariffs. iv. Boxer Rebellion & 2nd Open Door

9. D. Election 1900 1. Ascendancy of “That Damn Cowboy!” 2. TR in charge E. Historigraphy: Aggressor or Realist 1. Beard--US as Vampire a. Capitalism led to war b. Spain acceded to demands c. McKinley reversed neutrality d. Protect Cuban investments e. Philippines proof. 1. Business and Ph. 2. Empire - greed

10. 2. Neo Cons - Interventionists - Realists a. SF Bemis 1. US great nation 2. Empire - “aberration.” 3. No desire for Ph before 1890 4. Mil fanned imperialism a. WM’s fault 1. Didn’t resist jingoism 2. WM - “Irresponsible adolescent.” b. Empire unplanned 5. Not fit traditional aversion to imperialism

11. 3. Julius Pratt a. Bemis right Beard wrong. 1. Business not responsible 2. Business opposed war 3. Cause -- Intellectual & emotion a. SD-Emphasize competition b. Mahan c. Yellow Press 4. After 1898 business sought empire 5. Reasons for war - not reasons for empire

12. B. New Left and Walter LaFeber--The New Empire 1. Expansionist began - 1860 a. Before, expansion for land b. After 1867, markets c. “Foreign markets solve eco, soc, & pol. problems 2. Capitalism caused war & empire a. Hawaii, Philippines, Open Door b. Then LA 1. Degraded masses 2. Support dictators

13. 5. September 11 -- Back to the Realists a. Ernest May--Imperial Democracy--America as a Great Power 1. Williams-LaFeber wrong. a. New Left concentrated on eco. b. Some FP from outside nations 2. Empire-“thrust upon us.” 3. WM tried to avoid War. a. Not our fault b. Outside factors forced war 1. Spain not grant Cuba autonomy 2. Spain rejected mediation 4. WM had to chose: War or compromise

14. b. Lebergott—American Imperialism: The Myth (More ex post facto reasoning) 1. New Left is wrong—Imperialism is not a bad term a. It is a benefit to other nations. 1. Helps landowners and curtails native monopolies 2. Increases their capitalism b. We did invest in LA, but it was like all businesses. 1. Opportunity to make money 2. It will help us and them too. 2. Cuban war did not increase our investments—other countries invested more than we did. US business did not benefit, but Cubans did. 3. Panama was similar. a. Greedy Colombia hurt themselves—revolution was not our fault b. We only got “ill will” from our venture there c. Besides we paid Columbia its money in 1921. d. In the end we lost money. 4. Exploitation of indigenous people never happened. a. Their wages actually went up b. We prevented labor exploitation

15. c. Newer historiography 1. Looks at internal social dynamics as well as externally-applied violence a. Internal political, economic, and cultural changes explain patterns of resistance and negotiation 2. Indigenous elites disagree with each other a. Indigenous populations often divided b. Collaboration is not always straightforward (Malintzin) 3. Imperialism affects the metropole a. Relationship between colony and metropole i. Ska and Curry in London ii. Algerians and Moroccans in Paris iii. US - Filipino nurses/Tiki culture and tattoos iv. Central Americans in the US? 4. Racial, social, and gender developments in metropole affected by imperialism in the colony/Colonies “labs” for metropole “reforms” a. Suffrage b. Miscegenation laws c. “Greasers” and “dagos” d. Eugenics policies 5. We still must discern and expose the physical and social consequences of imperialism a. Genocide and Victorian famines